Psychology Exam 1 PDF

Exam 1: Functionalism - the mind functions to aid the organisms in adjusting to changes in its environment. Behaviorism: observable behavior is the ONLY proper subject for psychology, introspection is unscientific, consciousness and mental experience can NOT be studies scientifically. Classical con...

Exam 1: Functionalism - the mind functions to aid the organisms in adjusting to changes in its environment. Behaviorism: observable behavior is the ONLY proper subject for psychology, introspection is unscientific, consciousness and mental experience can NOT be studies scientifically. Classical conditioning: Learning: a change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience, Psychology is ONLY about stimuli and responses → environment shapes everything Ivan Pavlov 1894 - 1939, Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimuli (CS) are presented independent of the subject’s behviour Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. It elicits an unconditioned response. In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the presentation of food is the unconditioned stimulus. Food naturally triggers salivation in dogs without any prior learning. Unconditioned response (UCR), The unconditioned response is the reflexive or innate response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. It occurs without any prior learning because it is a natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned response is the dogs' salivation in response to the presentation of food. Salivation occurs naturally and reflexively when food is presented. Conditioned Stimulus (CS), The conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response. Initially, the conditioned stimulus does not elicit the response. In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of a bell is initially a neutral stimulus. However, through repeated pairings with the presentation of food, the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus. Eventually, the dogs learn to associate the bell with the arrival of food. Conditioned Response (CR), The conditioned response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus. It is similar to the unconditioned response but is triggered by the conditioned stimulus after the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus has been formed through repeated pairings. After repeated pairings of the bell (conditioned stimulus) with the presentation of food, the dogs begin to salivate in response to the bell alone, even when no food is present. This salivation to the bell is the conditioned response. Operant conditioning - is a type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences, it involves the use use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior. Positive Reinforcement, this involves presenting a pleasant or desirable stimulus immediately after a behavior has occurred which increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. A teacher praises a student for completing their homework on time (pleasant stimulus) when the student completes their homework (desired behavior). The praise increases the likelihood that the student will continue to complete their homework on time in the future. Negative reinforcement, this involves the removal or avoidance of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus immediately after a behavior occurs which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. A student wears a seatbelt (desired behavior) to avoid the annoying sound of a seatbelt reminder alarm (aversive stimulus). By wearing the seatbelt, the student removes the aversive stimulus, thereby increasing the likelihood of wearing the seatbelt in the future. Positive punishment, involves presenting an aversive or unpleasant stimulus immediately after a behavior occurs which decrease the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. A dog jumps on the couch (undesired behavior), and the owner scolds the dog (aversive stimulus). The scolding decreases the likelihood of the dog jumping on the couch in the future. Negative Punishment: involves the removal of a pleasant or desirable stimulus immediately after a behavior occurs which decrease the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. A child misbehaves by refusing to share their toys with a friend (undesired behavior), so the parent takes away the child's favorite toy (pleasant stimulus). The removal of the toy decreases the likelihood of the child refusing to share toys in the future.jumps on the couch (undesired behavior), and the owner scolds the dog (aversive stimulus). The scolding decreases the likelihood of the dog jumping on the couch in the future. The sensory systems, vision and auditory system only, All sensory systems are identical in that they all gather data Vision, this sense is dominant over all other sense. The cornea account for 80% of the eye’s focusing power. The lens provide the remaining 20% of the eyes focusing power, changes its shape and adjust the focus, a process referred to as accommodation. Color vision: Color deficiencies, monochromatic, an individual with only one cone type essentially color blind. Dichromat, an individual with only two cone types, some color vision. Audition, transform air pressure into neural code. The “front-end’ of the auditory system consist of three primary segments, outer ear, middle ear, inner ear. The outer ear: ear drum, transfers air pressure into the middle ear. Middle ear: Gestalt principles, “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”, Gestalt “Laws” of perceptual organization Law of similarity: similar objects are grouped together, shape and color Law of proximity, things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together, closer features are the more similar they are. Perceptual Inference, drawing inferences, guessing based on the things you’ve elarnd in the past to process what you’re experiencing. Top-down: conceptual driven, knowledge based processing. Bottom up: data driven, data-based processing. Two Parts: 1. The likelihood – gives a plethora of things 2. The prior - gives us the context Schemas – They allow individuals to organize and make sense of new information by categorizing it based on existing knowledge. They allow for rapid organization and recognition.. but they are not perfect…