The greatest ignorance.pdf

PREPARED BY: The MS. MARY LOUISE D. V MIRANDA, MA, RPM greatest ignorance? THE HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF  UNDERSTAND AND REFLECT ON O...

PREPARED BY: The MS. MARY LOUISE D. V MIRANDA, MA, RPM greatest ignorance? THE HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF  UNDERSTAND AND REFLECT ON OBJECTIVES: DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES IN VIEWING ONESELF: Philosophical Sociological Anthropological Psychological Is ignorance truly a bliss? QUESTION TO PONDER.. Who am I to you? ICEBREAKER Philosophy is the mother of all WHY DO WE NEED TO disciplines. LEARN ABOUT "Love of wisdom" PHILOSOPHICAL Foundation of inquiry about the PERSPECTIVES nature of human existence. ABOUT HUMAN BEINGS?  "KNOW THYSELF" PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE SELF- synonymous with the soul (essence of self). INTROSPECTION: examination of one's thoughts and emotions to gain oneself. Life is full of experiences, and that is where we should begin in our search for understanding of ourselves. Good - knowledge, Bad - ignorance SOCRATES 2 DICHOTOMOUS REALMS Physical - changeable, transient, and imperfect Ideal - unchanging, eternal, immortal PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM SOCRATES The easiest and noblest way is not to be crushing others, but to be improving yourselves. The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing. SOCRATES PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE "DUALISM" Self is an immortal soul. A prized student of Socrates. Reason - enable us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths Physical Appetite - basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire Spirit/Passion - basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy PLATO PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM PLATO “The first and greatest victory is to conquer yourself; to be conquered by yourself is of all things most shameful and vile.” PLATO PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE "THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF" Body and soul is not separate entities. Live a life of moderation. Vegetative - physical body that can grow Sentinent - sensual desires, feelings and emotion Rational - what makes man human; ARISTOTLE includes the intellect that allows man to know and understand things PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM ARISTOTLE To lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life. The pursuit of happiness is search for good life that includes virtuous actions. ARISTOTLE  "I THINK, THEREFORE I AM" (COGITO PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ERGO SUM) Father of Modern Philosophy No rational person will doubt his or her own existence. Concept of dualism. Mind and body separation. 2 DIMENSIONS OF SELF Thinking self (soul)- conscious being, non- material, immortal, and independent of the physical laws of universe. Physical body- material, mortal, non-thinking, RENE fully governed by physical laws of nature. DESCARTES PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM RENE DESCARTES It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to use it well. “Except our own thoughts, there is nothing absolutely in our power.” RENE DESCARTES PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TABULA RASA The self is constructed primarily from sense experience TABULA RASA - "blank slate" Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self. JOHN LOCKE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM JOHN LOCKE “I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts.” “We are like chameleons, we take our hue and the color of our moral character, from those who are around us.” JOHN LOCKE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE "WE CONSTRUCT THE SELF" The self constructs its own reality, actively creating a word that is familiar and predictable. Self to achieve moral perfection RATIONALISM- A theory which states that reason is the foundation of all knowledge rather than experience. IMMANUEL KANT PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM IMMANUEL KANT "To be is to do." IMMANUEL KANT PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE I AM DOUBTING, THEREFORE I AM Fundamental concept of human person is his mission to discover the truth on the existence of God 2 NATURE OF MAN Man dwells in the world- imperfect and years to be with the Divine. Man has an immortal soul- capable of reaching immortality. ST. AUGUSTINE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM ST. AUGUSTINE "You have made us for yourself, O Lord, and our hearts are restless until they rest in you." ST. AUGUSTINE  THERE IS NO SELF PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Strongly believed in empiricism. EMPIRICISM- knowledge can only be achieved if perceived by the senses and experienced. SELF- self is a combination of all experiences. 2 CATEGORIES OF EXPERIENCE IMPRESSION- basic objects of our experience (ex. when one touches an ice cube, the cold sensation is the impression) IDEAS- copies of impression (ex. When one imagines the feeling of being in love, it is still an idea). DAVID HUME PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM DAVID HUME The ego is a fictional idea DAVID HUME PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE MAN AS INHERENTLY GOOD AT BIRTH An evil society is the culprit for man’s evil deeds. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU “Every man having been born free and master of himself, no one else may under any pretext whatever subject him without his consent." JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE MAN IS NOT BORN EVIL AT BIRTH Formal education is primordial to every man in order to build good character towards the attainment of moral attitude and uprightness. THOMAS HOBBES PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM THOMAS HOBBES. “... it is one thing to desire, another to be in capacity fit for what we desire.” THOMAS HOBBES PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FREEDOM IS ESSENTIAL TO INDIVIDUALS, PEOPLE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL ELEMENTS OF THEMSELVES. Existentialism- creating purpose and meaning of life. JEAN PAUL SARTRE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM JEAN PAUL SARTRE “Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.” JEAN PAUL SARTRE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE LOVE OF SELF SHOULD BE ABOVE ALL HUMAN VALUES Philosophy of objectivism Man is a self-made soul. life and happiness are one's highest values. Act of selfishness is a moral act. AYN RAND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM AYN RAND “Learn to value yourself, which means: fight for your happiness.” “I could die for you. But I couldn't, and wouldn't, live for you.” AYN RAND One of the most important WHY DO WE NEED TO relationship in life. LEARN ABOUT Relationship with others. SOCIOLOGICAL Socialization shapes one's PERSPECTIVES identity/self ABOUT HUMAN BEINGS?  ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs. URIE BRONFENBRENNER SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM URIE BRONFENBRENNER a person's development was affected by everything in their surrounding environment URIE BRONFENBRENNER  THEORY OF SOCIAL SELF Self develops as individuals learn to use SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE symbols and engage in role-taking. 3 STAGES OF SELF-DEVELOPMENT Preparatory stage-respond to others in terms of imitation. No meaning is attached to gestures. No role-taking, thus, no self. Play stage- children adopt in this stage are those of specific others, such as parents and siblings. REFLECTED APPRAISAL- role-taking develop beliefs about themselves. Game stage- learning to take the role of many others respectively. Self is more cognitively GEORGE HERBERT complex. GENERALIZED OTHER- totally developed self. MEAD responding based on POV and not based on others. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM GEORGE HERBERT MEAD "Man lives in a world of Meaning. What he sees and hears means what he will or might handle." GEORGE HERBERT MEAD SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE THE LOOKING GLASS SELF Behavior and self-esteem are dictated by a person's predictions of how they’ll be perceived by others. CORE ASSUMPTIONS: 1. An individual in a social situation imagines how they appear to others. 2. That individual imagines others’ judgment of that appearance. 3. The individual develops feelings about and CHARLES HORTON responds to those perceived judgments. COOLEY SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM CHARLES HORTON COOLEY “I am not what I think I am, and I am not what you think I am. I am what I think you think I am.” CHARLES HORTON COOLEY be authentic be kind  NATURE NURTURE Genetic make up Environment BOTH IDENTITY SELF Distinguishes from one from Total characteristics. May it another. be known or unknown to Traits and characteristics, social others relationships, past/present/future self HEREDITY PERSON-VOLITION FACTORS ISSUES Generational Relatively fixed Physical attributes, to form and construct a ENVIRONMENTAL specific identity, which FACTORS ON SELF will set him apart or Surroundings/society IQ, personal unique compared with tendencies. others.  WHY DO WE NEED TO “The way a person thinks about LEARN ABOUT and views his or her traits, PSYCHOLOGICAL beliefs, and purpose within the PERSPECTIVES world” (Dash & Tripathy, 2012). ABOUT HUMAN BEINGS?  PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Viennese, neurologist, and psychologist Sex drive influences behavior. Known as the "libido" Unconscious mental processes influence one's behavior. Significance of childhood experience. GRAND THEORY ASSUMPTIONS OF SELF BASED ON PSYCHOANALYSIS Several levels of consciousness SIGMUND FREUD Structure of personality Psychosexual stages of development PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE  PSYCHOANALYSIS ID PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE "the it", the not yet owned component of personality. contains our basic drives (primitive, biological, pleasure, needs, wants, etc.) DESCRIPTION: chaotic, inaccessible to consciousness, amoral, illogical, desire to satisfy one's pleasure. It has no contact with reality. Pleasure principle EGO Reality principle The only region of the mind that has contact with reality. Decision-maker/executive branch of personality. It contains cognitive and intellectual functions while balancing impulses bet. id and superego. SUPEREGO STRUCTURE OF moral arm of the personality. contains our moral and idealistic principles. ignorant/unconcerned with the practicability of its application SUBSYSTEMS: conscience & ego-ideal PERSONALITY CONSCIENCE- telling us what we should not do EGO-IDEAL - telling us what we should do PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM Ego's ways to avoid dealing with sexual and aggressive tendencies and to defend itself against anxiety that accompanies them (Freud, 1926/1959a). STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM REPRESSION An unconscious type of forgetting of the existence of something that brings us discomfort or pain. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM DENIAL Involves denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM REACTION FORMATION Involves expressing an id impulse that is the oppposite of one truly driving the person. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM DISPLACEMENT People redirect their unacceptable urges into a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM PROJECTION Attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM FIXATION When things becomes too anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM REGRESSION Involves to retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying the childish and dependent behaviors characateristic of that more secure time. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM RATIONALIZATION Involves reinterpreting the behavior to make it more acceptable and less threatening. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM INTROJECTION Placing an unwanted impulse onto an external object. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM SUBLIMATION Involves altering or displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviors. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE PSYCHOANALYSIS Sexual drive has a different focus in every stage of life. EROGENEOUS ZONE: an area or part of the body sensitive to stimulation that is a source of erotic or sexual feeling or pleasure The first 4-5 years of life/infantile stage are the most crucial stage of personality formation. genital stage- psychosexual development already reached maturity. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM SIGMUND FREUD “Being entirely honest with oneself is a good exercise.” SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT "I" is a positive force that creates a self- identity. Self develops and adapts to various conflicts and crises in life. Ego emerges and is shaped by society. ERIK ERIKSON PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM ERIK ERIKSON "The more you know yourself, the more patience you have for what you see in others" ERIK ERIKSON PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE REAL AND IDEAL SELF Concept of "I", self-awareness. Self-concept- one's being and one's experience perceived in awareness. PERSONALITY CRISIS? wide discrepancy between ideal and real self. 2 COMPONENTS OF THE SELF IDEAL SELF- one's view of self as one wishes to be. REAL SELF- one's being and one's experience perceived in awareness. CARL ROGERS PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM CARL ROGERS "I feel happier just for being myself and letting others being themselves" CARL ROGERS PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE SELF RELATIVE TO ITS SOCIAL INTEREST/SOCIAL CONTEXT/INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY People as being motivated by social interest. People strive for superiority and success. People are largely responsible for who they are Present behavior is shaped by people’s views of the future. ALFRED ADLER  BIRTH ORDER Oldest Child – begins life as the center of attention and PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE typically learns to take the “newcomers” in stride. They tend to relate well with adults, assume social responsibility, and develop socially appropriate forms of coping. Second Child of only two – will typically pursue an opposite position than the first child. In some cases, the second child strives to be number one, creating sibling rivalry, especially if parents do not discourage the competition and comparisons. Middle Child – they are the ones who may feel “squeezed” between the others. Many feel like they do not have a clear or unique role to play in the family. They may be more independent, sensitive, or even rebellious, and some may directly ask parents for reassurance of their love. Youngest Child – “the baby of the family” they tend to enjoy being the center of attention. If the parents emphasize achievement, they may become the hardest ALFRED ADLER working of all to prove their place and ultimate worth. Only child – they are much like older children except that they are never dethroned and generally do not have the pressure of close competitor. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE TAKE AWAY FROM ALFRED ADLER "Meanings are not determined by situations, but we determine ourselves by the meanings we give to situations." ALFRED ADLER SOURCES: Apruebo, R. A (2009). Social Psychology. Educational Publishing House Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Roberts, T-A. (2013). Theories of Personality. McGraw-Hill International Edition. Ms. Hazel Mendoza Ms. Michelle Delos Santos Santos, R. R. (2017). Personal Development. 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