Eng 111 Purposive Communication Lesson 1 PDF

**ENG 111 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **LESSON 1 -Communication in Multicultural Contexts** **COMMUNICATION** **-**Alexander (1984) stated that communication occurs *when a [sender expresses an emotion or a feeling, creates an idea, or senses the need to communicate]*[.] -Keyton (2011) supported t...

**ENG 111 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **LESSON 1 -Communication in Multicultural Contexts** **COMMUNICATION** **-**Alexander (1984) stated that communication occurs *when a [sender expresses an emotion or a feeling, creates an idea, or senses the need to communicate]*[.] -Keyton (2011) supported this notion of communication when he defined it as Communication can be [defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another.] -Communication is the transmission of ideas and emotions between or among persons with the use of verbal and nonverbal cues. -The word communication comes from the Latin word **communis,** which means **"common".** -Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from a person to another within and across channels, context, media, and cultures (Sipacio and Balgos, 2016). -Fernandez (2016) said that communication is the process by which people exchange messages. **ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION** **1. Speaker- the source of information (Participants refer to both the speaker and the receiver)** **2. Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions** **3. Encoding- the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the** **speaker understands.** **4. Channel- the medium or the mean, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in** **which the encoded message is conveyed** **5. Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver** **6. Receiver- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message** **7. Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver** **8. Context- the environment where communication takes place** **Kinds of Context** **9. Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication** **Noise- these are disruptions which prevent messages from being interpreted.** **Kinds of Noise** **a. External Noise- includes sights, sounds, and any other distractions in the physical environment** **b. Internal noise refers to the distractions within communicator. It can be categorized as either physiological or biological noise, i.e. hearing loss or illness, or a psychological noise, i.e worrying or daydreaming** **c. Semantic Noise- involves the unintentional misunderstanding caused by ambiguity, ethnic** **slurs, profanity, and vulgar speech.** **TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE** **A message may be imparted through these types; verbal-non-verbal and visual. While communication is often thought of as verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally essential as it enhances one\'s message.** A. **VERBAL COMMUNICATION** - **(Linguistics) The process of sending and receiving messages with words, including writing and** **sign language.** - **It refers to the form of communication in which a message is transmitted verbally.** - **Communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing.** **VERBAL COMMUNICATION: ORAL** - **Spoken words are used** - **It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television,** **voice over the internet.** - **Communication is influenced by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking.** **VERBAL COMMUNICATION: WRITTEN** - **In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate.** - **In written communication, messages can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc.** - **Written communication is most common form of communication being used in business.** B. **NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION** - **Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. Such gestures, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions is called nonverbal communication.** - **It is all about the body language of the speaker.** **It has three elements:** 1. **Appearance (speaker) - Clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics; Appearance** **(surrounding) -- room size, lighting, decorations, furnishings** 2. **Body language - facial expressions, gestures, postures** 3. **Sounds - voice tone, volume, speech rate** ***Functions of Communication*** 1. **Informative Function** inform other people of what we know---facts, information, and knowledge. 2. **Instructive Function** those in the higher rank communicate to instruct people on what to do, when and where to do them, and on why and how to do them. 3. **Persuasive Function** You may find yourself wanting to influence the opinion of others to believe and accept your stand or claim on an issue or a problem; so, you think of strategies on how to persuade them to change their perspectives or opinion and to decide accordingly. 4. **Motivation Function** In the process, we use positive language to make them realize that their actions lead them to something beneficial for their being. 5. **Aesthetic Function** We use communication for pleasure and enjoyment. 6. **Therapeutic Function or Emotional Expression** Communication is curative and serves to maintain good health. Have you found yourself talking to a friend about your personal problems? Have you consulted your teacher about your academic standing? Sometimes, talking to a person does not mean asking for his/her help; we talk to another person merely to vent our feelings. After the talk, we find ourselves in a much better condition to think over matters that trouble us. 7. **Regulation/Control** People use communication to maintain control over other people's attitude and behavior. Your parents use it to guide, inspire, or reprimand you when you seem to lose control over your schedule, studies, and relationships, among others. In school, your teachers and the administrators use communication to direct your efforts to positive channels in order to learn new skills, gain more knowledge, develop competencies, and imbibe good values. In the workplace, leaders and managers use communication to maintain control over their employees and their work environment, or to encourage them in their work 8. **Social Interaction** Communication helps us start, maintain, regulate, or even end relationships with other people. We usually establish a positive climate at home, in school, and in the workplace by greeting the people around us and by exchanging pleasantries with them. **LESSON 2- EFFECTIVE INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION** Mio, Barker Hacket & Tumambing (2006) introduces the ff. steps 1. Being aware of one's cultural attitudes 2. Understanding other worldviews **[ECKERT (2006) gives 4 orientations ]** - **ORIENTATION TO GROUPS (Individualism vs. Collectivism**) [Individualism]- social orientation which places more importance in an individual's own needs, rights, or choices over a collectives or groups. Individualists value independence and self-reliance. [Collectivism]- on the other hand, values a group more than an individual. - **ORIENTATION TO TIME (Clock oriented vs. Event oriented)** [Clock-oriented] - cultures value observance to time and schedule, punctuality and organization. [Event-oriented] - cultures see time as abstract and flexible, not fixed or rigid - **ORIENTATION TO POWER AND AUTHORITY (Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian)** [Hierarchical cultures] - draw attention to status, social classes, titles and degrees. There is a gap between men and women roles, professional and blue-collar jobs, rich and poor. [Egalitarian cultures] - pride on equality and opportunities for all. People here strive to empower, for instance, women and minority groups. - **ORIENTATION TO GENDER (Masculine and Feminine)** [Masculine] - cultures see ambition, decision-making, wage-earning as values associated to males. [Feminine -] cultures prefer enabling and nurturing relationships. Eckert (2006) also refers to feminine culture as egalitarian. **BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION** Ethnocentrism -- is the belief that one's own culture ways are superior to other cultures. It prevents you from seeing the perspectives of other people practicing cultural beliefs different from yours. Ethnocentrism causes us to judge others by our own values. Stereotyping -- is the practice of categorizing and generalizing about a certain race or ethnic group based on a distorted view of that group. A stereotype is an oversimplified perception of a behavioral pattern or characteristic applied to entire groups. Prejudice -- is a negative attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no experience of that group. If stereotypes are labels, we attach to a group, prejudice is the negative feeling we can feel towards that group. Discrimination -- is the explicit action we take to exclude or avoid others. It takes stereotypes and prejudice a step further to either personal action such as excluding someone from a conversation; or collective action such as excluding others from jobs or economic opportunities. **TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS IN DIFFERENT CULTURE** **Emblems: The "come here" gesture commonly used in U.S. means "goodbye" in China, Italy, and Columbia. Gestures such as A-OK, thumbs up, and crossed fingers have sexual or obscene meanings in many parts of the world.** **Affect Displays: In China, women express emotional satisfaction by holding their fingertips over their closed mouths. Similarly, a man in Uruguay will hold his fists together and turn them in opposite directions, as if wringing out a wet cloth, to express anger.** **Personal Distance: People from Arab countries generally converse with each other at closer distances than do people in U.S. One study found that because of differences in their preferred conversational distance, Arab college students regarded those from the U.S. as aloof, whereas the U.S. students regarded Arab students as overbearing.** **Eye contact: In many Western cultures, direct eye contact signifies that someone is sincere, trustworthy, and authoritative, whereas the lack of eye contact elicits negative evaluations from others. In comparison, some Asian, Latin American, and Middle Eastern cultures emphasize the lack of eye contact as a sign of deference or respect for authority.** **Facial displays of emotion: Many Asian cultures suppress facial expression as much as possible.** **Greeting behavior: People in Western countries greet each other with a handshake; people in Mediterranean countries usually kiss each other on both cheeks; people in Asian countries greet each other by bowing, with the longest and lowest reserved for the most respected.** **Time orientations: People in U.S., Canada, Finland, Great Britain, and Germany are monochromic---they see time as a tangible commodity, expect events to begin "on time" and dislike having time wasted. In other cultures, such as France, Brazil, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia, people are polychromic---they see time as flexible and diffused and don't necessarily expect punctuality.** **Touch: People in France, Mexico, and Greece are high-contact cultures, while people in Japan, Sweden, and Finland are low-contact cultures. Americans are regarded as medium-contact culture.** **Vocalics: Filler words such as "umm" and "err" are common among English speakers, while Chinese speakers often say "zhege zhege zhege"(this, this, this) as filler words.** **[LESSON 3 Communication Ethics]** **WHAT IS ETHICS?** - **Deals of issues of right and wrong in human affairs. System of moral principles** - **Deals with values relating to human conduct, respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and end such an actions.** **NORMS FOR ETHICAL COMMUNICATION** - **Be truthful** - **Show respect for the power of words.** - **Demonstrate mindfulness of cultural diversity** **GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL LISTENING:** - **Be courteous and attentive. Avoid prejudging the speaker.** - **Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.** **[POSITION PAPER]** **What Is position paper?** - **Aims to generate supports on an issue. Describe the authors or organizations position on an issue and the rationale for that position. Based on facts that provide a solid foundation for the authors argument.** - **Authors should use evidence to support position, such as statical evidence or indisputable dates and events.** **Guidelines A Clear Introduction in Writing a Position Paper** 1. **A Clear Introduction** 2. **The CLEVER HOOK -should start with statements written in a way that catches your readers' attention.** 3. **The Identified Issue - should show the main issue of the paper. Here you give the highlight and interpretation of facts.** 4. **The Authors' Position -should end with a solid thesis statement that expresses your position on the topic. The thesis statement essentially serves as a mini outline for the paper. It helps you to assert or articulate your ideas and helps readers understand the purpose of the paper** **A Well-organized Body** **The body of the paper follows the introduction** **In writing the body, you should take into consideration the main defenses that you need to make in order to substantiate your thesis and should think about what order makes the most sense, how does each proposition relate to the next, and their relationship to the main thesis.** **Frequently, the last section of the body of the paper considers alternative explanations or counterarguments to yours which you present and then argue against in further defense of your thesis.** **A STRONG CONCLUSION** **The last component of the paper is the conclusion. Here, you should restate the main ideas; summarize the main concepts or key arguments of the paper and reinforce it without repeating or rewording the introduction or body of the paper; draw a conclusion based on the information.** **[MODULE 4 : Communication in Digital Age]** **Lesson 1: Social Media Communication** **INTRODUCTION** **-Social media is a powerful communications medium, with widespread influence over cities as well as remote areas. However, it is only part of the digital revolution that we are witnessing. Digital transformation has not only influenced businesses and made the world more accessible, but it has also changed the way we communicate.** **-According to Oberlo, as of 2019, there are 3.2 billion social media users all around the world, which is about 42% of the Earth's population. In addition, there are roughly 4.5 billion internet uses across the world today. These statistics are proof of the growing dominance of digital media in our daily lives.** **How social media Effects communication?** The rise of social media has transformed communication, reshaped traditional methods and fostered a sense of urgency. It has increased the speed of communication, provided insider perspectives, and made digital messages more personal. This shift has both optimistic and pessimistic aspects, influencing the world\'s perspective on communication. [Positive Effects of Social Media on Communication] Social media significantly improves communication speed, addressing the slow nature of traditional systems. It delivers messages and important notifications quickly, fostering group formation and fostering connections. Surveys show that 39% of respondents feel closer to their friends and 26% have more friends due to social media. It also facilitates cultural exchange and initiating conversations. [Negative Effects of Social Media on Communication] The invention of social media has led to increased communication speed but also a decline in reliability due to the spread of fake news. Social media has dominated both online and offline conversations, leading to a decrease in meaningful conversations and a decline in informative skills. Short messages and overuse can also lead to misunderstandings and a decline in creativity. The increasing use of social media has also led to a decline in offline interactions. [Social Media Affecting Social Skills] Social media has led to a decline in face-to-face communication, leading to a loss of moral values and a shift towards abstract feelings. People\'s attention is shifting from real to imaginary things, and their over-dependence on social media is increasing. With globalization and industrialization, we need to communicate faster and precise, making social media a blessing. Regulation and restriction on social media use can lead to faster, smoother, effective, and reliable communication. However, if misuse continues, the heart of communication may be broken, preventing its repair. **Sub-lesson 2: Media Reports and Fake News** What is fake news? Fake news is defined as news stories that are false. The story is fabricated and there are no verifiable facts, sources or quotes. Fake news can be propaganda that is intentionally designed to mislead the reader or may be designed as "clickbait" written for economic incentives. Think about advertisements, or writers that profit on the number of people who click on their story. [The Dangers of fake news] Fake news has numerous disadvantages, including the potential for deep fake technology, which allows for the creation of realistic and resistant-to-detection audio and video of real people, making it crucial for educators to educate students about these issues. 1. Fake statements can influence business -False videos depict events without occurring, presenting authentic voices and statements from individuals, potentially causing financial markets to collapse due to fake statements by CEOs or banking officials. 2. Fake news can influence politics -Fake articles like \"BREAKING: Pope Francis Backed Trump\" can significantly influence politics and elections, particularly among influential figures like Pope Francis. 3. Fake multimedia can ruin personal lives Photoshopped images of two people meeting, intimate scenes, and much more will ruin a person's personal life. People start judging without checking the facts or the source. 4. Fake news feeds a conversation -Fake news, often resembling rumors or gossip, can engage people, reinforce beliefs, and foster conversations, creating equality and community among people with similar opinions. **Sub-lesson 3: Communication Advocacy** **Advocacy** is about influencing and persuading individuals or institutions to change, and advocacy communication is any planned communication that seeks to achieve the communication goals: to inform, to persuade and move to action. For example, we can advocate for change of policies or laws that affect society, but this may not go smoothly if we cannot communicate the ideas and proposals effectively. Advocacy communication is a strategy that aims to convey a compelling case for action to policymakers through various channels. It involves presenting a clear vision, SMART objectives, and a tailored message for different stakeholders. Examples of advocacy communication include policy briefs, materials like factsheets, infographics, leaflets, and posters, formal presentations, lobbying, dynamic websites, and organized demonstrations. Effective advocacy communication requires a clear vision, SMART objectives, extensive knowledge of target audiences, and a well-thought-out plan with systematic monitoring and evaluation to ensure it reaches its objectives. **Module 5: Effective Communication in Workplace Setting** **There are different forms of communication in the workplace setting:** 1\. ORAL COMMUNICATION. It occurs when we engage in speaking with others. It can be face to-face, over the telephone, via Skype or Zoom, etc. This form of communication highly includes nonverbal cues, especially during face-to-face interactions. 2\. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION. Whether it is an email, a memo, a report, a Facebook post, a Tweet, a contract, etc. all forms of written communication have the same goal to disseminate information in a clear and concise manner. 3\. VISUAL COMMUNICATION. This includes information in graphs, tables, brochures, images, videos, etc. which are highly utilized in the workplace. **Tips for Effective Workplace Communication (Fremont University, 2021)** Communication in the workplace has dynamically progressed with recent changes in technology, leading to new standards of contacting those you work with. As a result, there are a handful of ways to improve your communication skills that pertain to your professional life. 1\. Communicate face-to-face whenever possible. Since the majority of meaning during a conversation comes from nonverbal gestures and facial expressions, it is easier to decipher the meaning behind what a person says when communicating face-to-face. When gestures and smiles are taken out of the equation, recipients can get the wrong idea -- especially if the person isn't the most articulate writer. 2\. Provide clear information. Plan your communication to ensure that you are passing along the correct information and the right amount so those you are communicating with understand what you are saying. 3\. Combine verbal and non-verbal communication. Be mindful that your verbal and nonverbal messages are in agreement. If you are trying to convey approval of something your co-worker has said, for example, ensure that your nonverbal gestures complement your words. 4\. Don't just hear---listen. Listening is an important communication skill that many people do not possess. To learn how to listen well, paraphrase what was said to show that you are listening and to verify accuracy. This will reduce the likelihood of conflict and will help you become a more effective communicator. 5\. Ask questions. Asking questions not only shows you were listening, but also confirms that you understood the other person. You can also use questions to gather additional information and help you understand the conversation. 6\. Handle conflicts with diplomacy. If you feel someone misunderstood something you communicated, talk to him or her about it as soon as possible. Doing so can prevent unnecessary resentment and loss of productivity. To prevent a small misunderstanding from turning into a major crisis, handle it right away. 7\. Refrain from gossip. If your co-workers have a habit of gossiping about others in the office, simply listen and smile, and get back to work. Gossiping gives people a negative impression of you and can cause problems down the line. 8\. Avoid being personal with your colleagues. Be aware of disclosing too much personal information to the people you work with. Aim to be friendly, yet professional. Your co-workers don't need to witness your hysteria over an argument with your significant other; behaving this way will give them a negative impression and cause them to avoid talking to you. 9\. Avoid discussing controversial topics. Try to keep the topic of conversation in the workplace neutral. Refrain from discussing politics or other controversial topics in the office to prevent offending anyone. 10\. Offer positive feedback. If your co-worker performs a task well, tell him or her. Providing positive feedback is a great way to improve workplace communication. It also helps people view you more favorably and encourages open communication. **Lesson 6: WRITING BUSINESS LETTERS AND MEMOS**