VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL-1.pdf

VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL LYEN CAREL T. GARCIA TOP 1 JUNE CLE 2022  DRUGS Any chemically active substance rendering a specific effect on the central nervous system of man. Chemical substance that affects the functions of liv...

VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL LYEN CAREL T. GARCIA TOP 1 JUNE CLE 2022  DRUGS Any chemically active substance rendering a specific effect on the central nervous system of man. Chemical substance that affects the functions of living cells and alters body or mind processes when taken into the body or applied through the skin.  Any chemical substance, other than food, which is intended for used in the diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation or prevention of disease or symptoms (Pharmacological) Is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or behavioral change in a person taking it. (Criminological) The term drug derives from the 14th century French word drogue, which means a dry substance.  DRUGS CAN BE NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC/ARTIFICIAL a. Natural Drugs Are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of plants and other living systems that may be isolated by extraction. Example: Raw Opium, Marijuana, Coca Bush B. Synthetic Drugs Are artificially produced substances, synthesized in the laboratory for the illicit market, which are almost wholly manufactured from chemical compounds in illicit laboratories. Example: Methamphetamine, Barbiturates  SEVEN CATEGORIES OF DRUGS The following are the categories of drugs namely: 1. HERBAL DRUGS Are plant substance that have drug effects whose use is not generally regulated by the law. These substances require little processing after the plants are gathered. These drugs may be grown locally. 2. OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS Are commercially produced drugs that may be purchased legally without prescription. These drugs are also known as "propriety drugs". 3. PRESCRIPTION DRUGS Are commercially produced drugs that can be legally sold or dispensed only by a physician or on a physician's order. They are like over-the-counter drugs in that they are manufactured by pharmaceutical companies, but they differ, in that the decision to use drugs is legally vested in a licensed physician not in the user. 4. UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS Are commercial products that have a psychoactive drug effects but are not usually considered drugs. These substances are not generally regulated by law except in so far as standards of sanitation and purity is required. 5. ILLICIT DRUGS Are drugs whose sale, purchase prohibited by law. Criminal penalties usually apply to violators of these laws. 6. TOBACCO Is not generally considered a drug, thus, may be classified as an unrecognized drug. However, tobacco holds such a distinct position in terms of usage patterns, economic importance, and health consequences that it merits a category to itself. 7. ALCOHOL Although alcohol may be included in the unrecognized drugs, alcohol in forms such as beer wine, and distilled liquor is one of the most widely used drugs in our society. It is regarded by many experts as the most commonly abused drug in our society.  MEDICINES VS. DRUGS All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicinal drug. Medicinal Drugs A substance which when taken into the human body cures illness and/or relieves signs/symptoms of disease  THE “SELF-MEDICATION SYNDROME” The “self-medication” syndrome is found in users and would be users of drugs whose sources of information are people or literature other than doctors, pharmacists and health workers. These could be members of the family, relatives, and/or neighbors, all of whom may have previously used the drug for their specific disease or disorder.  HOW DRUGS WORK? Most drugs act within a cell, rather than on the surface of a cell or in the extracellular fluids of the body. When two drugs are taken together or within a few hours of each other they may interact with unexpected results. This is one reason a physician should always know the names of all drugs one is using. A DOSE of a drug is the amount taken at one time. The doses taken become an extremely important part of drug abuse. The amount of drug in a dose can be described as: 1. MINIMAL DOSE – amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect. 2. MAXIMAL DOSE – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity. 3. TOXIC DOSE – amount of d rug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning 4. ABUSIVE DOSE– amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an individual who improperly uses it 5. LETHAL DOSE – amount of drug that will cause death  HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED? (ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION) The common methods of administration are the following: ORAL INGESTION - The drugs is taken by the mouth and must pass through the stomach before being absorbed into the bloodstream, the one of the most common ways taking a drug INHALATION - Drug in gaseous form enter the lungs and are quickly absorbed by the rich capillary system, it is probably the second most commonly used route of drug administration INJECTION - The drug can be administered into the body by the use of syringe and hypodermic needle in the following ways. Subcutaneous (SC) - Drug is administered by injecting the drug just below the surface of the skin; this is sometimes called “skin popping.” Intramuscular (IM) - Administration involves the injection of a drug into a large muscle mass that has a good blood supply, such as the gluteus maximus, quadriceps, or triceps. Intravenous (IV) - The most efficient means of administration which involves depositing drug directly into the bloodstream, this is also the most rapid method of drug administration. SNORTING - Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous form, it is sometimes inhaling a powder or liquid drug into the nose coats of the mucous membrane. BUCCAL - The drug is administered by placing them in the buccal cavity just under the lips and the active ingredients of the drug will be absorbed into the bloodstream through the soft tissues lining of the mouth. SUPPOSITORIES - The drug is administered through the vagina or rectum in suppository form and the drug will also be absorbed into the bloodstream.  THE CONCEPT OF TOXICOLOGY A drug may cause effects because of any of the following: 1. Overdose – when too much of a drug in taken, there may be an over extension of its effects. 2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation and death. 3. Idiosyncrasy – for unexplained reasons, morphine, which sedates all men, stimulates and renders some women some maniacal. Perhaps the phrase “catty woman” has pharmacological basis since most mammals are sedated by morphine but some cats become extremely excited by it. 4. General Protoplasmic Poison Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have the property of being general protoplasmic poisons. 5. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other organs as well. The effect in the other organ may constitute a side effect, which is unwanted.  THE MEDICAL USE OF DRUGS Analgesics relieve pain. However, they may produce the opposite effects on somebody who suffers form peptic ulcer or gastric irritation. Antibiotics combat or control infectious organisms. Ingesting the same antibiotics for a long time can result in allergic reactions and cause resistance to the drug. Antipyretics can lower body temperature or fever due to infection. Antihistamines control or combat allergic reactions. People who on antihistamine therapy must not operate or drive vehicles since these drugs can cause drowsiness. Contraceptives prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells. Pregnant women must not take birth control pills to avoid congenital abnormalities. This advice also applies to women suffering from heart disease, varicose veins, breast limps, goiter and anemia. The effectiveness of oral contraceptives may be reduced when taken with antibiotic.  Decongestants relieve congestion of the nasal passages. Prolonged used of these decongestants might include nasal congestion upon withdrawal. Expectorants ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the throat. They are not drugs of choice for the newborn that does not know to cough the phlegm out. Laxatives stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement. They should not be given to pregnant women and those suffering from intestinal obstruction. Taking purgatives (stronger than laxatives) unnecessarily might result in rupture of the intestines or appendix if there is an obstruction. Constant use might make the intestines sluggish. Sedatives and tranquilizers calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without causing depression and clouding of the mind. Precautions must be taken in the use of tranquilizers since they can cause impairment of judgement and dexterity. Vitamins are food substances necessary for normal growth and development and proper functioning of he body.  WHEN ARE DRUGS HARMFUL? Any drug may be harmful when taken in: Excess; Dangerous combinations; By hypersensitive (allergic) person  DRUG ABUSE Deliberate use of medically useful drugs which have the capacity to alter mood and behavior without the benefit of a prescription. It refers to the use of a medically useful mood-altering drug for a purpose different from the one for which the drug has been indicated. It refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. WHAT ARE THE GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUG ABUSERS 1. Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to perform an important work. Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological dependence. 2. Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kicks’, an adventurous daring experience, or as a means of fun. There may be some degree of psychological dependence but little physical dependence due to the mixed pattern of use. 3. Hard Core Addicts – those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around the drug experience and securing supplies. They show strong psychological dependence on the drug. 4. Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.  REASONS WHY PEOPLE TURN TO DRUG ABUSE POVERTY This is the most prevalent factor that prompt pushers and abusers alike to indulge in dangerous drugs Pushers were forced by the circumstances to the retailing of prohibited drugs as a meant or source of livelihood Many abusers use dangerous drugs as a vehicle to escape the realities of poverty and its related problems. IGNORANCE Lack of knowledge and information about how dangerous drugs look like, their bad effects, legal ramifications or consequences and other aspects of prohibited drugs PARENTAL INFLUENCES Unhappy home, parents showing little or no interest in their children, Abuses committed by parents such as harsh physical punishments Lack of parental values; parents who are permissive and liberal; parental neglect; domestic violence; role modeling. D. PEER INFLUENCES Drug using friends encourage, pressure even, a youth to experiment with drugs. E. PERSONALITY FACTORS Curiosity or the desire to experience a new state of consciousness Escape from physical and mental pain, relief from boredom and frustration, and desire to escape from harsh realities Unable to conform to social standards; weak personality or low sense of self-esteem.  THE 7 DEADLY SINS - PRIMARY CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE 1. PRIDE – excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem, sense of self- importance. 2. ANGER - unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself, his family, his friends or the society in general. 3. LUST – burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse. 4. GLUTTONY – “food trip” in the lingo of junkies 5. GREED – wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their work of art, such as musicians, actors, athletes who indulge in drug abuse. 6. ENVY – to get attention from someone: as a sign of protest envy is a major cause of drug abuse. 7. LAZINESS –“ I can’t syndrome”, incapacity to achieve – the breeding ground of drug abuse. Boredom coupled with poor self-image  PROCESS OF DETECTING DRUG ABUSERS The detection of drug abuse involves five processes namely: a. OBSERVATION b. HISTORY TAKING (Note: The best information is from the patient himself) c. LABORATORY EXAMINATION d. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION e. PSYCHIATRIC EVALUATION Intelligence Test Personality Test Aptitude Test Interest Test Psychiatric Evaluation  DRUG DEPENDENCE Also called as DRUG ADDICTION. The users continue to take a drug over an extended period of time. The users find it difficult to stop using the drug. The users stop taking their drug – only if their supply of the drug is cut off, or if they are forced to quit for any reason – they will undergo painful physical or mental distress. (Withdrawal Syndrome) Drug dependence may lead to drug abuse – especially the illegal drugs  TYPES OF DRUG DEPENDENCE PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE Can only be visible when drug intake is decreased or stopped and an involuntary illness called the withdrawal syndrome occurs. FORMS OF PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE Tolerance Occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a drug as the drug is repeatedly taken in the same dose. It now requires ever- increasing larger doses to achieve the same desired effect. Addiction Severe craving for the drug even to the point of interfering with the person’s ability to function normally. PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE Exhibited when a user relies on a drug to achieve a feeling of well-being. Habituation Characterized by continuous desire for a drug. A person believes that the drug is needed to function at work or home because drugs often produce an elated/ excited emotional state.  DRUG TRAFFICKING Otherwise known as DRUG TRADE Generally refers to the sale and distribution of illegal drugs It refers to the illegal process through which narcotics and other illegal drugs are produced, transported, and sold. Drug/Illegal Trafficking is the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical. (RA 9165) FIRST IMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE Middle East discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest Turkey preparation for distribution Europe manufacture, synthesis, refine USA marketing SECOND MAJOR DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE Drugs that originates from the Golden Triangle BURMA/MYANMAR LAOS THAILAND In Southeast Asia the “Golden Triangle” approximately produced 60% of opium in the world, 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledged source of Southeast Asian Heroin. Drugs that originates from the Golden Crescent AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN IRAN INDIA In Southwest Asia the “Golden Crescent is the major supplier of Opium poppy, Marijuana and Heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market. Drugs that originates from the SILVER TRIANGLE PERU BOLIVIA COLUMBIA  THE GREEN TRIANGLE OF THE PHILIPPINES BENGUET KALINGA, APAYAO MT. PROVINCE  THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE A. Middle East The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of Cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon is also became the transit country for cocaine from South America to European illicit drug markets. B. Spain This is known as the major transshipment point from international drug traffickers in Europe and became “the paradise of drug users” in Europe. C. South America Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Chile are the principal sources of all cocaine supply in the world due to the robust production of the coca plants- sources of the cocaine drug. Columbia: Coca/Cocaine D. Mexico It is known in the world to be the number one producer of marijuana. E. Philippines The second in Mexico as to the production of Marijuana. It also became the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South America. It is noted that Philippines today is known as the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia F. lndia The center of the world's drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people. G. Indonesia Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand. H. Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand The most favorable sites of drug distribution from the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia I. China The transit route for heroin from the "Golden Triangle" to Hongkong. It is also the country where the "épedra" plant is cultivated- source of the drug ephedrine- the principal chemical for producing the drug shabu. J. Hong Kong The world's transshipment point of all forms of heroin. K. Japan The major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe  THE DANGEROUS DRUGS GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS DEPRESSANTS STIMULANTS HALLUCINOGENS  DEPRESSANTS Narcotics Opium - Morphine - Heroin – Codeine – Methadone Barbiturates Seconal Tranquilizers Volatile Solvents Alcohol Paregoric Demerol  STIMULANTS Cocaine Amphetamines Shabu Ecstasy  HALLUCINOGENS Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Mescaline Psilocybin Phencyclidine Marijuana Ketamine  DEPRESSANTS Also known as “downers”, are drugs which act on and depresses the central nervous system causing initial relaxation leading to drowsiness and sleep. Used of downers results to impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and muscle coordination. They dull the minds, slow down the body reaction to such extends those accidental deaths and suicides usually happen.  TYPES OF DEPRESSANTS Narcotics The term narcotic basically refers to drugs that produce a depressant effect on the CNS. Medically they are potent pain killers, cough suppressant and active component of anti-diarrhea preparations.  OPIUM & ITS DERIVATIVES OPIUM It is derived from the Oriental poppy plant papaver somniferum. Raw opium is dark brown in color and is bitter in taste. Mother/queen of all drugs Yung Chen (Opium War) Street name: “gum”, “gamot”, “kalamay” or “panocha”. MORPHINE It is the most important alkaloids and constitutes about 10 % of the use raw opium Most Common opium derivative 6 times stronger than opium It took its name from the Greek god of dreams Morpheus Friedrich Serturner, isolated morphine from opium. Street Name; M, DREAMER, EMMA, EMSEL, Pulbos HEROIN Most commonly abused narcotic in the world. It was discovered by Alder Wright (1896), Second derivative of opium Aka Miracle Drug Most powerful/potent derivatives of Opium, bitterer and commonly injected. 3-5 times stronger than morphine Diacetylmorphine Street Name: BLANCO, BROWN, SUGAR, KABAYO, KENGKOY, GAMUT, MATSAKO, PULBOS, SAPSAP, TINIK CODEINE Also known as Methylmorphine. Third derivative of opium its effect is weaker in intensity. Cough preparations. Street Name: SCHOOL BOYS METHADONE A synthetic narcotic used as treatment of heroin dependence but also fallen to abused. Other than methadone, other most commonly known synthetic opiate substitute are meperidine (demerol) and darvon. BARBITURATES are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress, and insomnia. Street Name: LILY, BALA, DOWNERS, YELLOW JACKETS, BLUE HEAVENS SECONAL commonly used among hospitality girls. Sudden withdrawal from these drugs is even more dangerous than opiate withdrawal. TRANQUILIZERS Are drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety. They are used in the treatment of nervous states and some mental disorders without producing sleep. VOLATILE SOLVENTS Gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as “gas”, “teardrops”. ALCOHOL The king of all drugs with potential for abuse. Most widely used, socially accepted and most extensively legalized drug throughout the world. PAREGORIC a tincture of opium in combination with camphor. Commonly used as a household remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain. DEMEROL is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth  STIMULANTS Also known as “Uppers” Drugs which induce alertness, wakefulness, elevated mood, increased speech, mental and motor activity, relieve fatigue or boredom and decreased appetite.  TYPES OF STIMULANTS COCAINE The drug taken from the coca bush plant Ertyroxylon coca understably called “snow” in the junkie jargon. It is one of the strongest short acting stimulants. Taken orally, injected or sniffed as to achieve euphoria or an intense feeling of “highness”. Street Name: COKE, CRACK, DUST, HEAVEN’s DUST, STARDUST, WHITE GIRL, SPEED BALLS AMPHETAMINES Usually prescribed to reduce appetite and to relieve minor cases of mental depression. This drug is representative of a broad class of stimulants known as “pep pills”. Street Name: EYE OPENER, LID POPERS, UPPERS, HEARTS SHABU/ “POOR MAN’S COCAINE” chemically known as methamphetamine. It is a CNS stimulant and sometimes called “upper” or “speed”. It is white, colorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste. It can be taken orally, inhaled (snorted), sniffed (chasing the dragon) or injected. It is considered as the most abused stimulants in the Philippines. Street Name: SHASHA. SPEED, SPLASH, UABS, S, ICE, SHA  METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHET A INE - (MDMA) - “ECSTASY” It is a white, yellow or brown in color with a bitter taste and comes in the form of a tablet, capsule or powder. Its tablet form comes in various designs and shapes hence it is dubbed as “designer drugs”.  HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELIC) natural or synthetic psychoactive drugs that produce reactions such as perceptual alterations and changes in the state of consciousness. They consist of a variety of mind-altering drugs, which distort reality, thinking and perceptions of time, sound, space and sensation. LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) Derived from the fungus claviceps purpurea which infects wheat. It was discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman while working in a Swiss Pharmaceutical company. Known on the street as “acid”, it is the best known and most powerful hallucinogens. Street name: XTC, ADAM, ESSENCE, HERBALS, E. MESCALINE Aka STP which stands for serenity- tranquility- peace- a drug derived from the dried tops of the peyote cactus, a small cactus native to Mexico. Street Name: CACTUS, BUTTONS, BEAN PSILOCYBIN hallucinogenic compound obtained in mushroom, psilocybe Mexicana Street Name: MAGIC MUSHROOM MORNING GLORY SEEDS The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory that are used to produce hallucinations. The seeds are ground into flour, soaked in cold water, then strained though a cloth and drunk. They are sold under the names of “heavenly blues”, “flying dancers’, and “pearly gates”. The active ingredient in the seed is similar to LSD although less potent.  KETAMINE is an anesthetic that is abused for its hallucinogenic properties. Its predominant legitimate use is as a veterinary anesthetic. -can cause dream-like states and hallucinations. Users report sensations ranging from a pleasant feeling of floating to being separated from their bodies. Some ketamine experiences involve a terrifying feeling of almost complete sensory detachment that is likened to a near- death experience.  RA 9165 (COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002) ❑Signed June 7, 2002 ❑Published June 19, 2002 ❑Took effect July 4, 2002  COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS Drugs that are commonly abused depending on their pharmacological effects may be classified into: 1. Sedatives – drugs which reduce anxiety and excitement such as barbiturates, non-barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol. 2. Stimulants – drugs which increase alertness and activity such as amphetamines, cocaine and caffeine. 3. Hallucinogens/Psychedelics – drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion. Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations) may be mild or overwhelming, dispensing on dose and quality of the drug. This includes LSD, mescaline and marijuana. 4. Narcotics – drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. The opiates, which are narcotics, include opium and drugs derived from opium, such as morphine, codeine and heroin.  FIELD TEST FOR DANGEROUS DRUGS DRUGS TEST USED COLOR REACTION Opium Marquis Test Purple/Violet Heroin Nitric Acid Yellow-Green Morphine Nitric Acid Red Orange Cocaine Cobalt Thiocyanate Blue Barbiturates Dille-Kopanyi Test or Zwikker Violet/Blue Test Amphetamines Marquis Test Red/Orange-Brown LSD Para Amino Benzoic Acid Purple (PABA)/ Van urk test Marijuana Duquenois-Levine Test or KN Red Bottom Layer Test Shabu Symone’s Test Purple  THE PHILIPPINE ANTI DRUG EFFORTS On February 16, 1972, Philippine Constabulary Anti Narcotics Unit was activated (CANU) On March 30, 1972, Republic Act 6425 otherwise known as the ‘Dangerous Drug Act of 1972” was approved This law created the Dangerous Drug Board as the policy-making and regulatory body on prevention and control of drug abuse. RA 6425 serves as the backbone of the Philippine drug enforcement system. PDEA was created upon enactment of RA 9165 in 2002 Creation of The new Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) as the policy and strategy formulating body. -The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) as its implementing arm.  COMPARISON OF RA 6425 AND RA 9165 RA 6425 OF 1972 RA 9165 OF 2002 Dangerous drugs are categorized as All drugs are categorized as Dangerous Drugs Regulated & Prohibited Accused can avail of Parole, Pardon and These privileges are curtailed Probation Planting of evidence as a violation applies only Applies to any person to Law Enforcers Penalties are lower Penalties have increased Quantity & quality of drugs are considered in It does not consider quality as basis for the the imposition of penalties imposition of penalty Procedures after arrest & confiscation of drugs Procedure after arrest & confiscation of drugs do not involve other personalities has become complicated it requires the presence of other personalities Destruction of Drugs is done in bulk Destruction Procedures on Dangerous Drugs happens immediately except retained samples  Definition of terms (Art. I, Sec. 3, RA 9165) Administer – Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person in administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by a duly licensed practitioner for purposes of medication. Chemical Diversion – The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, in-transit, manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and shall include packaging, repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud, destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use of front companies or mail fraud. Confirmatory Test – An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test. Controlled Delivery – The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or suspect consignment of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of the country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify any person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, or to facilitate prosecution of that offense. Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals – Include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the attached annex, which is an integral part of this Act. Cultivate or Culture – Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug. Deliver – Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or without consideration. Den, Dive or Resort – A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form. Dispense – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription. Drug Syndicate – Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act. Employee of Den, Dive or Resort – The caretaker, helper, watchman, lookout, and other persons working in the den, dive or resort, employed by the maintainer, owner and/or operator where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, distributed, sold or used, with or without compensation, in connection with the operation thereof. Financier – Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any of the illegal activities prescribed under this Act. Illegal Trafficking – The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical. Instrument – Any thing that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in the commission of illegal drug trafficking or related offenses. Laboratory Equipment – The paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used, intended for use or designed for use in the manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, such as reaction vessel, preparative/purifying equipment, fermentors, separatory funnel, flask, heating mantle, gas generator, or their substitute. Manufacture – The production, preparation, compounding or processing of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis, and shall include any packaging or repackaging of such substances, design or configuration of its form, or labeling or relabeling of its container; except that such terms do not include the preparation, compounding, packaging or labeling of a drug or other substances by a duly authorized practitioner as an incident to his/her administration or dispensation of such drug or substance in the course of his/her professional practice including research, teaching and chemical analysis of dangerous drugs or such substances that are not intended for sale or for any other purpose. Planting of Evidence – The willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding or attaching directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in the immediate vicinity of an innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation of this Act. Protector/Coddler – Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided for in this Act and uses his/her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of this Act in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator. Pusher – Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such transactions, in violation of this Act. Screening Test – A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive positive result. Sell – Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration. Trading – Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act. Use – Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, and of the dangerous drugs.  PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA) A law enforcement agency Lead agency on the government’s anti-drug campaign Responsible for efficient and effective law enforcement of all provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemicals Serves as the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB). Responsible for the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical as provided in RA 9165.  PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA) COMPOSITION Headed by Director General with the rank of Undersecretary, appointed by the President. The head of the PDEA is assisted by 2 deputies Director General, with the rank of Assistant Secretary, 1 for Operations and 1 for Administration, also appointed by the President. PDEA Academy – shall be established either in Baguio or Tagaytay, and in such other places as may be necessary. responsible in the recruitment and training of all PDEA agents and personnel Recruits must be at least 21 years of age, with proven integrity and honesty and a Baccalaureate degree holder. The graduates of the Academy shall later comprise the operating units of the PDEA after the termination of the transition period of five years during which all the intelligence network and standard operating procedure of the PDEA has been set up and operationalized. The Academy shall be headed by a Superintendent, with the rank of Director. He /she shall be appointed by the PDEA Director General.  TRANSFER, ABSORPTION AND INTEGRATION OF ALL OPERATING UNIT INTO PDEA Note: personnel absorbed and on detail service shall be given until 5 years to finally decide to join the PDEA.  DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB) Created by virtue of Republic Act 6425 otherwise known as Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 subsequently repealed by RA 9165. The policy-making & strategy-formulating body in the planning & formulation of policies & programs on drug prevention & control. It shall develop and adopt a comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced national drug abuse prevention and control strategy.  DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB) COMPOSITION DDB composed of 17 members wherein 3 of which are permanent members, the other 12 members are ex- officio capacity and 2 regular members. THREE (3) PERMANENT MEMBERS - At least 7 years of training and experience in the field of the ff: fields in law, medicine, criminology, psychology or social work. - Appointed by the president. -One designated as the Chairman with the rank of Secretary (with the term of 6 years) and the two other regular members as undersecretary (one with 4 years term and the other 2 years but succeeding appointment will serve six years and until their successors shall have been duly appointed and qualified. TWELVE (12) EX- OFFICIO MEMBERS - Secretary or representative of the following Department: - DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, DepEd, - Chairman CHED, NYC - Director General - PDEA TWO (2) REGULAR MEMBERS - President of Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP). - Chairman or President of a non- government organization involved in dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the President. The Director of NBI and Chief, PNP are the permanent consultant of the DDB.  CUSTODY AND DISPOSITION OF CONFISCATED, SEIZED, AND/OR DRUGS (SEC. 21)(RA 10640) A. The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof B. 24 hours - upon confiscation or seizure, quantitative or qualitative examination C. 24 hours -Certification of Examination results if the volume can't be completed within the time frame extended for another 24 hours. D. 72 hours - after filling of criminal case, court shall conduct ocular inspection. E. 24 hours- order of destruction  PLEA-BARGAINING PROVISION (SEC. 23) Any person charged under any provision of this Act regardless of the imposable penalty shall NOT be allowed to avail of the provision on plea-bargaining. Is plea bargaining allowed in drug cases? Yes, in the landmark case of Salvador Estipona vs. Judge Lobrigo (En Banc), G.R. No. 226679, August 15, 2017, the Supreme Court declared Sec. 23 of RA 9165 prohibiting plea bargaining in drug cases to be unconstitutional. "A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC (Adoption of the Plea Bargaining Framework in Drugs Cases). - On August 15, 2017, an En Banc Decision in G.R. No. 226679 — Salvador Estipona, Jr. vs. Hon. Frank E. Lobrigo was rendered whereby Section 23 of Republic Act No. 9165, or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, was declared unconstitutional for being contrary to the rule-making authority of the Supreme Court under Section 5 (5), Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution  PLANTING OF EVIDENCE (SEC. 29) ANY PERSON who is found guilty of "planting" any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, regardless of quantity and purity, shall suffer the penalty of DEATH. (Life Imprisonment)  AUTHORIZED DRUG TESTING Authorized drug testing shall be done by any government forensic laboratory or by any of the drug testing accredited and monitored by the DOH to safeguard the quality of test results. The drug testing shall employ, among others, two (2) testing methods. Drug test certificates issued by accredited drug testing centers shall be valid for a one year period from the date of issue which may be used for other purposes.  MANDATORY DRUG TESTING A. applicants for drivers license (Removed by RA 10586 "Anti - Drunk and Driving Act of 2013".) B. applicants for Firearms license & PTCFOR C. members of the PNP, AFP, & other LEA D. All persons charged with criminal offense with penalty of not less than 6 years. E. All candidates for public office national/ local RANDOM DRUG TESTING A. Students of secondary and tertiary schools B. Officers and employees of public & private offices  LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF APPREHENDED OFFENDERS (SEC. 38) If the apprehending or arresting officer has reasonable ground to believe that the person apprehended or arrested, on account of physical signs or symptoms or other visible or outward manifestation is under the influence of dangerous drugs. A. 24 hours subject to screening laboratory examination B.15 days- results of the screening laboratory examination or test shall be challenged after receipt of the result through a confirmatory test  JURISDICTION OVER DANGEROUS DRUG CASES The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing RTC in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violation of RA 9165. The DOJ shall designate special prosecutors to exclusively handle cases involving violation of RA 9165.  APPLICATION FOR PROBATION NOTE: As a General Rule Violations of RA 9165 shall disqualify an offender to avail of the benefits of PD 968, as amended EXCEPT: Section 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs. Section 14. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings. Section 17. Maintenance and Keeping of Original Records of Transactions on Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals Section 70. Probation or Community Service for a First-Time Minor Offender in Lieu of Imprisonment  PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN VIOLATION OF RA 9165 Regional Trial Court (RTC)- Holds the Jurisdiction of Violations of RA 9165 30 days- Conduct of Preliminary Investigation 24 hours-filling of information 48 hours- Filling of information of the MTC judge who conduct Pl to the proper prosecutor. 15 days-Termination of the reinvestigation when prosecutor disagree to the MTC judge. 60 days- Trial period of the case 15 days- Decision shall be rendered 15 days- If no appeal was taken the decision shall become final.  POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (Sec.11) PENALTY - Life imprisonment to death and fine ranging from Php 500k to 10m 50 grams or more of SHABU 500 grams or more of MARIJUANA 10 grams or more for ANY DANGEROUS DRUGS PENALTY- Imprisonment of 20 years and 1 day to life imprisonment and fine ranging from Php 400k to 500k 10 grams but not more than 50 grams of SHABU 300 grams or more but less than 500 grams of MARIJUANA 5 grams or more but less than 10 grams of ANY DANGEROUS DRUGS  PENALTY- imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine ranging from Php 300K to 400K Less than 10 grams of SHABU Less than 300 grams of MARIJUANA Less than 5 grams of ANY DANGEROUS DRUGS  USE OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (Sec.15) 1st offense- minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center 2nd offense- imprisonment ranging from 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and a fine ranging from 50K to 200K, provided did not violated section 12  The Unlawful Acts Punishable by Death Penalty (Prior to the abolition of Death Penalty) Importation or bringing into the Philippines of dangerous drugs using diplomatic passport or facilities or any means involving his/her official status to facilitate unlawful entry of the same (sec 4, Art II). Upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as “financiers” of any of the activities involving dangerous drugs (sec 4, 5, 6, 8 Art II). Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals with in 100 meters from the school (sec 5, Art II). Drugs pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and messengers or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drug trade (sec 5, Art II).  If the victim of the offense is a minor or mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical involved in the offense be the proximate cause of death of the victim (sec 5, Art II). When dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is allowed to use the same in such a place (sec 6, Art II). Upon any person who uses a minor or mentally incapacitated individual to deliver equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs (sec. 10, Art II). Possession of dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 13), and Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 14  ANTI-DRUG DRIVES AND OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS The Operational Plans (OPLANS) against the Drug Problem are: Oplan Thunderbolt I –operation to create impact to the underworld Oplan Thunderbolt II –operations to neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories Oplan Thunderbolt III – Operations for the neutralization of big time drug pushers’ drug dealers and drug lords. Oplan Iceberg – Special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order to get rid of illegal drug activities in the area. Oplan Hunter – operations against suspected military and police personnel who are engage in illegal drug activities. Oplan Mercurion – Operations against drug stores, which are violating existing regulations on the scale of regulated drugs in coordination with the DDB, DOH and BFAD. Oplan Tornado – Operations in drug notorious and high profile places. Oplan Greengold – nation wide MJ eradication operations in coordination with the local governments and NGO’s. Oplan Sagip-Yagit – A civic program initiated by NGO’s and local government offices to help eradicate drug syndicates involving street children as drug conduit. Oplan Banat – the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in the barangay level in cooperation with barangay officials. Oplan Athena – operation conducted to neutralize the 14k, the Bamboo gang and other local organized crimes groups involved in illegal drug trafficking. Oplan Cyclops – operations against Chinese triad members involved in the illegal drug operations particularly Methamphetamine Hydrocloride  OPERATION “PRIVATE EYE” A citizen based information collection project of PDEA launched on June 26, 2001. It aims to counter fear and apathy as hindrances to citizenry participation in reporting illegal drug activities by ensuring anonymity of the informant and giving monetary rewards.  THE FOUR PILLARS OF ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN 1. DRUG SUPPLY REDUCTION DRIVE ✓ Reduce the supply of drugs ✓ Drive the prices high and create acute shortage of drugs ✓ Neutralize sources of drugs 2. DRUG DEMAND REDUCTION DRIVE ✓ Reduce the demand side of the drug chain ✓ Concentrates on anti-drug advocacy efforts – public information and treatment and rehabilitation ✓ Targets non-users, casual drug users and addicts/recovering persons 3. ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT/REFORM PROGRAMS ✓ Development/livelihood program ✓ Education program ✓ Family solidarity/development program ✓ Good governance program ✓ Legal reforms 4. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ✓ Neutralize transnational drug syndicates ✓ Minimize drug trafficking to and from the country ✓ Exchange of information and technologies ✓ Multilateral, regional, sub-regional and bilateral assistance and cooperation  RULES ON NARCOTICS OPERATIONS General Rules and Procedures: Only specially trained and competent drug enforcement personnel shall conduct drug enforcement and prevention operations. All drug enforcement and prevention operations shall be covered by a Pre- Operations report. All steps taken before, during, and after the conduct of the operation must be documented and properly authenticated. Operating units shall promptly submit written a report after the operation. No apprehendee or seized item shall be released without authorization from the duly designated authority. All pieces of evidence confiscated will be deposited with the proper Evidence Custodian for safekeeping and proper handling. Each participating element must be given clear and do-able task.  BUY-BUST OPERATIONS Concept: It is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers as an effective way of apprehending a criminal in the act of the commission of the offense. Entrapment has received judicial sanction as long as it is carried with due regard to constitutional and legal safeguards. Planning and Preparation: The operation must be preceded by an intensive surveillance, casing, or other intelligence operations and gathering, evaluation and timely dissemination. Intelligence must be evidence-based and shall be supported by documents such as summaries of info, maps, sketches, affidavits and sworn statements.  SEARCH FOR DRUG EVIDENCE WITH WARRANT Concept: A search warrant is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property described therein and bring it before the court. (Sec. 1, Rule 126, Revised Rules of Court) Planning and Preparation: Prior to the procurement of search warrant, intensive intelligence data gathering must be undertaken, evidence-based and supported by credible documents. Conduct of surveillance, casing, and other intelligence operations. Identification, movement, activities and location of suspects should be established. Search warrant shall be applied with competent court Conduct of Operation Submission of reports  MARIJUANA ERADICATION Concept: Marijuana eradication involves the location and destruction of marijuana plantations, including the identification, arrest and prosecution of the planter, owner or cultivator, and the escheating of the land where the plantations are located. Planning and Preparation: The planning and operation shall be preceded by intelligence gathering to verify the existence of marijuana plantation and the existence to be supported by documentary evidence such as summary of information, maps, sketches, photographs and others. The intelligence gathering must be appropriately documented by pre-operations orders and after-casing reports. Conduct of Operation: Briefing, rehearsals, and proper formations. Exact location of the plantation must be established. Identify owner of the land or the cultivators. Coordination with other operating units in the area. Barangay eradication team should be organized. Strict compliance with SOPs under Rules of Opns  MOBILE CHECKPOINT OPERATIONS Concept: No other forms of checkpoints other than mobile checkpoints are authorized for drug enforcement and prevention operations. They shall be established only in conjunction with on- going operations/situation or when there is a need to arrest a criminal. Planning and Operation: Intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible documents, with proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing reports. Conduct of Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on checkpoint operations.  AIRPORT AND SEAPORT INTERDICTION Concept: Airport and seaport interdiction involves the conduct of surveillance, interception and interdiction of persons and evidence during travel by air or sea vessels. Planning and Operation: Intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible documents, with proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing reports. Conduct of Operations Coordination with airport and seaport authorities. Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on airport and seaport checks/operations  UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS Concept: Undercover operation is an investigative technique in which the personnel involve assumes different identities in order to obtain the necessary information. This technique may also be considered as a method of surveillance. Planning and Operation: Undercover operations shall be resorted to only under circumstances where evidence can be hardly obtained in an open investigation or when an open investigation is unsuccessful. Conduct of Operations Proper briefing and rehearsals. Identification of effective cover and undercover. Buy-bust or search with warrant operations. Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on Undercover operations.  THE TREATMENT AND REHABILTITATION APPROACH Treatment - the medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of physical and mental conditions related to drug abuse. Detoxification - it is a medically supervised elimination of drugs from the system of any addicted person. Methods of Detoxification includes: Cold Turkey Substitution – the use of methodex, catapres, haemasin, dextropropoxyphene, tranquilizer, etc. Reduction Method – using the same drug to which the patient is dependent. The process could be gradual or rapid. Acupuncture Rehabilitation - the dynamic process directed towards the physical, emotional/psychological, vocational, social and spiritual change to prepare a person for the fullest life compatible with his capabilities and potentialities, and render him able to become a law abiding and productive member of the community without abusing drugs. METHODS OF REHABILITATION Psychotherapeutic Methods (Individual and Group Therapy) The Spiritual and Religious Means The Follow-up and After – Care The process of rehabilitation does not end upon the release or discharge of client from a center. After his discharge, he has to undergo follow-up and after-care services for a period of not more than 18 months by the appropriate center personnel. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) are deputized agents of the board to handle this.  GATEWAY DRUGS TOBACCO (Cigarettes) and Alcohol are “gateway” drugs. No Child and or adolescent ever smoke marihuana without learning how to inhale tobacco smoke first. Ask a drug abuser whether or not they started with alcohol, or cigarette; the answer is always “YES”.  TOBACCO The tobacco plant is scientifically known as NICOTIANA TABACUM, is a plant grown for its leave that is smoked, chewed or sniffed to a variety of effects. It is considered addictive because it contains the addictive chemical NICOTINE. Sniffing and chewing of tobacco originated in North America and Europe. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS - Introduce tobacco in Europe Tobacco chemicals: a. NICOTINE- the most important active ingredient in controlled doses. Extremely toxic substance, a typical cigarette contains 1-2 mg of nicotine. When smoked, less than 1 mg of it is filtered or not depending on the characteristics of filter, depth of frequency of inhalation and length of the butt. B.CARBON MONOXIDE- a poisonous gas similar to a car's exhaust pipe. it impairs the capacity of the blood to supply adequate amount of oxygen to the vital organs of the body. It is responsible for the shortest of breath among smokers. C. TAR- the brownish substance known to be the cancer component of tobacco smoking. It also stains the fingers, teeth and tounge of the smoker. along with other substance of cigarette, it can lead to lung cancer and chronic bronchitis.  ALCOHOL Alcohol is colorless, tasteless clear liquid, which gives a burning sensation to the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Like many drugs, alcohol is toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in large amounts or in combination with other drugs. Alcohol is a depressant not stimulant. Alcohol is one of the oldest itoxicant known to man. It is a colorless, tasteless clear liquid and it boils at 78.4 degrees celsius.  2 KINDS OF ALCOHOL: METHYL ALCOHOL- is very poisonous and is not put in drinks but is used in some industries. ETHYL ALCOHOL- is used in alcoholic drinks. the fermentation occurs when the germs called yeast act on sugar and produce alcohol and carbon dioxide  TYPES OF DRINKERS OCCASIONAL DRINKER – drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy, takes only a few drinks per year. FREQUENT DRINKER – drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a week or occasionally reaches three or four times per week, uses beverages to release inhibitions and tensions. REGULAR DRINKER – may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually comes from cultural background where wine or beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor of the food. ALCOHOL DEPENDENT – drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs occasionally but drinker may not become alcoholic. ALCOHOLIC – has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary goal in his life, even to the exclusion of physical health and interests of family and society in general.  DEGREE OF INTOXICATION SLIGHT INEBRIATION - Degree of intoxication where there is a reddening of the face. There is no sign of mental impairment and difficulty of speech. MODERATE INEBRIATION - The person is argumentative and overconfident. There is a slight impairment of mental difficulties, difficulty of articulation, and lesser coordination of fine movements. DRUNK - The mind is confused, behavior is irregular and the movement is uncontrolled. The speech is thick and the behavior is uncontrollable VERY DRUNK - Degree of intoxication where the mind is confused and disoriented. COMA - The subject is stupor or in comatose condition. Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate this condition with other conditions having comma.  KINDS OF INTOXICATION INVOLUNTARY – when a drunken person does not know the intoxicating strength of beverage he has taken. INTENTIONAL – when a person deliberately drinks liquor fully knowing its effects, either to obtain mitigation or to find the liquor as stimulant to commit crime. HABITUAL – when the person finds that drinking is a constant necessary and the vice ultimately takes hold of him.  ALCOHOLIC A person who has experienced physical, psychological, social or occupational impairment as consequence of habitual, excessive consumption of alcohol. DRUNKARD A person who habitually takes or use any intoxicating alcohol liquor and while under the influence of such, or in consequence of the effect thereof, is either dangerous to himself or to others.  MOTIVES FOR DRINKING TRADITIONAL – social and religious functions. STATUS – symbol of success and prestige. DIETARY – dining incomplete without wine, integral part of today’s way of “gracious living”. SOCIAL – release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy another’s company. SHORTCUT TO ADULTHOOD – user unsure of maturity, drinks to prove himself. RITUAL – fosters group feeling, cocktail parties, toasts made to brides, wishes for good health. PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE - doesn’t want to drink but doesn’t want to abstain so goes along with everyone else.  DRUNKNESS AS A CRIME In the Philippines, drunkenness in itself is not a crime because a person may drink to excess in the privacy of his home or in the party and commit no crime at all. It is only when a drunken person exhibits his condition publicly, or disturbs, endangers, or injured others, that he became an offender and therefore, subject to arrest and punishment. Before and during elections, it is unlawful to sell or drink intoxicating liquor, as provided in the election law. Under RA 4136, as amended, driving under the influence of liquor is prohibited. Under Article 15 of the Revised Penal Code, intoxication is considered as Alternative Circumstances. It is considered a mitigating circumstance when the offender has committed a felony in a state of intoxication, if the same is not habitual. It is considered an aggravating circumstance, when the intoxication is habitual or intentional.  FORMS OF CHEMICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TESTS OF INTOXICATION Analysis of blood for alcohol contents Analysis of urine for alcohol contents Analysis of saliva for alcohol contents Analysis of breath to determine concentration of alcohol Analysis of body tissue and spinal fluid  THE BLOOD-ALCOHOL TEST If there is 0.05 percent or less by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it shall be presumed that he is not under the influence of intoxicating liquor. If there is 0.15 percent or more by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it shall be presumed that he is under the influence of intoxicating liquor.  METHODS OF THERAPY ON ALCOHOLISM THE AVERSION TREATMENT This treatment seeks to create an aversion from alcohol by the administration of a Nauseating drug to be followed by a drink of liquor, and thus develops a dislike of alcohol. The method maybe rather costly since hospitalization maybe required. Moreover, the effect is not always lasting and treatment must be repeated. Yet, it is said that this method has proven effective in more than half of the cases. THE PSYCHOTHERAPY METHOD This cure depends upon showing that the real problem of the alcoholic is not the Alcohol itself but the emotional problem that led the alcoholics to drink. This method therefore, aims to eliminate these emotional tensions. Through therapeutic interviews, it undertakes to make the alcoholics aware of why he drinks and to provide him with the strength necessary to combat his problems. THE PROGRAM OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS This method is based on conversion and fellowship. It emphasizes that alcoholics understand alcoholism better than anyone else Man is dependent upon God and must turn to Him for help; that the alcoholic must sincerely desire to stop drinking He must admit that he is an alcoholic and cannot drink in moderation.  VICES Any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness and corruption of the minds and body. From “Latin” word “vilium” meaning “failing or defect” THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF VICES Drug Addiction Alcoholism Smoking Prostitution Gambling  PROSTITUTION TERMS TO PONDER: PROSTITUTION- It is an act or practice of a woman who engage or habitually in sexual intercourse for money or profit. WHITE SLAVERY -The procurement and transportation of women cross stateliness for immoral purposes. Prostitute - A woman who engage in discriminate sexual intercourse or acts with males for hire. Pimp - One who provides gratification for the lust of others. Operator or Maintainer – one who owns or manages houses of ill-refute where the business of prostitution is conducted. Sometimes they are called “madame or mama san”. Whores/Knocker - It is a name often used for all types of prostitute.  CAUSES OF PROSTITUTION Poor social background and personality handicaps are some of the basis for drift into prostitution. Previous sexual experience, mostly unfortunate and in or out of wedlock. Contact with persons in or on the fringe of the business of prostitution. Love for money and luxury on the part of the prostitute. Lack of restraining check from neighbors, social environments and laxity of social control much as the agency for religious training and reforms.  The influence of contraceptives and preventive treatment for venereal diseases. Efforts to support another vices such as drug addiction or alcoholism. For the unwilling prostitutes, they are victims of white slave traffic such as kidnapping, keeping them under physical restraint, forcible abduction of women and victims of crime against chastity. The indifference of law enforcement authorities in safeguarding the virtues of women and lack of courage of the victim of white slave trade to pursue the prosecution of cases they filed against the perpetrators. Social causes of prostitution such as: broken families, anonymity of city life, and poverty and other  TYPES OF PROSTITUTES ON THE BASIS OF OPERATION CALL GIRLS These are the part-time prostitutes. They have their own legitimate work or profession but works as a prostitutes to supplement their income. Sometimes they are tellers, sales-ladies of department stores, waitresses, beauticians, or engage in similar jobs that they use to make contacts with customers. They receive telephone calls from a selected group of customers and make arrangements to meet them at a designated place. She may work alone or in partnership with an intermediary with whom she shares her earnings. HUSTLER Professional type of prostitutes. She maybe a bar or tavern “pick-up” or a “street walker”. The bar or tavern “pick-up” frequents places where liquor is sold, sometimes operating with the consent and knowledge of the management. The streetwalker is the oldest and the most common type of prostitute. She may work with taxi-drivers and commits prostitution in a taxi-cab. Her common customers are the tourists, gamblers, criminals, Addicts and others. Their operation is oftentimes associated with swindling their customers. DOOR KNOCKER This is the occasional or selective type of prostitute. She is usually a newcomer in the business Oftentimes, they are motivated by extreme Desire for money due to poverty or supporting their other vices. She makes contact thru information coming from the professional and hustler who are friends who gives her addresses of prospective customers FACTORY GIRLS Are the real professional type of prostitutes. She works in regular houses of prostitution or brothels. She accepts all comers and has nothing to do with the selecting and soliciting the customers. She works in regular hours or tour of duty under the direct supervision of the madam or operator of the prostitution house. She gets her share of the earnings by commission or per customers.  TYPES OF PROSTITUTION HOUSES DISORDERLY HOUSES A “madam” or “maintainer” supervises the operation supported by a staff of teller (cashier), bell or room boys, register clerks, watchmen, pimps and security guards known as bouncer. Their operation appears to be a legitimate business entity mostly under the protection of crooked policemen or law enforcement authorities and their location is prominently known to all their customers. They have number of small rooms with the prostitutes staying there at where they wait for customers. At times, the house provided with secret exits ready for escaping in case of police raids. FURNISHED ROOM HOUSE Usually operated by an experienced “madam” who rent rooms to legitimate roomers in order to maintain an appearance of responsibility Purposely, the madam leaves several rooms not rented to legitimate roomers for ready use of the prostitution. These prostitutes are mostly the call girls who make the room their designated places in perpetrating their business. Their rent is on per customers basis or they maintain the rent continuously but the prostitutes do not live there permanently but elsewhere to maintain their anonymity and identity. These houses could be found mostly in flashy subdivision or residential areas. MASSAGE CLINICS These houses are operated under a licensed or permit issued by the government but acts as a front for prostitution where the act maybe done or as per arrangement. They operate with barbershops with manicurists or“attendants” and “massagists” who while servicing their customers may make contacts or the prostitutes or themselves. These prostitutes are sometimes the newcomers in the business who do not earn much as attendants or massagists.  CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF PROSTITUTION THE SCHOOL OF REGULATORY CONTROL This method maintains the idea that we cannot do away with prostitution unless we consider the problems and remove the causes of prostitution. The following regulatory policy has been adopted to provide the necessary protection for the society. Segregation of brothels and soliciting to restricted districts. Public licensing of houses of prostitution  Registration of prostitutes to protect them from the exploitation of white slave trade Periodic medical examination of prostitutes and public health education. Legalization of the practice of prostitution under government supervision and control to make it more realistic. That arrest of prostitutes be handled by non-police agencies but should betaken care by social workers and medical men. Finally, the rehabilitation of prostitutes by providing them jobs and facilities to earn a decent living. THE SCHOOL OF TOTAL REPRESSION This method believes that prostitution is both a crime and a vice and therefore, should be repressed and totally prohibited. It maintains that chastity and continence should be the rule of conduct for everybody and to allow prostitution would be to assist immorality and white slave trade As to licensing of prostitution, this school of thought argues that it invites men to enjoy promiscuity free and easy and without fear of the law.  GAMBLING GAMBLING it is a game of chance or scheme the result of which depends wholly or chiefly upon the chance or hazards CHANCE OR HAZARDS It is the uncertainty for the result or when the outcome of the game is capable of calculation by human reason, foresight capacity or design. LOTTERY It is a scheme for distribution of prizes by chance among who have paid or agreed to pay a valuable consideration for the chance to obtain a prize. MAINTAINER Is the person who sets up/furnishes the means with which to carry on the gambling game CONDUCTOR Is the person who manages or carries the gambling game. BANKER Is the person who keeps the money from which the winner is to be paid TOTALIZER Is the machine for registering and indicating the number and nature of bets made on horse races WAGER Is the bets made on horse races PRIZE An amount due to the winner TOPADA The illegal cockfighting conducted on a day on a cockpit not permitted by law. ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME -Any form of illegal gambling activity which uses numbers or combination as factors in giving out jackpots. JUETENG -Illegal numbers game that involves the combination of numbers as a form of local lottery where bets are placed and accepted per combination MASIAO -Illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the results of the last game of Jai Alai or the Special Llave portion LAST TWO -Illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the last two numbers of the first prize of the winning Sweepstakes ticket BETTOR (Mananaya) -Any person, who places bets for himself/herself or in behalf of another person, other than the personnel or staff of any illegal numbers game operation. COLLECTOR or AGENT (Cabo, Cobrador) -Any person who collects, solicits or produces bets in behalf of his/her principal for any illegal numbers game who is usually in possession of gambling paraphernalia MAINTAINER, MANAGER OR OPERATOR -Any person who maintains, manages, or operates any illegal number game in a specific area. FINANCIERS OR CAPITALIST -Any person who finances the operations of any illegal numbers game. PROTECTOR OR CODDLER -Any person who lends or provides protection, or receives benefits in any manner in the operation of any illegal numbers game.  -END- THANK YOU FOR LISTENING FUTURE REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS!!!