UNDERSTANDING THE SELF.pdf

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF SS 111- Midterm Assessments Philosophical Self 1: Choose the letter that represents the correct answer. 1.. According to St. Augustine of Hippo, the self is________ a) A rational and immortal soul united with a physical body. b) A...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF SS 111- Midterm Assessments Philosophical Self 1: Choose the letter that represents the correct answer. 1.. According to St. Augustine of Hippo, the self is________ a) A rational and immortal soul united with a physical body. b) A restless soul seeking ultimate fulfillment and rest in God’s love. c) A bundle of perceptions and experiences lacking a unified substance. d) An embodied entity, existing within lived experiences and interactions. 2. What is the emphasis of Thomas Aquinas’s view of the self? a) illusion resulting from a “category mistake” b) thinking, a conscious entity distinct from the body c) rational soul inseparably united with a physical body d) transcendental unity of apperception organizing experiences 3. Rene Descartes posited that the self is primarily characterized by _____ a) A bundle of perceptions and experiences. b) A thinking, conscious entity distinct from the body. c) An enduring substance separate from the mind and body. d) An embodied entity existing within lived experiences and interactions. 4. What is the philosophical view of David Hume about the self? a) The self is a rational soul united with a physical body. b) The self is an illusion resulting from a “category mistake.” c) The self is a thinking, conscious entity distinct from the body. d) The self is a bundle of perceptions and experiences without unity. 5. What is the center of Immanuel Kant’s perspective on the self? a) An enduring substance separate from the mind and body.  b) The self as a thinking, conscious entity distinct from the body. c) The self as an embodied and inseparable entity in lived experiences. d) The self as a transcendental unity of apperception organizing experiences. 6. Gilbert Ryle’s view of the self-challenges the idea of _____ a) The self is a bundle of perceptions and experiences. b) The self as a rational soul united with a physical body. c) An enduring substance separate from the mind and body. d) The self as an embodied and inseparable entity in lived experiences. 7. What is the philosophical view of Maurice Merleau-Ponty? a) The self as a rational soul united with a physical body. b) The self as an illusion resulting from a “category mistake.” c) The self as a thinking, conscious entity distinct from the body. d) The self as an embodied entity existing within lived experiences. 8. Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s perspective on the self emphasizes the significance of: a) Understanding the self as a bundle of perceptions and experiences. b) Recognizing the self as a rational soul united with a physical body. c) Embracing the self as a thinking, conscious entity distinct from the body. d) Emphasizing the self as an embodied and inseparable entity within lived experiences. 9. According to Gilbert Ryle, the concept of the self as a “ghost in the machine” refers to: a) An enduring substance separate from the mind and body. b) The self as an illusion resulting from a “category mistake.” c) The self as a thinking, conscious entity distinct from the body. d) The self as an embodied entity existing within lived experiences. 10. Immanuel Kant’s idea of the self as a “transcendental unity of apperception” refers to the self as a/an __ a) bundle of perceptions and experiences without unity. b) rational soul inseparably united with a physical body.  c) organizing principle for all experiences and concepts. d) restless soul seeking ultimate fulfillment and rest in God’s love. Sociological Self 1: Choose the letter that represents the correct answer. 1. Which sociologist introduced the concept of the "looking-glass self" in their work on the sociology of the self? a) Emile Durkheim c) George Herbert Mead b) Charley Horton Cooley d) Max Weber 2. Which sociologist is known for the theory of "symbolic interactionism" and emphasized the role of communication and language in the development of the self? a) Charley Horton Cooley c) George Herbert Mead b) Émile Durkheim d) Karl Marx 3. Which concept emphasizes that the self is not a fixed entity, but a product of social processes and emerges from our ability to take on the perspectives of others? a) The looking-glass self c) Social construction of the self b) Symbolic interactionism d) Reflexive consciousness 4. Which sociologist highlighted the role of symbols and language in the formation of the self, emphasizing the significance of language as a tool for understanding social meanings and identities? a) Emile Durkheim c) George Herbert Mead b) Charley Horton Cooley d) Max Weber 5. Which sociologist proposed that individuals develop a "generalized other," an internalized sense of societal norms and expectations, through socialization processes? a) Emile Durkheim c) George Herbert Mead  b) Charley Horton Cooley d) Max Weber 6. Which sociologist emphasized the role of primary groups, such as family and close friends, in shaping an individual's self-concept and identity? a) Emile Durkheim c) George Herbert Mead b) Charley Horton Cooley d) Max Weber 7. Which sociologist's work laid the foundation for contemporary sociological theories that emphasize the interplay between the individual and society, demonstrating the mutual influence between the self and its social context? a) Charley Horton Cooley c) Émile Durkheim b) George Herbert Mead d) Max Weber 8. According to George Herbert Mead, the "I" and the "Me" are essential components of the self. What do they represent? a) The "I" represents the individual's spontaneous and creative aspect, while the "Me" represents the social and reflective aspect. b) The "I" represents the social and reflective aspect, while the "Me" represents the individual's spontaneous and creative aspect. c) The "I" represents the self as an observer, while the "Me" represents the self as a performer. d) The "I" represents the self's subconscious, while the "Me" represents the self's conscious mind. 9. In Mead's theory, what is the role of significant others in the development of the self? Significant others are____ a) those who represent the "I" aspect of the self. b) people who hold the most important roles in society. c) the social institutions that shape the "Me" aspect of the self. d) individuals who have a strong influence on the development of the self during childhood and adolescence. 10. Mead's theory posits that the self is a product of social interaction. What is the process through which individuals learn to take on the perspectives of others and anticipate their reactions to their actions? a) Generalized other c) Self-reflection b) Looking-glass self d) Symbolic interaction 11. In Mead's concept of the "generalized other," what does it refer to? a) The unconscious aspects of the self. b) The process of mirroring the behavior of others. c) A specific person who significantly influences an individual's self-concept. d) The internalized sense of societal norms and values that individuals develop through social interactions. 12. What does Cooley's concept of the "looking-glass self" refer to? a) A self-concept shaped by introspection and individual reflection. b) The process of mirroring the behaviors of others in social interactions. c) A psychological disorder characterized by excessive self-consciousness. d) The idea that individuals develop their self-concept through their imagination of how others perceive them. 13. According to Cooley, what are the three main elements involved in the looking-glass self process? a) Sympathy, empathy, and compassion. b) Perception, introspection, and self-reflection. c) Imagination, judgment of others, and self-concept. d) Self-awareness, self-esteem, and social comparison. 14. The looking-glass self concept highlights the significance of: a) Introspection and self-reflection. c) Social comparison and competition. b) Self-determination and individuality. d) Understanding the perspectives of others. 15. Which of the following best describes the looking-glass self's impact on an individual's self-esteem?  a) Positive judgments by others have no impact on self-esteem, only self- reflection does. b) Negative judgments by others have no impact on self-esteem, only self- reflection does. c) Self-esteem is solely determined by internal self-assessment, not influenced by others' judgments. d) Positive judgments by others lead to higher self-esteem, while negative judgments lead to lower self-esteem. Anthropological Self 1: Choose the letter that represents the correct answer. 1. According to Cristina De Rossi, what does culture encompass? a) Food, music, and the arts b) Language, religion, and social customs c) Socialization-related patterns of behavior and cognitive abilities d) Everything that people themselves produce, including religion, food, language, music, and social Customs 2. In the broader sense, what does "high culture" refer to? a) Social patterns particular to a society b) The so-called "high culture" of a nation's elite c) The entirety of a people's customs and traditions d) Intellectual life of society in the conventional sense 3. What does the word "culture" derive from? a) Latin cultura, meaning "to alter" b) Latin cultus, meaning "to create" c) Latin colere, meaning "to produce" d) Latin cultura, colo, colere, meaning "to cultivate" 4. How does culture influence social patterns according to Papp (2021)? Social patterns are influenced by_  a) genetics and natural instincts. b) environmental factors and climate. c) traditions and customs of a society or country. d) economic factors and technological advancements. 5. What aspect of society does the word "culture" primarily refer to? a) The economic and political systems of a country. b) The natural environment and resources available to society. c) The traditions and customs of a particular nation or ethnic group. d) Everything that people themselves produce, including customs, traditions, language, religion, and more. 6. According to Catherine Raeff, how does culture influence relationships? a) Culture influences how individuals perceive hardship in a relationship. b) Culture determines the personality traits of individuals in a relationship. c) Culture determines the types of individual and group achievements valued in a relationship. d) Culture affects how individuals enter into and maintain relationships, whether voluntary or duty-based. 7. How does culture impact the perception of personality traits? a) Culture shapes how individuals express emotions. b) Culture determines the type of relationships individuals engage in. c) Culture influences how individuals define success and achievement. d) Culture affects how individuals value traits like humility, self-esteem, and assertiveness 8. In relation to achievement, how does culture play a role? a) Culture determines the types of emotions individuals can express. b) Culture impacts how individuals maintain and define their relationships. c) Culture influences how individuals perceive hardship in achieving their goals. d) Culture influences how individuals define success and value certain types of achievements. 9. How does culture influence expressing emotions? a) Culture determines the personality traits individuals possess. b) Culture affects how individuals define success and achievement. c) Culture influences the types of relationships individuals engage in. d) Culture impacts what affects individuals emotionally and how they express themselves. 10. What are the two most studied aspects of culture related to the sense of self? a) Individualism and collectivism b) Social psychology and construal c) Personality traits and characteristics d) Independence and interdependence constructs 11. In social psychology, what does "construal" refer to? How individuals ____ a) perceive and interpret their own behavior and actions. b) construct their sense of self-based on personality traits and characteristics. c) construct their sense of self-based on their relationships and roles in society. d) perceive and interpret the behavior and actions of others towards themselves. 12. How is self-construal rooted in culture? a) Self-construal is shaped by societal norms and cultural values. b) Self-construal is influenced by genetic factors and innate traits. c) Self-construal is a universal concept, independent of cultural influences. d) Self-construal is solely determined by individual experiences and upbringing. 13. How do individuals with an independent self-construal view themselves? a) They see themselves as part of a collective group and define themselves based on group norms. d) They see themselves as part of a community and define themselves based on community values. c) They see themselves as connected to others and define themselves based on relationships and roles.  d) They see themselves as separate from others and define themselves based on personality traits and characteristics. 14. How do individuals with an interdependent self-construal view themselves? a) They see themselves as part of a collective group and define themselves based on group norms. b) They see themselves as part of a community and define themselves based on community values. c) They see themselves as separate from others and define themselves based on individual accomplishments. d) They see themselves as connected to others and define themselves based on personality traits and characteristics 15. Assume you are a cultural psychologist conducting research on how people from various cultural backgrounds construct themselves. Participants from an individualistic and a collectivistic culture will be compared, as you have decided. In your study, you ask participants to use "I am" statements to describe who they are. Individualistic culture participants primarily use personality traits (such as "I am funny" or "I am outgoing"), whereas collectivistic culture participants primarily use relational roles (such as "I am a sibling" or "I am a member of a community"). Based on the findings of your study, how would you interpret the relationship between culture and self-construal? a) The findings indicate that culture does not influence how individuals view themselves, as both groups used similar "I am" statements. b) The findings suggest that culture significantly shapes self-construal, as individuals from different cultures use distinct types of self-descriptions. c) The findings suggest that self-construal is solely determined by genetic factors, as participants from different cultural backgrounds used similar self-descriptions. d) The findings indicate that collectivistic culture encourages individualistic self- views, as participants from both cultures used personality traits in their self- descriptions Psychological Self 1: Choose the letter that represents the correct answer. 1. Defense mechanisms, as proposed by Freud, are: a) Techniques used by the ego to protect the conscious mind  b) Strategies used by the ego to navigate the preconscious mind c) Psychological processes used by the unconscious to control desires d) Unconscious strategies used by the ego to cope with anxiety and protect self- esteem 2. Sara is facing a challenging decision, and she can't seem to make up her mind. According to Freud's theory, which level of mental life might be influencing her indecisiveness? a) Conscious b) b) Preconscious c) c) Subconscious d) d) Unconscious 3. Mark has an intense fear of snakes that he can't explain. He doesn't remember any traumatic experiences with snakes in his life. According to Freud's theory, the origin of Mark's fear is likely from which province of the mind? a) Ego b) Id c) Superego d) Unconscious 4. After receiving a low grade on her exam, Emma unconsciously redirects her feelings of disappointment and frustration toward her roommate, picking a fight over a minor issue. This defense mechanism is known as: a) Projection b) Regression c) Repression d) Sublimation 5. Maria is feeling conflicted about her desire to pursue her dream career versus the pressure from her family to follow a more traditional path. According to Freud's theory, which province of the mind is likely influencing Maria's internal struggle? a) Ego b) Id c) Superego d) Unconscious 6. According to William James' theory of the self, which term describes an individual's beliefs and feelings about themselves? a) Ego b) Consciousness c) Self-concept d) Subconscious 7. Susan is an ambitious and confident person who believes she can achieve her goals through hard work and determination. According to William James, which aspect of the self is Susan expressing? a) Material self b) Social self c) Spiritual self d) Me-self 8. Jason is an artist who experiences a state of "flow" when he is completely immersed in his creative process. According to William James, which aspect of the self is Jason experiencing during these moments? a) Material self  b) Social self c) Pure ego d) I-self 9. The "looking-glass self" concept, where individuals form their self-concept based on how they believe others perceive them, aligns closely with which aspect of William James' theory? a) Material self b) Social self c) Spiritual self d) Me-self 10. Emily is a compassionate and caring individual who finds a sense of meaning and purpose in her volunteer work. According to William James, which aspect of the self is Emily fulfilling through her altruistic actions? a) Material self b) Social self c) Spiritual self d) Me-self 11. According to Carl Rogers, self-actualization refers to: a) The formation of an individual's ideal self through external influences. b) The ability to maintain a stable self-concept despite conflicting beliefs. c) The defense mechanism that shields the individual from anxiety and distress. d) The process of becoming one's true, authentic self and fulfilling one's potential. 12. The term "real self" in Carl Rogers' theory refers to: a) The true, authentic, and genuine representation of the individual as they are. b) The defensive mechanism that distorts reality to protect the ego from discomfort.  c) The state of congruence where the self-concept aligns with the person's actual experiences. d) The person an individual aspires to become and their vision of the best version of themselves. 13. When someone experiences a conflict between their real self and their ideal self, they are likely to feel: a) Anxious and uneasy. c) Satisfied and content. b) Congruent and self-actualized. d) Detached and indifferent 14. Carl Rogers' concept of defense mechanism is different from Freud's in that: a) Rogers' defense mechanisms are innate and instinctive, while Freud's are learned responses. b) Rogers' defense mechanisms operate at the unconscious level, while Freud's operate at the conscious level. c) Rogers' defense mechanisms are primarily observed in childhood, while Freud's continue to influence behavior throughout life. d) Rogers' defense mechanisms involve distorting reality to protect the self- concept, while Freud involves protecting the individual from unacceptable thoughts and desires 15. A person who experiences incongruence between their self-concept and their actual experiences is more likely to: a) Experience anxiety, defensiveness, and dissatisfaction. b) Develop a strong sense of self-acceptance and self-esteem. c) Engage in self-actualizing behaviors and fulfill their potential. d) Demonstrate higher levels of empathy and compassion towards others 16. According to Donald Winnicott, the "True Self" refers to: a) The authentic and genuine aspect of an individual's personality. b) The defensive mechanism that distorts reality to protect the ego from discomfort.  c) The part of the self that is shaped by external influences and societal expectations. d) The state of congruence where the self-concept aligns with the person's actual experiences 17..The "False Self" in Donald Winnicott's theory is characterized by: a) A state of emotional openness and vulnerability. b) A strong sense of self-identity and self-awareness. c) A congruence between the individual's self-concept and their actual experiences. d) The person's ability to adapt and meet others' expectations, but at the expense of their true feelings and desires 18. When someone experiences a significant discrepancy between their True Self and False Self, they are likely to feel: a) Authentic and self-actualized. c) Satisfied and content with their relationships. b) Anxious and disconnected from their true emotions d) Indifferent and detached from others. 19. The False Self is often developed as a coping mechanism in response to: a) Social pressures and expectations from caregivers. b) Traumatic events that lead to emotional suppression. c) A strong sense of self-confidence and assertiveness. d) Early childhood experiences of unconditional love and acceptance. 20. Winnicott believed that the False Self develops as a defense against: a) Emotional pain and vulnerability. b) Fear of abandonment and rejection. c) Unconscious desires and repressed memories. d) Internal conflicts between the id and the superego. 21. What do individuals seek at the Safety Needs level of the hierarchy?  a) Personal growth and self-improvement c) Self-esteem and recognition b) Security and stability in their environment d) Social connections and relationships 22. Which need is associated with the desire for companionship and affection from others? a) Esteem Needs c) Physiological Needs b) Love and Belongingness Needs d) Self-Actualization Needs 23. At which level of the hierarchy, do individuals strive to develop a positive self-image and gain the admiration of others? a) Esteem Needs c) Safety Needs b) Physiological Needs d) Self-Actualization Needs 24. What is the ultimate goal of the hierarchy of needs according to Maslow? a) Achieving self-actualization and personal growth c) Gaining social recognition and admiration b) Fulfilling basic biological requirements d) Establishing a sense of security and stability 25. Once an individual's physiological needs and safety needs are met, what becomes more important in the hierarchy? a) Esteem Needs c) Love and Belongingness Needs b) Self-Actualization Needs d) Physiological Need 26. Which level of the hierarchy involves seeking personal growth, fulfillment, and becoming the best version of oneself? a) Esteem Needs c) Safety Needs  b) Love and Belongingness Needs d) Self- Actualization Needs 27. According to Erikson's theory, what does "ego identity" refer to? a) The image of who knows about others to ourselves but is denied. b) The image we have of ourselves in the variety of social roles we play. c) The image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal. d) The experiences with our body and the way we see ourselves physically different from others. 28. Which aspect of the ego represents the experiences with our body and the way we see ourselves as physically different from others? a) Body ego b) Ego ideal c) Ego identity d) Superego 29. What does the "ego ideal" represent in Erikson's theory? a) The experiences with our body and the way we see ourselves physically different from others. b) The image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal. c) The image we have of ourselves in the variety of social roles we play. d) The image who knows about others to ourselves but denied. 30. In Erikson's theory, what is the significance of successfully handling conflicts or crises at each stage? a) To achieve self-actualization. c) To develop cognitive abilities. b) To foster healthy personality development. d) To become famous The Self in Western & Eastern Thought 1: Choose the letter that represents the correct answer. 1. Which of the following statements best characterizes the approach to truth-seeking in Eastern societies? a) Eastern societies value individual rights and personal autonomy. b) Eastern societies emphasize critical thinking and empirical evidence.  c) Eastern societies accept traditional wisdom and teachings as "the truth." d) Eastern societies prioritize discovering definitive truths through rigorous analysis. 2. The concept of Yin and Yang in Chinese philosophy exemplifies: a) The emphasis on individual rights in Eastern societies. b) The importance of social responsibility in Eastern cultures. c) The focus is on finding a harmonious balance between life and nature. d) The pursuit of empirical evidence and scientific inquiry in Eastern cultures. 3. Which of the following principles is more commonly emphasized in Western societies? a) Valuing personal autonomy and individuality. b) Placing a higher emphasis on social responsibility. c) Seeking harmony and balance in all aspects of life. d) Accepting traditional wisdom and teachings as absolute truths. 4. The Enlightenment and scientific revolution have had a significant influence on which culture's approach to truth-seeking? a) Eastern societies c) Both Eastern and Western societies b) Western societies d) None of the above 5. What is a common characteristic of Western living principles? a) Prioritizing social harmony and collective well-being. b) Valuing the acceptance of given truths without questioning. c) Emphasizing interconnectedness and oneness with nature. d) Placing a premium on empirical evidence and rational inquiry. 6. The concept of "tabula rasa" proposed by John Locke is most closely aligned with which cultural orientation? a) Eastern c) Both Eastern and Western b) Western d) Neither Eastern nor Western 7. In Eastern societies, the emphasis on social responsibility may manifest in practices such as:  a) Respecting elders and honoring ancestors. b) Encouraging individuality and personal aspirations. c) Pursuing material prosperity and economic growth. d) Volunteering and communal support for those in need. 8. Which of the following statements is more likely to reflect a Western approach to truth-seeking? a) "I will meditate and find inner peace to gain insight into the truth." b) "I will seek wisdom from ancient texts and the teachings of my elders." c) "I will accept the truths presented by my community and cultural norms." d) "I will conduct experiments and gather empirical evidence to validate a hypothesis.“ 9. The philosophy of Confucianism, which places a strong emphasis on social roles, hierarchy, and respect for authority, is often associated with which cultural orientation? a) Eastern c) Both Eastern and Western b) Western d) Neither Eastern nor Western 10. Which living principle is more commonly associated with Eastern cultures? a) Pursuing personal achievements and individual success. b) Valuing balance, harmony, and interconnectedness with nature. c) Emphasizing the protection of human rights and personal freedoms. d) Placing a higher premium on the scientific method and critical thinking. 11. A student from a Western country and a student from an Eastern country are discussing their approaches to seeking truth for a school project. The Western student suggests conducting research and experiments to validate their hypothesis, while the Eastern student proposes referring to ancient scriptures and teachings. How can they combine their approaches effectively? a) The two students cannot effectively combine their approaches as they are fundamentally incompatible. b) The Eastern student can adopt the Western student's approach entirely to ensure accuracy and validity.  c) The Western student can disregard the Eastern student's approach as outdated and focus solely on empirical evidence. d) The Western student can analyze the data gathered from experiments, and the Eastern student can offer philosophical insights from ancient texts. 12. In a diverse workplace, there is a project team with members from various cultural backgrounds. The team is tasked with finding a balanced solution to a complex problem. Which approach is most likely to lead to a harmonious resolution? a) Following the guidance of a team leader without questioning. b) Resolving the issue through empirical data and rational analysis. c) Prioritizing individual opinions and aspirations over collective decision-making. d) Encouraging open discussions and respecting diverse viewpoints to find a compromise. 13. Two neighbors, one from a Western culture and the other from an Eastern culture, have different views on social responsibilities. The Western neighbor emphasizes individual rights and autonomy, while the Eastern neighbor prioritizes community well- being. How can they find common ground? a) They should avoid discussing their cultural differences and focus only on shared interests. b) The Eastern neighbor should adopt the Western neighbor's perspective to maintain peace. c) The Western neighbor should persuade the Eastern neighbor that individual rights are more important for societal progress. d) The Western neighbor can understand the Eastern neighbor's emphasis on community, and the Eastern neighbor can recognize the importance of personal rights. 14. An international team of researchers aims to address an environmental issue affecting both Eastern and Western regions. How can they best integrate their respective cultural values and approaches? a) The team should disregard cultural differences and focus solely on objective data and analysis. b) The team should prioritize individual interests over collective efforts to address the problem effectively.  c) The team can incorporate both scientific research and traditional ecological knowledge from Eastern cultures. d) The Eastern members should take the lead in decision-making due to their closer connection to the environmental issue. 15. A multinational corporation is expanding its operations to a new country that has a culture with a strong Eastern orientation. The company's HR team is tasked with developing a corporate culture that aligns with local values and principles. Which approach is most likely to promote successful integration and engagement with the local workforce? a) Encouraging collective decision-making and fostering a sense of community and teamwork. b) Implementing a strict hierarchical structure to maintain clear authority and roles within the organization. c) Prioritizing individual performance and competition to motivate employees and achieve company goals. d) Ignoring cultural differences and applying the company's standard practices from its Western-oriented headquarters.