Concept of Self PDF

Concept of Self Self-knowledge - refers to one's knowledge and understanding of one's own learning's, characters, motivations and capabilities. To have self-knowledge, one must know his/ her particular experiences, sensation, attitudes and beliefs. Self-activity - is defined...

Concept of Self Self-knowledge - refers to one's knowledge and understanding of one's own learning's, characters, motivations and capabilities. To have self-knowledge, one must know his/ her particular experiences, sensation, attitudes and beliefs. Self-activity - is defined as an independent and self-determined action of one person. It is the quality or state of being self-active or self-action. A person's decision to carry out actions which you have thought about yourself and not been told to do by others. It infers motion or the power of moving one's self without the help or aid of the external. A person becomes active and directed from action. It is the basis of all learning. Self-independent - refers to the inner self. It is maintaining a person as a separate or self-contained individual. It focuses on internal attributes like our abilities, natural intelligence not acquired one. It is related to a person's sense of worth and self-esteem and help us to strive to achieve our goals in life. Self-identity - the particular characteristics of the self that determines an individual's uniqueness among others. It is the recognition of one's potential and qualities as an individual. It is the awareness of one's individual identity. Self-Image - is a mental picture of an individual and is quite resistant to change through time regarding one's abilities, personality, and role. It is how you see yourself and feel about your personality, achievements and values in life. The Western Philosophy of Self Socrates: The First Moral Philosopher (470-399 В.С.Е.) - Socrates believes that to understand the self is to "know thyself" The particular characteristics of the self- determine its identity. This assertion, imperative in the form, indicates that man must stand and live according to his nature. Without this work on oneself, life is worthless according to Socrates. Aristotle: Father of Western Philosophy (384-322 B.С.Е.) - The self is made up of the soul which is the core essence of a living being which is not separated from the body. The soul is the one that acts within the body  - For Aristotle, the soul is the form of a living being. Because all beings are composites of form and matter, the form of living beings is that which endows them with what is specific to living beings Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - The self then, is regarded the one that makes us aware to perceive the external world. Descartes emphasized the notion of self which is made of consciousness (observer-observed) that forms our thinking and guides our behavior. It is the self that perceives the world. David Hume: Scottish Empiricist (1711-1776) - Hume said the mind is simply a bond of perceptions and experiences linked by the relations of causations and resemblance. John Locke: English Empirical Philosopher (1632-1704) - Locke stressed that the mind consists of memory where our consciousness (thoughts, experiences) resides. Locke suggests that the self (consciousness) is a thinking intelligent being, that has reason and reflection and continues to define one's personal identity. Thus, the self can be equated with one personal identity. This consciousness determines one's self Sigmund Freud: Drive Theory of Self (1856-1939) - Freud believes that the self has three layers: The id, ego, and superego. The Id - which works on the pleasure principle, is the seat of our, passion, desires and other instinctual drives The Super Ego - which works on the morality principle, is the seat of what is right or wrong - as it reflects the internalization of cultural rules, set by the guidance and influence of our parents. The Ego - meditate between the Id and Superego and whichever dominates from the other two structures, the Ego will act in reality. This is how our self determines our personality. The Eastern Philosophy of Self Hindu Philosophy of Self (1500 B.C.E.) - Hindu indigenous (people who live in North India, South of Asia who share some common ancestry with the ancient Indians), believe that the self is made up of two aspects: Atman - is the true self that lies at the inner core of human identities and it is only this inner core that is identical with God. Brahman - connotes the highest Universal Principle, the Ultimate Reality in the universe. In major schools of Hindu philosophy. Brahman as a metaphysical concept is the single binding unity behind diversity in all that exists in the universe. Buddhist Philosophy of Self (5th century B.C.E. to the present) - Buddha's teaching of self is to understand the nature of self which is a combination of five aggregates of existence known as the "Five Skandhas or the Five heaps:" Form, Sensation, Perception, Mental Formation, and Consciousness. Confucian Philosophy (551 B.C.-479 В.С.) - The human adult self, in Confucianism is defined as an 'achieved state of moral excellence rather than a given human condition. - In Confucianism the quest for the human self, the search for what it is to be human in terms of spirit or body, does not exist. What takes precedence in the writings of Confucius is that of personality-personality as such is not seen as inherently existing, but as something that is being formed through upbringing and environment. THE SCIENTIFIC SELF Mitosis Purpose: Growth, development, repair, and asexual reproduction Outcome: Two diploid daughter cells (same number of chromosomes as the parent cell) Genetic Similarity: Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell Occurrences: Occurs in all organisms except viruses, in somatic cells (body cells) Stages: Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis Meiosis Purpose: Sexual reproduction, creation of gametes Outcome: Four haploid daughter cells (half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell) Genetic Diversity: Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell and from each other due to crossing over and independent assortment Occurrences: Occurs only in animals, plants, and fungi, in germ cells (sex cells) Stages: Two rounds of division: Meiosis I (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis I) and Meiosis II (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis II) Biology of Sex - In the process of reproduction, both the mother and the father contribute an equal number of chromosomes. Thus, every normal individual has 23 pairs, a total of 46 chromosomes Sex Determination - Sex determination is the biological process that establishes the sex of an organism. It typically results in individuals with characteristics that allow them to be identified as male or female. Genetic Sex Determination - This is the most common method, where sex is determined by the specific chromosomes an organism inherits from its parents. These chromosomes, known as sex chromosomes, carry genes that influence the development of male or female characteristics The XY system is found in humans and many other mammals. Females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The Y chromosome carries a gene called SRY (sex-determining region Y), which plays a crucial role in triggering the development of testes, the male gonads. Mechanics of Heredity: The Blueprint of Life - Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. The mechanism behind this is intricate and involves several key players: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) - It's function was it carries the hereditary information from one generation to the next Genes - Definition: Genes are specific segments of DNA that code for proteins. These proteins determine traits like eye color, hair texture, height, and many more. Chromosomes - The function of Chromosomes is it serves as the packaging units for DNA, ensuring that genetic information is organized and passed on accurately during cell division. Mendel's Law: Basic Law of Inheritance - Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, laid the foundation for genetics through his experiments with pea plants. His laws explain how traits are inherited: Law of Segregation: Each parent contributes one allele for each trait to their offspring. Law of Independent Assortment: Different traits are inherited independently of each other. Chromosomal Abnormalities - Chromosomal abnormalities occur when there is an error in the number or structure of chromosomes. These errors can happen during cell division (meiosis or mitosis). Types: Trisomy 21: Down syndrome Monosomy X: Turner syndrome Trisomy 18: Edwards syndrome Trisomy 13: Patau syndrome Polyploidy: This is when there is an extra complete set of chromosomes. It's rare in humans but common in plants Deletions: A piece of chromosome is missing. Duplications: A piece of chromosome is repeated. Inversions: A piece of chromosome is reversed. Translocations: A piece of chromosome is attached to another chromosome. Ring chromosomes: A chromosome forms a ring The Physical Self Physical Self - Refers to the body that includes basic parts such as head, neck, arms and legs. - Made up of other organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, and muscle. Nature - Socio-biologists, psychologist and others in the natural sciences argue that behavior traits can be explained by genetics Nurture - Sociologists, anthropologists, and others in the social sciences argue that human behavior is learned and shaped through interactions. What Philosophers think about beauty? St. Augustine asked whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful. Plato connected beauty to love and desire. Aristotle asserted that the chief forms of beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness  David Hume - Beauty is no quality in things themselves; it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them. Francis Hutcheson - The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight. Body Image - Refers to how individuals perceive their body and their physical appearance. - A combination of thoughts and feelings that you have about your body. Appearance - Refers to everything about a person that others can see. - It is how we present ourselves to other people. - Our appearance is how we look. Self-Esteem - Overall evaluation of our self worth - Low self esteem is very common in adolescents. - Body Image and self esteem directly influence each other. Self-Esteem - Refers to whether you value yourself or not. - Develop or changes as a results of life experiences Confidence - A belief on yourself and ability - This can change depending on the situation 3 Common causes of poor body image Emphasis on thin ideal body Bullying and peer pressure Media Effects of Poor Body Image Body Dissatisfaction - Refers to the negative thoughts about their body. Depression - Mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and lost of interest Low Self-esteem - This is when someone lacks confidence about who they are and what they can do 2 Types of Eating Disorder Bulimia - An eating disorder that causes you to eat large amounts of food at one time (binge) and then get rid of it (purge). Anorexia Nervosa - Is an eating disorder characterized by food restriction, body image disturbance, fear of gaining weight, and an overpowering desire to be thin. Body Modification - Intentional Permanent or semipermanent alterations of the living human body for reasons such as ritual, folk medicine, aesthetics, or corporal punishment. Tattooing Permanent Makeup Body Piercing Cosmetic Surgery The Sexual Self Sexual Concept - refers to the totality of oneself as a sexual being, including positive and negative concepts and feelings Sexual Self-esteem - is feeling capable of being involved in sexual practices with successful procedures and results. - Sexual Anxiety - Sexual anxiety is a fear-based response to sex and/or intimacy. It often impedes sexual activity and can hijack a person psychologically, physiologically, and emotionally Sexual Performance Anxiety - Sexual performance anxiety is a form of performance anxiety affecting sexual activity, often resulting in fear of being unable to perform before or during sexual activities Sexual Self Exploration - Sexual Self Exploration includes having an awareness of your sexual boundaries, respecting others' sexual boundaries, and practicing in a safe and responsible way. Sexual Self-efficacy - is one's belief in his/her ability to handle a sexual context well (Rostosky et al., 2008). - Adolescents who have higher sexual self-efficacy may exhibit less risky sexual behavior. Benefits: Boost Immune Function Be a form of Light exercise Improve Heart Health Boost Cognitive Function Soothe Headaches Emerging Sexual Trends - SWINGING, sometimes called PARTNER SWAPPING, is a non-monogamous behavior in which both singles and partners in a committed relationship engage in sexual activities with other as recreational or social. Orgy - wild party and especially one in which many people have sex together. Pornography - the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the purpose of sexual arousal Cybersex - refers to sexual activities that occur through digital platforms, such as video calls, chat rooms, or messaging apps. Ambiguous genitalia - term used when a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the typical definitions of female or hormones, and male. chromosomes internal/external reproductive structure) Sexually Transmitted Disease Chlamydia  - Chlamydia is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The infection is carried in semen (cum), pre cum, and vaginal fluids. It can infect the penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, eyes, and throat. Most people with chlamydia don’t have any symptoms and feel totally fine, so they might not even know they’re infected. It can be easily can cleared up with antibiotics. Genital Warts - Genital warts show up on the skin around your genitals and anus. They’re caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), but they’re treatable and aren’t dangerous. Genital warts can be passed on by having skin to skin contact with someone who’s infected, often during vaginal, anal, and oral sex Gonorrhea - is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Hepatitis B - is a viral infection that affects the liver, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that breaks down certain cells in the immune system Human Papillomavirus - HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection. HPV is usually harmless and goes away by itself, but some types can lead to cancer or genital warts. Mostly people with HPV have no symptom and feel totally fine, so they usually don't even know they're infected. HPV is easily spread from sexual skin-to-skin contact with someone who has it. You get it when your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, or anus touches someone else's genitals or mouth and throat usually during sex. Syphilis - Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore typically on the genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person via skin or mucous membrane contact with these sores.