Vaccination Lecture Notes (2024-2025) PDF

Block 1.2 lectures 2024-2025 lecture Highlighter key Writer Reviewe...

Block 1.2 lectures 2024-2025 lecture Highlighter key Writer Reviewer Doctor explanation Abbreviation Key information Book >> >> Abdullah Alrufaie Batool Alhomoud Student explaintion 221-222-223 notes References Deleted  Dr. Mervat Abdel-Aziz Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Control vaccination is improtant part in Acquired (artificial)immunity. Acquired (specific) immunity  Classification of acquired antigen to the immune system. (specific) immunity Active: will introduce the this classification based on clinical application Active Passive Antigen of microorganism must This involves come in contact with transfer of ready cells of immune made antibodies system resulting in an /or lymphocytes specific immune to an individual. stimulation. immune cell will deal with this antigen according to if it’s vesicular antigen,cytocolic antigen or other.  Active Passive Role of immune system Has active role Has no active role Why? Because antigen take time for processing Why? Because antibodies Onset of protection Delayed an antigen presentation for devlopment and Immediate are ready to act further profilraton of lymphcyte Duration of protection Longer Because of will devolped memory cells Shorter Development of memory Yes No Maternally: during pregnacy 1. Maternally acquired antibodies 1. Natural infection Examples 2. Active immunization with 2. Passive Vaccines immunization  Vaccination A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance introduced to produce specific protection against a given disease. A vaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”.  Vaccination Vaccination provide immune response This occur by administration of microorganisms or their products (in an harmless state) into host.  Bacterial vaccines 1- Intact bacteria: A- Killed (inactivated) : Using organism killed by heat or chemicals e.g. Typhoid vaccine Attenuated: weakened Live attenuated means inject in the form of B- Live attenuated: living bacteria e.g: BCG vaccine for tuberculosis BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin 2-Bacterial materials: meningococcal is a bacteria casue meningitis A- Structure component as capsule of bacteria as meningococcal vaccine B- Toxoid : as tetanus toxoid Toxoid means bacteria toxins and it’s treated with formaldehyde (it’s toxin but still antigenic because it’s chemically inactivated form of a toxin )  Viral vaccines 1- Intact virus Killed (inactivated) e.g Salk polio vaccine Live attenuated : e.g Sabin polio vaccine 2- Viral components As Isolated viral antigen :Hepatitis B vaccine composed of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) by recombinant DNA technology. Types of Vaccination Which is better killed or live ? Live vaccines, because it will act as vesicular antigen and cytosolic antigen so presentation occur with association with MHC1&MHC2 so activation of CD4 and CD8  live vaccines Drawbacks Temperature Stability of live vaccines is low. Can be reverted to virulent form. Especially in immuncompromised patient or pregnant female  The Cold Chain In development country is more diffcult to obtain cold chain The "cold chain" is a system of storage and transport of vaccines at low temperature from the origin to the actual vaccination site. The cold chain system is necessary because vaccine failure may occur due to ineffective storage and transport.  Important example :If you have a pregnant female infected by HBV you need to provide an infection control Passive immunization (Passive immunity) measure to protect her fetus in the form of ready made immune globulin Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is used in the prevention of hepatitis B in people who may have been exposed to the virus either by needle-stick or as a neonate born of a mother who is a carrier of hepatitis B virus. The preparation contains a high titer of antibody to hepatitis B virus and is obtained from humans to avoid hypersensitivity reactions. Varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG): The preparation contains a high titer of antibody to varicella zoster virus and is obtained from humans to avoid hypersensitivity reactions.  Adjuvants Adjuvants are substances added to the vaccine to enhance the immune respone Certain substances, when administered simultaneously with a specific antigen, will enhance the immune response to that antigen. Adjuvants has no role in immune respone just enhance immune respone against antigen introduced  Adjuvants in common use: 2. Aluminum salts. 2. Cytokines: IL-2, IL-12 and Cytokine are the recent adjuvants used Interferon-gamma. Possible modes of action: By trapping antigen in the tissues, thus allowing maximal exposure to APcells and specific T and B lymphocytes. By enhancing cytokines secretion that Enhance cytokines prodction by another cells like increase the recruitment of antigen-specific macrophages T and B cells to the site of inoculation. Hazards: side effects of vaccination HAZARDS OF IMMUNIZATION No immune response is entirely free from the risk of adverse reactions or remote squeal. The adverse reactions that may occur may be grouped under the following heads: Inoculation examples : redness tenderness swelling 1. Reactions at site of inoculation 2. Reactions due to faulty techniques fault techniques : Like the vaccine should be administrate intradermaly so if it injected in 3. Reactions due to hypersensitivity subcutanes it will be ineffctive 4. Neurological involvement Hypersensitvity: For example the vaccine has antbiotics so some patient are hybesensitvity to these antbiotics Rare component Hazards Neurolgical involvement: When the vaccine contain part of brain tissue and sometime it introduced to the host and attack to the brain tissue  References Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 13 th Edition, chapter 36. Jawetk and Melnick& Aldelberges, 26ᵗʰ Edition Medical Microbiology, chapter 8.  team Wishes you the best