Immunology and Serology Lec PDF
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Lorma Colleges
Louis Pasteur
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This document provides lecture notes on immunology and serology for a BMLS 3-1 course. It covers topics like the history of immunology, variolation, vaccination, phagocytosis, and humoral immunity.
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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LEC BMLS 3-1 LOUIS PASTEUR - F ather of modern HISTORY SOU...
IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LEC BMLS 3-1 LOUIS PASTEUR - F ather of modern HISTORY SOURCE STEVENS immunology He was the first who discovered the attenuated 1500’S CHINESE hinese developed a C vaccine. practice of inhaling Chicken cholera, rabies, powder made from anthrax vaccines smallpox scabs in order to produce protection against this dreaded ELIE METCHNIKOFF ussian scientists R disease. This practice of observed that foreign deliberately exposing an objects introduced into individualtomaterialfrom transparent starfish larvae smallpox lesions was became surrounded by known as variolation. motile cells that attempted to destroy L ate 1700s - EDWARD n English country doctor A these invaders. JENNER by the name of Edward - Phagocytosis Jenner discovered a eating cells remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to HANS BUCHNER Humoral immunity smallpox. smallpox. He thus proved that immunity ALMOTH WRIGHT e observed H to cowpox, a very mild that certain humoral, or disease, provided circulating, factors called protection against opsoninsacted to coat smallpox. This procedure bacteria so that they of injecting cellular became more susceptible material became known to ingestion by as vaccination, from phagocytic cells. These vacca, the Latin word for serum factors include “cow.” specific proteins known as - FATHER OF antibodiesand IMMUNOLOGY nonspecific factors called - Discovered the acute-phase reactants first vaccine - James phipps the KARY BANKS MULLIS Invented thepolymerase first person given chain reaction(PCR) the experimental technique cowpox vaccine by Jenner T hephenomenoninwhich exposure to one agent provides protection against another agent is known ascross-immunity. BMLS 3-1 1 LORMA VISION We envision Lorma Colleges as an educational institution with a global perspective emphasizing quality, Christian values, and leadership skills relevant to national development LORMA MISSION Our mission is to empower students anywhere in the world through Christian-inspired, quality-driven, and service-oriented education and training. CMLS VISION AND MISSION The College of Medical Laboratory Science/ Medical T echnology aims to produce global Medical Laboratory Scientists/ Medical Technologists equipped with scientific and technological knowledge and skills and professional attitudes in the delivery of Modern Medical Technology healthcare service. CORE VALUES L eadership Excellence Integrity Solidarity Social Concern BMLS 3-1 2 DEFINITION OF TERMS T here are desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions. IMMUNOLOGY T he science that deals with the study of the ➔ D esirable effect - to destroy and eliminate the reaction when the host encounters a foreign pathogens so that the disease will not prosper. substance. ➔ Undesirable effect - inflammation, when thereis The molecules, cells, organs, and systems aninflammation,itisthesitewherethemaincells responsible for the recognition and disposal of arefightingagainstthepathogen,theafterwards foreign(unfamiliar,outsidethebodylikebacteria magkakaroonngnana,andthenmaghehealna andvirus,anythingthatisnotpartofyournatural yungtissue.But,itisnecessarytohappen,thatis component) (non-self) materials. involved in our second line of defense. How body components respond and interact Inflammationshouldhappen,becausethatisthe Reactions of the immune system when the host way to destroy the pathogen. (ex. pimple, cuts,) encounters a foreign substance. The ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against hat is foreign substance: UNKNOWN AND NOT W or treat diseases. THE NATURAL PART OF YOURSELF ntibodiescan begenerated A FOREIGN SUBSTANCE: Immune systemcan bemanipulated. - Bacteria - E.g., vaccination - Sperm Injectedwithaforeignsubstance(partof - Virus the virus). So, you produce antibodies - Chemicals contains in foods against it. In terms of sperm, it is possible to produce antibodies E.g., COVID-19 Positive (alive) – you against it, that’s why there aresomeladiesthatcannot have the antibody stimula conceiveababybecausetheyresistthepresenceofthe sperm cells coming from their husband and produce T here are also some cases where antibodies are now antibodies against them, that is a cause ofinfertility directly being harvested from a donor and then that immune serum, ayonangibibigaysapatient,especially T his response or reaction of our immune system will the cancer patients. So now we canharvestantibodies, consist of: cytokines, interleukins, these are now being given to cancer patients to overcome the cancer. MOLECULES: - Cytokines Interleukins - these are blood factors produced by - Blood factors lymphocytes.Itcanbeproducedartificiallybymeansof - Antibodies tissue culture and then ihaharvest sa laboratory, then CELLS: prepared like an immune serum, then it will be used to - Leukocytes treat cancer patients. - Neutrophils ORGANS: Undesirable effects -autoimmune responses - Lymph nodes ( auto means self) Antibodies are being produced not - Bone marrow necessarily with outside influence. Nandoon lang sa - Thymus katawan mo na mag proproduce siya ng cancer, System nandoon lang sa katawan mo na magproproduce siya - responsible for the recognition and disposal of ng antibodies, that will eventually hurt your immune foreign or non cell materials. system. Examples are like Kris AquinoandCelineDion’s disease (stiff person syndrome) saan galing ‘yon? hen this non cell or foreignsubstanceentersourbody W Nobody knows. our immune system is tasked to eliminate them, to destroythem,todiscardthem.Thatisthemaintaskofour immune system. BMLS 3-1 3 SEROLOGY T he mechanism by which the individual is T he study of serum components of the blood protected from non-self or foreign pathogens particularly the antibodies produced in immune Composed of two general components: responseforthepurposeofdiagnosisofdisease, ➔ Innate immune system or the antigen components of a pathogen. ➔ Acquired immune system Deals mostly with in-vitro measurement of antibody and antigen reactions in serum or Innate immune system – natural/born with it plasma. defense mechanism Diagnosisof infectious disease e.g.,skin(primarybarrier),shedtears,gagreflex, hair, earwax, nails, and mucus. Itissomethingthatwedointhelaboratory,wegatherthe specimen,thebloodofthepatient,wegathertheserum. Acquired immune system – adaptive; develops when In the serum it is possible that thebacterialpathogenis exposed to foreign substances/pathogens/exposed to present. Nandoon din yung antibodies that were the disease. produced by the immune system of thehostswhowere Need exposure to a pathogen before you infected, and you test it with reagents to produce an develop it. antigen antibody reaction.Andtheresultofthatantigen E.g., exposed to a chickenpox, typhoid fever, HIV antibodyreactionwillaidinthediagnosisofdisease.Are the antibodies produced? Yes, so ibig sabihin may No exposure, no acquired infection.Arethepathogenspresent?Yes.Sonandonna Is vaccination a means of exposureinordertodevelop yungpathogensabodyngpatient,thatiswhydiagnosis an acquired immunity? Yes. That is why we give out is possible. vaccination totriggerourimmunesystemtodevelopan Example;HepatitisBsurfaceantigen,IfIgetyour immune response. bloodnow,andgetyourserumsample,andtest your serum with a reagent, anti Hbs, and then IMMUNITY nagkaroon ng reaction sa blood mo, then tate of resistance against infectious diseases S positive yung reaction. What does that mean? Theimmunesystemhastheabilitytodiscriminate The reagent identify the presence of the Hbs (differentiate) betweenselfandnon-selfandthe antigen in the blood of the patient. What is the subsequent protection from non-self meaning?Currently, the patient is infected. (components of the environment, or abnormal components of the host) o when we are able to identify the presence of an S The immune system must NOT destroy itself(not antigen or a pathogen in the blood of the patient, it fight against itself) because between the means that there is an ongoing infection. On the other conceptofselfandnonself,inthenormalsense hand, it is also possible to get blood of the patientand our immune system should only react against test for the antibodies. Is it possible to detect the non self, only to foreign substances. antibodiesinthepatient'sserum?Yes.Why?Becausethe Why?Becauseitshouldnotreactagainstitself.Weshould principle behind that is becausethereisanexposureto nothurtordestroyitsownself.Thatistheprincipleofself the pathogen, that’s why the patient produced preservation. In immunopathology, There are times that antibodies. Now, we’re getting the serum ofthepatient, the immune system will produce antibodies that will testing for the presence of antibodies using no antigen producetheactiontodestroyitsown,thereforethatisnot reagent, and there’s a positive result. antibodies are normal. Awatable po? That is the pathologic process. present. How doyouinterpretit?Antibodiesarepresent. So this can make acute infectionorchronicinfectionor n early evolutionary exampleofimmunity:Whenared A history of infection. sponge and a blue sponge are blended together, and thenpouredintoanaquarium,theydonotformapurple IMMUNE SYSTEM or mosaic sponge. A red sponge and a blue sponge Involvestheinterplayofcells(whitebloodcells), again form because the individual cells recognize humoral or blood factors (antibodies, cytokines, self-surface molecules and aggregate. But when the interleukins, complement proteins ), and organs homogeneous mixture of the red and blue sponge put (lymphoid organs - bone marrow, thymus, them together, theydevelopedseparately.Whydidthat thyroid, lymph nodes, appendix) producing happen?Thespecieshastodevelopitself,itisitswayof responses. surviving, it is a simple manifestation of immunity being developed in the lowest form. BMLS 3-1 4 ntigen. Na-establish na yung kanyang identity kasi a pwede mo na siyang irract with its specific antibody. n immunogen is calledacompleteantigenbecauseit A can stimulate an immune response and it can react sa antibody na na-produce niya, but not all antigen can IMMUNOGEN stimulate an immune response. But can it react with its own antibody? Yes T he compound / substance that is capable of eliciting(produce)animmuneresponseinahost (immunogenicity) Immunogen Antigen ➔ Immunogen - substance Foreign substance F oreign substance ➔ Immunogenicity - capability/ability of a roduce immune P Produce immune substance to produce an immune response response response ➔ Immunogenisusuallyforeigntheyarenotofthe React to antibody React to antibody celltobeabletoproduceanimmuneresponse, Not established Established identity that compound or that substance have to be identity E.g., COVID-19 foreign to the host. Sino baangnagpriproduce “I got sick vaccine ng immune response? The host. So an because I was Antigen: COVID-19 immunogen is almost always a foreign exposed to antigen substance, unless auto antigen siya. immunogen.” React with specific A complete antibody. F oreign/not of the self antigenbecauseit Notallantigencan Examples: Bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungal can stimulate an stimulate an elements, pollens, crustaceans, etc. host. immune response immune response anditcanreactto (because of HITIN - Protein in the crabs or shrimp that makes you C the antibody hapten), but it can allergic produced. react to its own antibody. It is the ability of the bacteria to produce an immune response (Answer:IMMUNOGENICITY) The bacteria is able to produce an immune response. How will you describe the bacteria? (Answer: IMMUNOGEN) Antigen The foreign substance that may cause the response Usually thought of as infectious agent Can also be environmental substances Can also be synthetic structures apten- an incomplete antigen; has n H o Theantigencanreactspecificallywithitsspecific immunogenicity, but can be recognized by antibody, can react with its own antibody specific antibodies. hat's the difference between immunogen sa antigen? W ICTURE Explanation: A hapten is simple molecule (no P They are same na pwedeng foreign substance, mag reaction on immuneresponse)butwhenitisboundwith produce ng immune response, pwedeng mag react sa carrier molecule, it turns immunogenic. kanilangantibody.Soanodifference?Saantigenpwede nang na-establish na yung identity niya. Pero sa Maliliit – carrier molecule; small molecules immunogen,hindimopana-establishyungidentityniya. Pagsinabemongigotsickbecauseigotexposedtoan Second picture: Yeast Protein Molecule immunogen.Whatimmunogen?Perokapagbinigyanka ng vaccine against covid, ano ang antigen mo? Covid T hird picture: Vaccine; immunogenic na siya because attached to bigger molecule – completeantigen.There BMLS 3-1 5 refactorsthatwillbringaboutimmunogenicity,whatare a iyomarecognizeasspecifictoyourcharacteristic,hindi n thesefactors?Maramiandoneofwhichissize.Peroyung sila makaka produce ng antibodies. You can have Hepa B complete immunogen ‘yan kaya pwede mag several kindsofBcells,butonlythatyouarereactiveor produce ng antibody. specific to a particular antigen ikaw lang ang ma eestimulate, ikaw lang ang mag tratransform into a Hepatitis B should be diagnosed during: plasma cell, ikaw lang ang mag proproduce ng ➔ Acute phase antibodies na ‘yon,sabuongbuhaymo,ayonlangang ➔ Within 6 months antibodies na iproproduce mo. Kung sino lang yung B Hepatitis B vaccine consists of the surface cell na specificsaparticularantigensiyalangangmag antigen of Hepatitis B virus. Hindi ibibigayiyong proproducengantibodiesagainstit.Andforthelifetime, buong virus, otherwise, you’ll get infected. siya lang ang mag proproduce ng antibodies. Kaya Vaccine: separate the viral antigen called kaniya kaniya sila ng antibodies na iproproduce. Sa Hepatitis B Surface Antigen. dinamidamingpathogens,itispossiblethatourimmune system can react to each and every single pathogen. hy do some people who take vaccines get sick? W Ganon kaganda angatingimmunesystem.Everysingle Becauseyourimmunesystemrecognizesthethingthatis cell can recognize a particular specificity. That’s the foreignandtheimmunesystemistriggeredtorespond.In beauty of the immune system. the process of vaccination, our lymphocytes and WBC are triggered. One of the reactions is to produce Antibody = Immunoglobulin cytokines, interleukines, and one of which promotes Immunoglobulin–inthebloodplasma,hindimo fever. Fever is not asicknessbutadefensemechanism. alamangspecificity.(Yungsurfacengrambutan, Tataas ang temperature in hope na mamamatay ang imaginethattheyaretheimmunoglobulinonthe bacteria na pumasok sa’yo para ma-eliminate siya. surface of B cell, ganon yung itsura sa high power microscope.) Antibody – specificity is identified, example: ANTIBODY anti-A (antibody against A antigen, anti-HBs protein component that isfoundinbloodand A antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen) plasma, serum, it can circulate in your system. Several classes: (AGMED) And it can recognize or react to foreign ➔ IgA – found in secretions (ex: saliva, substances.Aproteincomponentoftheimmune tears, mucus) system that circulates in the blood, recognizes ➔ IgG – most numerous in the blood; foreignsubstanceslikebacteriaandviruses,and provides lasting immunity neutralizes them. ➔ IgM–firstantibodytobeproducedinan Produced by B cells/ plasma cells immune response; very effective. Binds specifically to an antigen Example: todayyouaregiventheHepa B vaccine, ang unang antibody na lasma cells derived from B cells. B cells, is a general P maproproduce ng body mo is IgM anti term orthemothercell.WhenaBcellisstimulatedbya Hbs, after a fewdayssusunodyungIgG foreign substance it willtransformintoaplasmacell.So, antiHbs.UnaIgM,susunodIgG.Arethey specificallyantibodiesareproducedbyplasmacells.Itis the same specificity? Yes. Why? Isang alsookaytosaythatantibodiesareproducedbyBcells. type lang ng plasma cell ang mag But in a Multiple ChoiceQuestion,ifthereisachoiceof proproduce sa kanila. Parehong B plasma cells and B cells, the correct answer would be lymphocyte lang ang mag proproduce plasma. But if there is no plasma in the choices, thenB ngantibodieseveniftheyhavedifferent cell would be the answer. A B cell is the one who gets structure, pero parehong specificity. stimulated,siyaangmagiinteractsapathogenthenmag SAME PLASMA CELL LANG ANG IgG at tatransform into a plasmacell.AngBcellselectivesiya, IgM. HINDI PWEDENG IBANG PLASMA meron siyang immunoglobulin. Sa surface ng B cell, CELL. Awatable? meronsiyangmgaapandagesthatselectivelychoosesa ➔ IgE– associated with allergic reactions particular antigen, kung saan siya reactive doon lang and parasitic infections. When IgE’s are siya kakabet. At yung antibody na kanyang produced they react with ourBasophils. maproproduce are specific to a particular antigen. When IgE binds the Basophils they Example: Suppose you are B cells and I give you an produce histamine granule, ayon ang antigen, and specific lang sa’yo, siya lang mag provoking ng allergic reaction. IgE also proproducengantibodiesagainstit.Yungibasincehindi destroys roundworms. The cell that will BMLS 3-1 6 elp in eliminating the parasite is the h onsists of molecules produced by cells of the C WBC EOSINOPHILS. Why? Sila lang ang immune system → MHC antigens pwedeng kabitan ng IgE. Eosinophils Function: binds peptide fragments derived from have receptors that can bind IgE. Bakit pathogensanddisplaysthemonthecellsurface hindineutrophils?Kasiwalasiyareceptor for recognition by the appropriate T-cells. for IgE. Enable T-lymphocytes to recognize epitopes of ➔ IgD– least known function, found on antigens and discriminate self from non-self. immature B lymphocyte cell surface. IgM and IgG – same specificity sincesomeplasmacell produce (B lymphocyte) ❖ A llofushaveMHConourcells(uniqueidentity). - Different structure, same specificity Different MHC antigens. - Not different plasma cell ❖ MHCcomesfromourparents.Ifsiblings,different Histamine – IgE react with basophil structure of MHC pa rin. - Provokes allergic reaction ❖ CLASSIFIED: Type I or Type II - IgE destroys roundworms ❖ FOUND: Surface of cells WBC (eosinophil) – eliminate parasite ❖ PLAY: Immune response in different mechanism - IgE is the only kabitan of eosinophil - Eosinophil receptors can bind IgE - Neutrophil and basophil CANNOT bind IgE MHC class I MHC class II antigen antigen COMPLEMENT Epithelial cells Phagocytes neofthe35proteinsinvolvedinpathogenlysis, O Muscle cells Antigen-presenting opsonization, immune complex clearance, Tissue cells cellsMacrophages chemotaxis, and vascular permeability changes. Mase cells Involves 3 pathways of activation: Heart cell ➔ Alternative ➔ Mannan-binding Lectin Liver cell ➔ Classical Muscle cell omplement Cascade C Skin cell T -lymphocytes have TCR molecules that recognize epitopesonlyaftertheyhavebeenplacedoncellsofthe body by way of MHC molecules L ymphocytes have surface markers, which engage the antigen.TheyarecalledtheTCR(T-CellReceptors)Ifthis were B-lymphocyte, then it would be BCR or immunoglobulin. hyaretheycalleddifferentcomplementproteins?Kasi W iba iba sila ng pathway para ma-activate. Once the complement has been activated, eto yung ultimate effects: to kill the pathogens, to opsonize, to attract the pathogen, and to recruit inflammatory cells.Kayawhen thecomplementisactivated,meronginflammation.Kasi ayonyungeffectnilaperopwedesiyangma-activatein different ways. MHC: Major Histocompatibility Complex Regionformedbygeneticloci(CHROMOSOME6) HLA:Human Leukocyte Antigen that plays a central role in both humoral and Human version of the MHC cell-mediated immunity HLA = MHC (used alternatively) BMLS 3-1 7 HCClassIantigens–antigensexpressedonall M ooperation between different cells or cellular C nucleated cells of the body. (All located cells products(E.g.,BcellswillcooperatewithTcellto MHC class 1) produce an immune response; required for MHC Class II antigens – antigens expressed on optimal functioning of the immune system; antigen presenting cells (APC) such as cooperative interactioninvolvesspecificcellular macrophages. (On all our phagocytic cells, elements, cell products, and non-lymphoid antigen cell like macrophage, then MHC class 1) elements. Theseantigensareinvolvedinimmuneresponses → antigen presentation and recognition. Protein CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM molecules na nasa surface ng cells. Immunopathology - eals with the manifestation of conditions D concerned with immune responses associated with the production of disease. - Study of various diseases in which humoral (production of antibodies by plasma cells) and cellular immune factors play a role in causing - pathological damage to cells, tissues, and the host. - Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency - Immune system should not cause harm - E.g., Lupus by Kris Aquino - E.g., Ferdinand Marcos Sr. – kidney infection L ymphocytes, (primary) only the lymphocytes can give Immune response specific responses. Theproductionoftheimmuneresponserequires- Cooperative interaction among specific cellular atural Killer (NK) Cells -they are lymphocytes butdo not N elements, cell products, and nonlymphoid and require specificity, more involved in the innate. They can lymphoid elements. destroy infected liver or tissue cells like the action of T- Two types of specific immune responses: cytotoxic they can destroy cancer cells or transplanted 1.Humoral→mediatedbyBlymphocytes→production tissues. of antibodies by plasma cells. Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) -they are called dendritic 2. Cellular → mediated by T helper and T cytotoxic or the monocytes found in our peripheral system. lymphocytes → cellular activation of our T lymphocytes Dendritic cells are like nerve cells but their main function and cytotoxic effects. is to catch the antigen and present to Thelper, then present to T cytotoxic and then to B lymphocytes. Distinctive characteristics of the immune system include eutrophils -highly phagocytic, number one role is N pecificity–reacttotriggered(e.g.,chickenpox S phagocytosis, important in innate immunity. Second line antibody – chickenpox antigen, HIV antibody – of defense. HIV antigen Memory–oncetheimmunesystemisstimulated, F UNCTIONS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM itwillrememberitforlife.(e.g.,Maychickenpox to recognize self from non-self and ka noong bata, na-expose ka ulit, you will not to defend the body against non-self suffer it again because the immune response is triggered, it will produce again an antibodies.) asic Learning from the immune system: The immune B Mobility– travel one place to another system should not fight itself but should only destroy Replicability– recreate, produce descendants nonself. BMLS 3-1 8 PRELIMINARY one marrow and thymus are the central organs of the B immune system. All the others are the peripheral/secondary immune system organs. Acquired/Adaptive immunity Produced only when there is immunogenic stimulus, meaning, antigen is encountered by the immune system Specific Reaction to one pathogen does not protect from another Large scope Lots of invaders can be targeted, specifically. IVISIONS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM D Acquired immunity Innate or natural immunity Can discriminate Inherent Can react against what is foreign and not against self Available quickly Has memory so an individual is protected by vaccines Immediately protective Not specificto the pathogen in question ONSEQUENCES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM C Desirable consequences hen infection is met by the body at 0-12 hour the W Natural resistance defense mechanism that is going oninyourbodyisthe Recovery innate defense mechanism. When the pathogen Acquired resistance to infectious disease overcomes the epithelial barrier, nextnamaeencounter Undesirable consequences na isyungsecondlineofdefensewhichisphagocytosis Allergy/hypersensitivity and inflammation. Rejection of a transplanted organ Hemolytic disease of the newborn; (because of the eyond 12 hours, it will now betheimmunesystemthat B antibodies produced by the mother, the antibodies will be at play because the phagocytes and dendritic produced by the mother willdestroytheredcellsofthe cells will now present the antigen to our T-helper cells. baby)Hemolytictransfusionreactions,(ifyoureceiveda Then the T-helper cells will activate all the other blood group that is not your type, you will die in 20 T-lymphocytes,thenwillalsoactivatetheB-lymphocytes minutes) then doon palang papasok yung acquired immunity. Autoimmune disorder (e.g., pernicious anemia, Involves: rheumatoid) ➔ Primarylineofdefense→skin,physiologicfactors like sneezing, coughing, crying, mucus, etc CHAPTER 2: NATURAL IMMUNITY: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE ➔ Secondary line of defense → phagocytosis and inflammation NATURAL IMMUNITY Ability of the host to resist infection by means of apag na-penetrate si tertiary line of defense, kapag K normally present body functions. hindi niya na-destroy at na-overcome siya doon na Non-adaptive(it’snatural,hasbeenpresentsince nagkakaroonngdisease. NaoovercomeangHepatitisB you were born) ng6months,kapaglumagpasnang6months,papasok Nonspecific (it can react to all pathogen) na yung parient sa chronic stage of disease kaya Nonselective / the same for all pathogens or longterm na siya foreignsubstancestowhichthehostisexposed (same as non specific) ANATOMIC COMPONENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM No prior exposure isrequired(non-adaptive,it’s already there) No change in response with subsequent exposures (even if you have been exposed manytimes,itdoesnotmeanyouwillhavealot of reactions or responses. It’s still the same) Subject to nutrition, age, fatigue, stress and genetic BMLS 3-1 9 PRELIMINARY (Your T-cell immunity stopped at 11-12. Meaning, XTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM E yourthymuswhichisresponsibleforcellimmunity, PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS has already reached its peak of development. 1. Flushing action of urine After mo mag 11, pababa siya nang pababa 2.Lactic acidproduction in female genital tract (pH 5) habang patanda ka na nang patanda. Our 3. Acidity of stomach (hydrochloric acid), pH 1 bonemarrowwillkeepdevelopingourcellsbut 4.Lysozymefoundinsecretions(tears,saliva)attackcell wall of microorganisms (Gram +) our T-cells which are schooled or trained to 5. Normal flora in many locations in the body become t-lymphocytes tapos na ang kanilang 6.High Oxygentension in the lungs schoolingkasiwalanasithymus.Kungsinoman 7. Lacrimation (tearing); blinking ang nag graduate by the time na you were 8.Ear waxproduction in the ear canal 11-12 sila na yung nasa peripheral lymphoid 9. Shedding of cells (exfoliationof cells) organs. Why is itthattheoldieslikedeanMilan 10. Body temperature at37 degrees Celsius are still capable of exerting T-cell immunity? 11. Pepsin- digests bacterial surface proteins Because thedevelopedT-cellswhentheywere 12. Lactoferrin- binds iron that is needed for microbial young, pumunta na sa peripheral lymphoid growth organ.Anoangbesttimenithymusna-peaksa 13. Fever / Pyrexia pag develop niya? Age 11-12.) 14. Coughing, sneezing 15. Vomiting, diarrhea OMPONENTS OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS C 16. Hormonal balance EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM –designedtokeepthemicroorganismsfromenteringthe INTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM(Secondary Line of Defense) body. Consists basically of structural barriers Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to (ex:skin,mucousmembranelike:vaginalcanal,urethra, infectious agents, uptake and destroy them within the anus) cells. INTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM Involvesrecognitionofcarbohydrate–MANNOSE-seen – designed to clearthepathogensiftheyhaveentered in microorganisms but not in humans. the body as quickly as possible. Includes : Cellular and humoral mechanisms hagocytic Cells (neutrophils,basophils,eosinophilsetc.) P how are they able to recognize those substances that XTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM E they need to phagocytose? Bacteria have a certain Unbroken/ intact skin- major structural barrier carbohydrate component that we call mannose, they Skin pH 5.6 prevents microbial growth have receptors. Meron silang molecules sa surface nila Lactic acid in sweat
