Immunology Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?

To produce specific protection against a disease (correct)

To promote allergic reactions for immune training

To cause an immediate disease response in the body

To directly eliminate pathogens from the body

Which statement correctly describes the duration of protection provided by vaccines?

Vaccination always provides lifelong immunity without any further doses

Vaccines provide uniform protection duration regardless of type

Passive immunization events always lead to longer protection

Vaccines generally offer shorter duration protection than naturally acquired immunity (correct)

What type of antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy?

Maternally acquired antibodies (correct)

Postnatal antibodies

Autoimmune antibodies

Artificially acquired antibodies

What are the two types of immunization mentioned in the content?

Active and passive immunization Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacterial vaccine is produced using organisms killed by heat or chemicals?

Killed (inactivated) vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity takes time for processing antigens. Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes passive immunity?

It provides immediate protection without prior exposure. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of acquired immunity, which category involves antigen exposure?

Active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of active immunity is critical for its effectiveness?

Delayed antigen processing Signup and view all the answers

Why is passive immunity described as having no active role?

Antibodies are derived from another organism. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of immune response is generated by exposure to a pathogen in active immunity?

Specific immune stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What role do immune cells play in active immunity?

They process and respond to antigens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of passive immunity?

Immune memory formation Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine uses weakened live bacteria?

Live attenuated vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is specifically an example of a toxoid vaccine?

Tetanus toxoid vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine type is known to be less temperature stable?

Live attenuated vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern with using live attenuated vaccines in immunocompromised patients?

Reversion to a virulent form Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'cold chain' refer to in vaccine logistics?

A storage and transport system for vaccines Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is an example of a killed (inactivated) vaccine?

Salk polio vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of live vaccines over killed vaccines?

Stronger immune response Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccines does the hepatitis B vaccine use?

Isolated viral antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG)?

To provide passive immunity for hepatitis B exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adjuvant used to enhance immune response?

Aluminum salts Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of adjuvants in vaccination?

To enhance the immune response to specific antigens Signup and view all the answers

What potential side effect may occur from vaccination?

Redness and tenderness at the injection site Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a hazard of immunization?

No immune response is free from adverse reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines as recent adjuvants in vaccines?

To enhance secretion of other immune cells and recruitment of specific lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

In the context of maternal health, what precaution is taken for a pregnant female infected with HBV?

Use of hepatitis B immune globulin to protect the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of action of adjuvants in vaccines?

Trapping antigen in tissues for prolonged exposure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vaccination Lectures

Vaccination is an important part of acquired immunity
Vaccination classification is based on clinical application
Active immunity: Introduces an antigen to the immune system
- Microorganisms interact with immune cells
- Results in specific immune stimulation
Passive immunity: Transfer of ready antibodies or lymphocytes to an individual
- No active role of the immune system
- Immediate onset of protection
- Shorter duration of protection
- No memory cell development
- Examples: maternally acquired antibodies, passive immunization
Vaccination occurs by introducing microorganisms or their products in a harmless state into a host
Types of Vaccines:
- Killed (inactivated): Using organisms killed by heat or chemicals (e.g., typhoid vaccine)
- Live attenuated: Weakened form of the organism (e.g., BCG for tuberculosis)
- Bacterial materials:
  - Structure components: Like capsules of bacteria (e.g., meningococcal vaccine)
  - Toxoids: Treated toxins of bacteria (e.g., tetanus toxoid)
- Viral components:
  - Intact virus: Killed or live attenuated (e.g., Salk and Sabin polio vaccines.)
  - Isolated viral antigens: Composed of viral surface antigens (e.g., hepatitis B vaccine)

Live vs Killed Vaccines

Killed vaccines cannot enter the MHC I pathway and cannot induce cytotoxic T cells
Live vaccines can access both MHC I and II pathways, inducing both cytotoxic and helper T cells, resulting in a better immune response
Live vaccines have some drawbacks including temperature stability issues and potential reversion to more virulent forms
Live vaccines should not be given to pregnant women or immunocompromised patients

Cold Chain

The cold chain is a system for storing and transporting vaccines at low temperatures from the source to the vaccination site
Crucial for maintaining vaccine efficacy due to potential failure from ineffective storage and transport

Passive Immunization

Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG): Used to prevent Hepatitis B in individuals exposed to the virus (needle-stick, mother-child transmission)
- High antibody titer to hepatitis B virus
- Derived from humans to avoid hypersensitivity reactions
Varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG): Contains high titer antibodies to varicella zoster virus
- Derived from humans to prevent hypersensitivity reactions

Adjuvants

Substances added to vaccines to enhance the immune response to the antigen
Can trap antigen in tissues, increasing exposure to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes
Used frequently include aluminum salts, cytokines like IL-2, IL-12, and interferon-gamma

Hazards of Immunization

No immune response is entirely free from risk of adverse reactions
Potential reactions include
- Localized reactions at the inoculation site
- Reactions from faulty techniques
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Neurological involvement

References

Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 13th edition, chapter 36
Jawetz, Melnick, and Adelberg's 26th edition of Medical Microbiology, chapter 8

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of immunology, including the purpose of vaccines, types of immunization, and the difference between active and passive immunity. This quiz is designed for students at an introductory level in immunology or medical courses.