Purposive Communication PDF

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION  THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD “COMMON,” WHICH MEANS, “BELONGING TO MANY” AND“COMMUNICO”-TO CONFER WITH OTHERS. IT IS THE MUTUAL EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION, IDEAS and understanding by any effective means.  ELE...

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION  THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD “COMMON,” WHICH MEANS, “BELONGING TO MANY” AND“COMMUNICO”-TO CONFER WITH OTHERS. IT IS THE MUTUAL EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION, IDEAS and understanding by any effective means.  ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Sender Context Medium Noise Channel Feedback Receiver  SENDER The sender, also known as the encoder, decides on the message to be sent and the best/most effective way that it can be sent.  MEDIUM The medium is the immediate form which a message takes.  CHANNEL RECEIVER The channel is responsible for The receiver or the decoder is the delivery of the chosen responsible for message form. extracting/decoding meaning from the message. FEEDBACK CONTEXT Feedback is important as it Communication does not take determines whether or not the place in a vacuum. The context decoder grasped the intended of any communication act is the meaning and whether environment surrounding it. communication was successful.  NOISE (INTERFERENCE) Noise is any factor that inhibits the transmission of a message. It is anything that gets in the way of the message being accurately received, interpreted and responded to.  Principles and Characteristics of Communication  Communication is a Schemata-driven Communication begins within yourself, you begin with what you have already stocked in your brain or with what you have already known or understood about the subject matter of the communicative act. Transmitted messages become understandable or meaningful because of your innate or old knowledge about the messages. Communication does not guarantee a direct or automatic link between two minds. These forms of knowledge become meaningful only to others when you initiate communication with them. Communication is active, powerful, or forceful Communication is powerful and forceful for it elicits different meanings or reactions, these messages are prone to changes. Subjected to the changeable and continued existence of the world, communication is dynamic (A process or system characterized by constant change) as life that goes on and on like a river. Nothing remains permanent or fixed in the world of communication.  Communication is symbolic Symbols, signs, or marks like letters, words, sentences, graphs, pictures and other concrete objects represent or stand for ideas that you intend to convey verbally. For non -verbal communication, you resort to bodily actions (gestures, eye movements, posture, facialexpressions) voice quality, space and time elements to stand for the ideas you want to express. Communication always results in something It refers to two or more persons participate in any communicative act. The first, expresses or sends a message; the second, responds or reacts to the message.  Communication is irreversible You are free to talk about anything under the sun. But once you utter something, the things you have said remains as it is susceptible to different interpretations or meanings.  Communication is contextual An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings doesn’t only involve the sender and the receiver, but also other aspects of the communication setting like time, place, topic, occasion, purpose, and manner of communication.  Communication is developmental or progressive To communicate ideas is to go through the different stages of language learning that begins from birth to elementary, highschool, and college levels. It is not a one-time learning towards communicative competence.  Communication is process Several stages of communication take place when people exchange or share ideas with one another. Each stage involves elements with different functions. Communication is ethical Any communication event is expected to apply rules, moral values, and beliefs agreed upon by societal members. Guided by these standards determined by the cultural group you belong to, your communication becomes ethical, good or desirable. COMMUNICATION CUES VERBAL AND Non – verbal Language Verbal Language Verbal language consists of symbols like letters, words, and other marks that you need to subject to language or grammar rules for a coherent or organized means of understanding or expressing ideas.  Non-verbal Language As with other aspects of communication, norms for non-verbal communication vary from country to country and also among cultures within a particular country. Some nonverbal communication behaviors appear to be somewhat innate because they are universally recognized.  Body Movements Big and small movements of your body like gestures, facial expressions, posture and eye behavior express meanings. Kinesics, derived from the Greek term, kinesis, meaning “motion” which refers to the study of body movements.  Paralanguage These are extra sounds that go with your spoken words and a study of these special sounds accompanying your words is called Paralinguistic. Speaking voice produced by your voice Vocalization or voice’s special usage like crying, giggling, moaning, growling, yawning, sighing and groaning. Vocal pauses or boosters like ahh!...uhg…umm…oh…shh.oops…many others. Time (Chronemics) Your willingness, hesitance, or hatred to wait for a long time speaks of your trait of patience or impatience. Likewise, this reflects your manner of valuing your relationship with the object of your waiting. Your trait of optimism is also proven by your fondness of talking about your goals, dreams, or plans for the future. Chronemics is the term that refers to your act of studying the impact or effect of time on your behavior.  Proxemics A space or distance symbolizes or represents your thoughts or feelings about your world. Likewise, your body contacts, physical closeness with people, acts of touching or patting them, or maintaining a wide or narrow gap between you and the other party, expresses meanings on the extent of intimacy or personal relationship you can establish with others. Physical Appearance and Object Language Meanings in this kind of non-verbal language, are symbolized or represented by dressing styles, body types, body appearance like size or shape, architectural designs or structures, art objects graphic materials, lightning effects, aromatic or smelly objects, and other environmental factors that influence or affect any communicative event.  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION At the end of the discussion, students must be able to: OBJECTIVES 1. Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication; and 2. Give the impact of communication on society and world by writing a reaction paper GLOBALIZATION Global has something to do with the world or worldwide. Globalization can be defined in various ways. It can mean as the speed up of movements and exchanges of goods products services etc. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? According to Alex Gary, globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. Globalization is not a relatively new phenomenon; it's been around for centuries. It has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty. It has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also to cooperate with each other as never before. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION Goods and people are transported faster and easier. The possibility of war between the developed countries decreases. Free trade between countries increases. The global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital, and the world becomes more accessible and equitable in general. Global mass media connects all the people in the world. The communication between the individuals and corporations in the world increases. THE COST OF CULTURAL IGNORANCE Cultural misunderstandings often lead to lost opportunities and increased levels of tension between people. Communicators who fail to realize that persons from different cultures may not look, think, or act as they themselves do run the risk of having those with whom they interact judge them to be insensitive, ignorant, or culturally confused. The culturally confused pay a high price.  EXAMPLES Showing the sole of a shoe means nothing in United States or Europe. In Saudi Arabia, particularly for Muslim cultures, the gesture is perceived as insulting. Similarly, crossing your legs in US indicates you’re relaxed, while it’s a social faux pa to do so in Korea.  EXAMPLES Japanese view business card as extension of a person so they handle these with great care to the point of putting these in safe places. On the other hand, Americans view these as business formality so they’re quick to put these away and thus ending up insulting the Japanese. (Grisworld, 1994)  EXAMPLES Eye contact preferences also differ across cultures. Americans place a high value on eye-to-eye communication and tend to distrust those who fail to look directly. In contrast, Japanese believe that prolonged eye contact shows disrespect. DEFINITION OF TERMS Accommodation – It is the means by which co-culture members maintain their cultural identity while striving to establish relationships with members of the dominant culture. Assimilation – It is the means by which co-culture members attempt to fit in with members of the dominant culture. Co-cultures – It refers to group of people who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture. Collectivist Cultures – It refers to cultures in which group goals are stressed. Cultural Imperialism – It is the expansion of dominion of one culture over another culture. DEFINITION OF TERMS Cultural Pluralism – It is the adherence to the principle of cultural relativism. Cultural Relativism – It refers to the acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own. Culturally Confused – It refers to the lacking an understanding of cultural difference. Culture – It is a system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared, and used by members during daily living. Diversity – It refers to the recognition and valuing of difference such factors as age, gender, race, ethnicity, ability, religion, education, marital status, sexual orientation and income. DEFINITION OF TERMS Ethnocentrism – It is the tendency to see one's own culture as superior to all others. Globalization – It refers to the increasing economic, political, and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures. High-context Communication – It is a tradition-bound communication system which depends on indirectness Individualistic Cultures - It pertains to the cultures in which individual goals are stressed. DEFINITION OF TERMS Intercultural Communication – It is the way of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different cultures Interethnic Communication – It refers to the interaction with individuals of different ethnic origins. International Communication It refers to the communication between persons representing different nations. Intracultural Communication It refers to the interaction with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture as yours. Interracial Communication - It is the way of interpreting and sharing of meanings with individuals from different races. Low-context Communication – It is a system that encourages directness in communication. DEFINITION OF TERMS Low-power-distance Cultures – It pertains to the cultures that believe that power should be used only when legitimate. Masculine Cultures - It pertains to the cultures that value aggressiveness, strength, and material symbols of success. Melting-pot Philosophy – It is the view that different cultures should be assimilated into the dominant culture. Multiculturalism – It refers to the engagement with and respect toward people from distinctly different cultures. Prejudice – It is a positive or negative prejudgment. Separation – It is the means co-culture members use to resist interacting with members of the dominant culture  CHAPTER 3 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings PURC 111  Culture derived from the Latin “colere” which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture (Zimmermann, 2017) It encompasses religion, food, clothing, language, music, beliefs, behaviors, and million other things (De Rossi, 2017)  Culture It is the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and understanding that are learned by socialization - Center for Advance Research on Language Acquisition  Cultural Globalization This involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. Globalization brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures. Internet, popular culture media, and international travel made this a success.  Importance of Having One’s Culture INDIVIDUAL AND ECONOMIC SOCIAL BENEFITS BENEFITS 1.Intrinsic Benefits 1.Contribution to Job Creation 2.Improved Learning and 2.Contribution to Tourism Valuable Skills for the Future 3.Cultural Planning 3.Better Health and Well-Being 4.Vibrant Communities Importance of Having One’s Culture INDIVIDUAL AND ECONOMIC SOCIAL BENEFITS BENEFITS 1.Intrinsic Benefits 1.Contribution to Job Creation 2.Improved Learning and 2.Contribution to Tourism Valuable Skills for the Future 3.Cultural Planning 3.Better Health and Well-Being 4.Vibrant Communities  Individual and Social Benefits of Culture Intrinsic Benefits Cultural experiences are opportunities for leisure, entertainment, learning, and sharing experiences with others. From museums to theatres to dance studios to public libraries, culture brings people together.  Individual and Social Benefits of Culture Improved Learning and Valubale Skills Cultural heritage broadens opportunities for education and lifelong learning, including a better understanding of history. Many jurisdictions make strong linkages between culture and literacy and enhanced learning outcomes.  Individual and Social Benefits of Culture Better Heath and Well-Being Creativity and cultural engagement have been shown to improve both mental and physical health. Participation in the arts can relieve isolation and promote identity formation and intercultural understanding.  Individual and Social Benefits of Culture Vibrant Communities Culture helps build social capital, the glue that holds communities together. By bringing people together, cultural activities create social solidarity and cohesion, fostering social inclusion, community empowerment, capacity building, and enhancing confidence, civic pride, and tolerance. Importance of Having One’s Culture INDIVIDUAL AND ECONOMIC SOCIAL BENEFITS BENEFITS 1.Intrinsic Benefits 1.Contribution to Job Creation 2.Improved Learning and 2.Contribution to Tourism Valuable Skills for the Future 3.Cultural Planning 3.Better Health and Well-Being 4.Vibrant Communities  Economic Benefits of Culture Contribution to Job Creation Economic opportunities created by culture have taken on greater importance as economies transition from industrial model, and work based on physical labor, to a new model wherein knowledge and creativity drive productivity and growth. Economic Benefits of Culture Contribution to Tourism Culture further supports job creation and encourages infrastructure development. Festivals and events hosted are magnets for cultural tourists. Economic Benefits of Culture Cultural Planning Municipalities recognizes contribution of culture to sense of place, quality of life, and community and economic prosperity through cultural planning. This is led by local governments and involves broad community engagement to identify and leverage resources, strengthen management of resources, and integrate these in all facets of local planning and decision-making.