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1/1 6 Lesson 1: Introduction to Self- Understanding GED 101: Understanding the Self Lesson 1 A.Y. 2024-2025, First Semester Ms.Shiela May C. Corcotia 2/...

1/1 6 Lesson 1: Introduction to Self- Understanding GED 101: Understanding the Self Lesson 1 A.Y. 2024-2025, First Semester Ms.Shiela May C. Corcotia 2/1 6 Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom. - Aristotle 3/1 6 Statement No.1 We are who or what we are right now because we want to be like this. 4/1 6 Statement No.2 We can be whatever or whoever we want to be. 5/1 6 Statement No.3 The way we viewed ourselves heavily influenced by how others viewed us. 7/1 6 What is self- understanding? Self-understanding is a lifetime endeavor. awareness of and ability to understand one's own actions. the key to the successful resolution of any emotional problem 8/1 6 What is PERSONALITY? PERSONALITY comes from the word “persona” “per” and “sonare”, which literally means “to sound through”. The commonly accepted definition of personality is that it is a relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior (Roberts & Mroczek, 2008). 9/1 6 Determinants of Personality 1. Environmental Factors of Personality. 2. Self-esteem The surroundings of an individual compose the environmental factors of personality. This includes the neighborhood a person lives in, his school, college, university and workplace. 2. Biological Factors of Personality. Hereditary Factors Physical Features Brain 10/1 6 3. Situational Factors of Personality. It can be commonly observed when a person behaves contrastingly and exhibits different traits and characteristics. 4. Cultural Factors. Culture is traditionally considered as the major determinants of an individual’s personality. The culture largely determinants what a person is and what a person will learn.. 11/1 6 Personality Traits ❑ Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. ❑ Personality traits imply consistency and stability. 12/1 6 The Five-Factor Model of Personality 13/1 6 14/1 6 15/1 6 SELF-CARE ALSO MEANS BEING PATIENT WITH AND KIND TO YOURSELF. 16/1 6 Self-care is something we enjoy doing and not something we feel forced to do. GEd101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF THE SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY 1. SOCRATES 7. DAVID HUME 2. PLATO 8. IMMANUEL KANT 3. St. AUGUSTINE 9. GILBERT RYLE 4. RENE DESCARTES 10. MERLEAU PONTY 5. JOHN LOCKE 11. PAUL and PATRICIA 6. SIGMUND FREUD CHURCHLAND  PHILOSOPHY - study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially in an academic discipline. - academic discipline concerned with investigating the nature of significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigates the legitimacy of concepts by rational argument concerning their implications, relationships as well as reality, knowledge, moral judgment, etc.. PHILOSOPHY IS ABOUT: ▪ What is morally right and wrong? Why? ▪ What is good life? ▪ Does God exist? ▪ What is the mind?  The first to use the term “philosophy” “PHILO” “SOPHIA” “LOVE” “WISDOM” PYTHAGORAS  SOCRATES ✔ Pre-Socratics, group of early Greek philosophers, most of whom were born before Socrates, whose attention to questions about the origin and nature of the physical world has led to their being called cosmologists or naturalists. ✔ Socrates was more concerned with another subject, the problem of the self. ✔ He was the first philosopher who ever engaged in systematic questioning about the self. ✔ To Socrates, and this has become his life-long mission, the true task of the philosopher is to know oneself. “The Unexamined life is not worth living.” Socratic Method - the method of inquiry and instruction consisting of a series of questionings the object of which is to elicit a clear and consistent expression of something supposed to be implicitly known by all rational beings.  SOCRATES ✔ According to Socrates, self is dichotomous which means composed of two things: ✔ The physical realm (BODY) or the one that is changeable, temporal, and imperfect. ✔ The ideal realm (SOUL) is the one that is perfect and unchanging, eternal, and immortal. ✔One may define someone as beautiful or truthful, but their definition is limited and imperfect for it is always relative and subjective. For Socrates, a human is composed of body and soul. The self, according to Socrates is the immortal and unified entity that is consistent over time.  PLATO Philosophy of the self can be explained as a process of self-knowledge and purification of the soul. Three components of the soul: Reason or divine essence that enables human to think deeply, make wise choices and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths. Appetite is the basic biological needs of human being Spirit is the basic emotions of human being such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness and empathy. According to Plato, it is always the responsibility of the reason to organize, control, and reestablish harmonious relationship between these three elements.  ST. AUGUSTINE The last of the great ancient philosophers whose ideas were greatly Platonic. Augustine has been characterized as Christianity’s first theologian. He concluded, “That the body is united with the soul, so that man may be entire and complete, is a fact we recognize on the evidence of our own nature.” According to St. Augustine, the human nature is composed of two realms: 1. God as the source of all reality and truth. Through mystical experience, man is capable of knowing eternal truths. 2. The sinfulness of man. The cause of sin or evil is an act of mans’ freewill.  RENE DESCARTES Father of Modern Philosophy He is famous with the principle “cogito, ergo sum “I think, therefore I am” established his philosophical views on “true knowledge” and concept of self. The Self then for Descartes is also a combination of two distinct entities, the cogito, the thing that thinks, which is the mind, and the extenza or extension of the mind which is the body. ✔ The essence of self is being a thinking thing. ✔ Self-identity is dependent on the awareness in engaging with those mental operations.  JOHN LOCKE An English philosopher and physician and famous in his concept of “Tabula Rasa” or Blank Slate that assumes the nurture side of human development. Tabula Rasa - the mind in its hypothetical primary blank or empty state before receiving outside impressions. The self, according to Locke is consciousness. In his essay entitled On Personal Identity (from his most famous work, Essay Concerning Human Understanding) he discussed the reflective analysis of how an individual may experience the self in everyday living. He provided the following key points: 1.) To discover the nature of personal identity, it is important to find out what it means to be a person.  JOHN LOCKE 2. ) A person is a thinking, intelligent being who has the abilities to reason and to reflect. 3.) A person is also someone who considers themself to be the same thing in different times and different places. 4.) Consciousness as being aware that we are thinking — always accompanies thinking and is an essential part of the thinking process. 5.) Consciousness makes possible our belief that we are the same identity in different times and different places.  DAVID HUME Influenced by empiricism His claim about self is quite controversial because he assumed that there is no self! In his essay entitled, “On Personal Identity” (1739) he said that, if we carefully examine the contents of [our] experience, we find that there are only two distinct entities, "impressions" and "ideas". “Impressions” are the basic sensations of our experience, the elemental data of our minds and “Ideas” are copies of impressions that include thoughts and images that are built up from our primary impressions.  Father of SIGMUND FREUD Psychoanalysis The dualistic view of self by Freud involves the conscious self and unconscious self. 1.) The conscious self is governed by reality principle. The self is rational, practical, and appropriate to the social environment. The conscious self has the task of controlling the constant pressures of the unconscious self, as its primitive impulses continually seek for immediate discharge. 2.) The unconscious self is governed by pleasure principle. It is the self that is aggressive, destructive, unrealistic and instinctual. Both of Freud’s self needs immediate gratification and reduction of tensions to optimal levels and the goal of every individual is to make unconscious conscious  Gilbert Ryle He was an important figure in the field of Linguistic Analysis which focused on the solving of philosophical puzzles through an analysis of language The self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.  IMMANUEL KANT ✔A German Philosopher who made great contribution to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Kant is widely regarded as the greatest philosopher of the modern period. ✔It is the self that makes consciousness for the person to make sense of everything. ✔“Respect others as you would respect yourself,” ✔Kant argued that the sense called “Transcendental Apperception” is an essence of our consciousness that provides basis for understanding and establishing the notion of “self” by synthesizing one’s accumulation of experiences, intuition and imagination goes.  MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY ✔ A French philosopher and phenomenologist. ✔ He took a very different approach to the self and the mind/body “problem.” According to him, the division between the “mind” and the “body” is a product of confused thinking. ✔ Developed the concept of self-subject and contended that perceptions occur existentially.  PAUL AND PATRICIA CHURCHLAND An American philosopher interested in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, cognitive neurobiology, epistemology, and perception. Patricia Churchland claimed that man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as self. Paul Churchland is one of the many philosophers and psychologists that viewed the self from a materialistic point of view