VEM 12 Cattle Production Part 2 PDF

VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS  Ayrshire VEM...

VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS  Ayrshire VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Origin: Ayr, Scotland Color: Cherry red, brown and white Horned - a foot or more in lenght, curved out and slightly back dehorned as calves Straight lines and well-balanced udders Medium breed, strong, rugged cattle Vigorous and strong Excellent grazing ability “Ideal drinking milk” WHY? 5307 kg of milk - 3rd in production 4% milkfat - 5th among breeds Low somatic cell counts VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Brown Swiss Origin: Switzerland One of the oldest breed Color: brown (light or dark), black nose and tongue, dark-blue eye pigmentation (helps to resist extreme solar radiation) Horns: incline and slightly upward, medium & taper towards black tips Large-framed, quiet, docile High heat tolerance 5488kg milk - 2nd in prod 4.1% milkfat- 3rd in milkfat Milk is coveted by cheese makers Close protein/fat ratio VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Guernsey Origin: Isle of Guernsey, France Bred from: Fromond du leon and Norman Brindles Color: fawn w/ white markings Skin: yellow Horns: curved outward and to the front, medium and small and yellow on the based Early maturing breed, adaptable and gentle 4808kg milk - 4th in prod 5% milkfat- 2nd in milkfat High Milk Flow “Golden milk” VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Holstein-Friesian Origin: Netherlands Largest dairy breed Color: black and white; recessive gene: red and white, black: switch, belly Horns: incline forward and curved inward, tapered towards the tips Large udders Excellent grazing, early maturity Bulls: mean and dangerous 6577kg milk - 1st in prod 3.5% milkfat- 5th in milkfat Note: frozem embryos and semen are being exported VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Red Sindhi Origin: Sindh, Pakistan Color: deep, rich red color to yellowish brown to dark brown Males are darker Female: black extremities when mature (head, feet tail) Heat resistance and hardiness, tick resistance, disease resistence Bulls: mean and dangerous 1700 to 3400kg milk 12-15kg/day VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Sahiwal Origin: Dry punjab, Indian-Pakistani border Junglies- professional herdsman that kept Sahiwals Best dairy breeds in India and Pakistan Color: reddish brown, amounts of white: neck & underline Males: darken heads and legs & tail Tick resistant, heat tolerant Docile and lethargic 2270kg - ave. during lactation Heaviest milker of all Zebu breeds VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT SELECTION AND BREEDING OF DAIRY CATTLES VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Selection traits: Cow Milk yield Why is this important? Mothering ability Growth rate Bulls Overall body conformation VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Breeding Must calve every year When is the best time to breed them? Heifer: 18-20 months or 220-250kg Milking cows: 60 days after calving Inseminate TWICE A DAY Natural mating Artificial insemination Make sure to match a bull with appropriate cow Appropriate size ratio of the bull to the cow VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Parturition Management Female calves with good pedigree are kept to be used as future milking cows What is a pedigree? Males are mostly culled It is not economical to keep the male calves Allow the calf to suckle to ingest colostrum prior to separating the calves from the cow Within how many hours is colostrum present in the milk? VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Calf Management Placed in an identifier i.e. ear tag or neck strap Dip the navel cord with iodine Prone to navel ill What is navel ill? Healthy calf - should be in feet within 15-20 feet after it is born, nursing within 30 minutes Anemia - 150mg iron dextrin within few hours of birth injection Vit A, D, E Separate calf within few hours after birth - why? feed colostrum for 2-3 days Use nipple pail or bottle VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Calf Management VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT MILK FORMATION VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Anatomy VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Physiology Milk Let-down - responds by a conditioned reflex to sensory stimuli (i.e. washing of udder, milking) Oxytocin is release (pituitary gland) --> blood to the udder --> contractions around the alveoli and ducts --> milk goes down the larger ducts ---> gland cistern VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Physiology VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Physiology Inhibition of milk let down Stressful stimuli ---> relese of adrenalin -- > Reduction of oxytocin-->occlusion of the mammary ducts VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Milking practices Milking interval - Equal intervals of 12 hours give highest lactation yields but the effect of unequal intervals is small up to 16 and 8 hours and can be minimised if the highest yielders are milked first in the morning and last in the afternoon. VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Milking Method Proper milking technique influences: Milk yield Udder health Milking time Procedures: Milking at regular intervals Complete milking Sanitation VEM 12 - RUMINANT PRODUCTION & HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT Milking Method Hand-milking - using clean, dry hands practical when herd size is small (