PHC 411 Introduction - W1 Lecture 1 - October 2024 PDF

PHC 411 INTRODUCTION Dr. Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip Learning outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to describe the: 1. anatomical terminologies. 2. cell structures and functions. 3. transport across cell membrane. 4. types of tissues. ...

PHC 411 INTRODUCTION Dr. Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip Learning outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to describe the: 1. anatomical terminologies. 2. cell structures and functions. 3. transport across cell membrane. 4. types of tissues.  Introduction Anatomy: The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. 1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Gross anatomy Surface anatomy: Study of the external features of the body Regional anatomy: Considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body Systemic anatomy: Considers the structure of major organ systems, which are groups of organs that work together in a coordinated manner. E.g.: the heart, blood, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system, which circulates oxygen and nutrients throughout the body  2. Microscopic anatomy concerns structures too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope Microscopic anatomy Cytology: Analyzes the internal structure of individual cells Histology: Examines tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to carry out specific functions http://www.histologyguide.com/ Physiology Physiology refers to the function of body structures, that is, how they carry out life-sustaining activities. Cell physiology: The study of the functions of the living cells (within and between cells) Special physiology: The study of the physiology of specific organs. E.g.: Cardiac physiology (heart function) and renal physiology (kidney function) Systemic physiology: Considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems. E.g.: Respiratory physiology Pathological physiology (pathology): The study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions. *Specific type of study to address specific functions of the human body as a whole (functional relationships among multiple organ systems. E.g.: Exercise physiology – studies the physiological adjustments to exercise.  PART 1: ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES The language of anatomy and physiology https://www.cartooncollections.com/cartoon?searchID=CX301259 Anatomical terminology is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals such as doctors. Anatomical terminology uses many unique terms, suffixes, and prefixes deriving from Ancient Greek and Latin.  Why do we use anatomical terms? To precisely describe the location of the features of the body Anatomical Position What is the anatomical position? Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position, refers to the specific body orientation used when describing an individual’s anatomy. 1. Body standing upright 6. Feet 2. Face and toes straight pointing forward forward Standard anatomical position 3. Legs 5. Palms parallel to facing one forward another 4.Arms at either side of body  ANATOMICAL ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS What is Orientation and Direction? How do we describe a body structure? For example, the ears. Usually, we say “The ears are located on each side of the head, to the right and left of the nose”. Anatomically, we should say: “The ears are lateral to the nose.” Orientation and Directional Terms 1) Superior (cranial) 2) Inferior (caudal) Definition: Towards the head or Definition: Away from the head or upper part of the body. towards the lower part of the body. Above. Below. E.g. The head is superior to the E.g. The navel is inferior to the chin. abdomen. Orientation and Directional Terms 3) Anterior (ventral) 4) Posterior (dorsal) Definition: Towards the front of Definition: Towards the back of the body. the body. In front of. Behind. E.g. The sternum is anterior to E.g. The heart is posterior to the the spine. sternum. Orientation and Directional Terms 5) Medial 6) Lateral Definition: Towards the midline Definition: Away from the midline of of the body. the body. The inner side of. The outer side of. E.g. The heart is medial to the E.g. The arms are lateral to the arms. chest. Orientation and Directional Terms 7) Ipsilateral: 8) Contralateral: Definition: The same side Definition: Refers to the opposite E.g. The spleen and descending side. colon are ipsilateral. E.g. The spleen and gallbladder are contralateral.  Orientation and Directional Terms 9) Intermediate Definition: Between a medial and a lateral structures. E.g. The collarbone is intermediate between the sternum and shoulder. Orientation and Directional Terms 10) Proximal 11) Distal Definition: Closer to the trunk Definition: Further from the trunk of the body or closer to another or further from another specified specified point of reference point of reference than another than another part. part E.g. The elbow is proximal to E.g. The ankle is distal to the the wrist. knee. Orientation and Directional Terms 12) Superficial 13) Deep Definition: Towards the Definition: Away from the body body surface. surface; more internal. E.g. The skin is superficial to the E.g. The lungs are deep to the skin. skeletal muscles. Body Plane and Sections 1. Sagittal plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. (Median plane refers to sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.) 2. Frontal (coronal) plane: It divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse plane 3. Transverse (horizontal) plane: it divides the body into superior and inferior parts. (A transverse section is also known as a cross-section) List of terms used in regards to the body regions Terminologies of Body Cavity Dorsal body cavity is subdivided into cranial and spinal cavities. Ventral body cavity has two major subdivisions: Thoracic cavity. Abdominopelvic cavity, which houses viscera (internal organs).  Abdominopelvic cavity: The ventral body chamber that contains the abdominal cavity (primarily digestive system) and the pelvic cavity (primarily reproductive system). Dorsal cavity: The cavity in the back of the body that contains the cranial and vertebral cavities, which house the brain and spinal cord respectively. Thoracic Cavity: The ventral body chamber that contains the pericardial cavity (the heart) and the pleural cavity (the lungs). Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Epigastric region: Superior to the umbilical region. Umbilical region: centremost region surrounding navel. Hypogastric (pubic) region: inferior to the umbilical region. The right and left hypochondriac regions: flank the epigastric region laterally. The right and left lumbar regions: lie lateral to the umbilical region. The right and left iliac (inguinal) regions: located lateral to the hypogastric region.  Abdominal quadrants Abdominal topography Four abdominal The more quadrants. detailed The abdomen topography can be divided of the into four abdomen regions: divides it Right upper into 9 quadrant regions (often designated as RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)  PART 2: CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS A. Cellular Level of Organisation B. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism. Trillion of cells in the human body diverse in shape, size, and function. https://www.pinterest.com/ For more information on the cell structure and functions, watch the video by clicking on the following link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aczbMlSMr8U (Please leave the part on plant cells) C. CELL CYCLE AND DIVISION ❑ Cell division is just one of several stages that a cell goes through during its lifetime. ❑ The cell cycle is a repeating series of events that include growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division. For more information on the cell cycle and division (mitosis and meiosis), watch the video by clicking on the following link: Mitosis and Meiosis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z4XFGgvkkg  PART 3: TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES  Plasma Membrane ❑ The plasma membrane(cell membrane) is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. ❑ Phospholipids are lipid molecules made up of a phosphate group head and two fatty acid tails. ❑ The phosphate group head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic, whereas the phospholipid tail is hydrophobic. This means that the phosphate group is attracted to water, whereas the tail is repelled by water. The proteins within the phospholipid “sea” are not uniformly distributed, presenting a constantly changing mosaic pattern – an arrangement known as fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.  A) Passive Membrane Transport 1. Simple diffusion. Net movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration. E,g, CO2 molecules. 2. Osmosis. Net movement of solvent molecules (e.g. water) through a semi- permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in order to equalise the solute concentrations on both sides. 3. Facilitated diffusion. Spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across the membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. 3. Filtration. The movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by cardiovascular system. Simple diffusion – movement of small or lipophilic molecules (e.g. O2, CO2, etc.) Osmosis – movement of water molecules (dependent on solute concentrations) Facilitated diffusion – movement of large or charged molecules via membrane proteins (e.g. ions, sucrose, etc.) B) Active Membrane Transportation 1) Active transport. Movement of substance through a membrane against concentration gradient. It requires a membrane carrier protein. 2) Exocytosis: a process in which an intracellular vesicle moves to the plasma membrane, fused and ejected. 3. Endocytosis. Plasma membrane engulfs external substance in an energy-using process. (Eating) (Drinking) For more information on the structure and function of cell membrane, watch the video by clicking on the following link: Cell Membrane Structure, Function, and The Fluid Mosaic Model https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxvFdW9aO0s&t=82s Active vs. Passive Transport: Compare and Contrast https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gecu_RKFPho  PART 4: TYPES OF TISSUE Tissue A group of cells that has similar structure and function. There are 4 primary tissues : 1. Epithelial tissue - Covering 2. Connective tissue - Support 3. Muscle tissue – Movement 4. Nervous tissue – Control 1) Epithelial Tissue It is made up of cells closely packed in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body. Simple squamous epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium (flattened and scale-like) (box-like) Glomerular Kidney capsule tubule Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (column-shaped) Gastro-intestinal Human trachea-ciliated tract cells Stratified Epithelial Tissue Stratified epithelia consist of two or more cell layers.They are commonly found in high-abrasive area. Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal cells Oral Primary ovarian mucosa follicle Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium (resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal) Urinary bladder- Male highly urethra stretchable organ 2. Connective Tissue It includes: i. Fibers (elastic and collagenous). i. Ground substance (fluid containing glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, water and collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces) iii. Cells in extracellular fluid (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and leucocytes) iv. Blood and lymph. iv. Cartilages and bones. It connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs Examples of Connective Tissue 3) Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It regulates body functions. Neuron 4) Muscle Tissue i) Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones. Their contraction pulls the bones, causing body movements or facial expressions. These are striated muscles with precise alignment of myofilaments. ii) Cardiac muscle (myocardium) is an involuntary striated muscle that contracts to propel blood to all parts of the body. They differentiate by uninucleated and branching cells that fit together at intercalated discs. iii) Smooth muscle has no visible striations. It is spindle-shaped and contains one centrally located nucleus. Smooth muscle is found mainly in the walls of hollow organs (digestive and urinary tracts, uterus, and blood vessels). It generally acts to propel substance by alternate contracting and relaxing. Cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary muscles, while skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles.  THANK YOU! Before you go, wait! Here’s something for you, hope you enjoy it! Click below https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOsAbTi9tHw