Behaviorism Theories Of Personality Development PDF

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT BEHAVIORAL THEORY JOHN WATSON IVAN PAVLOV SKINNER  Behaviorism ◦ Three sub theories: ◦ Classical conditioning proposed by Pavlov. ◦ Behaviorist theory proposed by Watson. ◦ Operant conditioning proposed by skinner....

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT BEHAVIORAL THEORY JOHN WATSON IVAN PAVLOV SKINNER  Behaviorism ◦ Three sub theories: ◦ Classical conditioning proposed by Pavlov. ◦ Behaviorist theory proposed by Watson. ◦ Operant conditioning proposed by skinner. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 2 PARLOV’S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ◦ Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs. ◦ He found that salivation from eating food was eventually triggered by some neutral stimuli like: ◦ just seeing the food. ◦ seeing the dish. ◦ seeing the person who brought the food. ◦ just hearing that person’s footsteps. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 3  Before Conditioning Neutral stimulus: a stimulus which does not trigger a response Neutral stimulus (NS) No response  Before Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus and response: a stimulus which triggers a response naturally, before/without any conditioning Unconditioned response (UR): Unconditioned dog salivates stimulus (US): yummy dog food  During Conditioning The bell/tone (N.S.) is repeatedly presented with the food (U.S.). Neutral Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned stimulus (US) response (UR): (NS) dog salivates  After Conditioning The dog begins to salivate upon hearing the tone (neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus). Conditioned Conditioned response: (formerly dog salivates neutral) stimulus PAVLOV’S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 8 Find the US, UR, NS, CS, CR in the following: Your mom always uses the same perfume. When away from home, the smell of that perfume makes you feel happy. The door to your house squeaks loudly when you open it. Soon, your dog begins wagging its tail when the door squeaks. The nurse says, “This won’t hurt a bit,” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “This won’t hurt,” you cringe in fear. You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseated.  BEHAVIORISM: JOHN B. WATSON ◦ According to Watson, psychology was the study of observable, measurable behavior – and nothing more. ◦ Watson came to believe that all mental experiences thinking, feeling and awareness of self – are nothing more than physiological changes in response to accumulated experiences of conditioning. ◦ He argued – infant is a tabula rasa (Latin for “blank state”) on which experience may write virtually anything. ◦ So he could train any health infant to any profession PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 10 "Twelve infants" quotation John Watson  Watson’s experiment with Little Albert By pairing a rat with a loud noise, Watson taught a baby (“Little Albert”) to fear rats as well as any soft & furry things. This is called classical conditioning. This was based on the work of the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, who have won a Nobel Prize for his research on digestion. 12 Before Little Albert Experiment Conditioning No fear NS: rat UCS: steel bar hit with hammer Natural reflex: fear  Little Albert Experiment UCS: steel bar hit NS: rat with hammer Natural reflex: fear During Conditioning  Little Albert Experiment NS: rat Conditioned reflex: fear After Conditioning  SKINNER’S OPERENT CONDITIONING Focused on how behavior was affected by its consequences. We adjust to the consequences of our behaviors. We learn to do more of what works, and less of what doesn’t work. How it works: An act of chosen behavior (a “response”) is followed by a reward or punitive feedback from the environment. Results: Reinforced behavior is more likely to be tried again. Punished behavior is less likely to be chosen in the future. Response: Consequence: Behavior balancing a ball receiving food strengthened  SKINNER’S OPERENT CONDITIONING ◦ He used operant conditioning in his experiments with “Skinner box” & taught pigeons to do amazing things to get rewards. ◦ He spoke of reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior. ◦ He later wrote about how human communities could be shaped by this method. 17  SKINNER’S OPERENT CONDITIONING  Reinforcement refers to any feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to recur.  Positive (adding) reinforcement: adding something desirable (Child learns to repeat behaviors (saying “please”) which were followed by desirable results (cookie))  Negative (taking away) reinforcement: ending something unpleasant (Child learns to avoid behaviors (yelling “gimme!”) which were followed by undesirable results (scolding or loss of dessert))  SKINNER’S OPERENT CONDITIONING ◦ Punishments have the opposite effects of reinforcement. ◦ These consequences make the target behavior less likely to occur in the future. ◦ Positive Punishment - You ADD something unpleasant/aversive (ex: spank the child) ◦ Negative Punishment -You TAKE AWAY something pleasant/ desired (ex: no TV time, no attention) ◦ MINUS is the “negative” here 19  SKINNER’S OPERENT CONDITIONING ◦ Positive reinforcement: “After you practice, we’ll play a game!” ◦ Negative reinforcement: “I will stop staring at you and bugging you as soon as I see that you are practicing.” ◦ Positive punishment: “You’re playing video games instead of practicing the piano, so I am justified in YELLING at you.” ◦ Negative punishment: “You’re avoiding practicing, so I’m turning off your game.” PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 20