USELF Midterms PDF

USELF BODY ADORNMENT - practice of physically enhancing the PHYSICAL SELF body by styling and decorating and - Refers to the body embellishing...

USELF BODY ADORNMENT - practice of physically enhancing the PHYSICAL SELF body by styling and decorating and - Refers to the body embellishing their fingernails, wearing - Part of us that can be directly seen and makeup, painting the body, wearing observed by everyone jewellery, and the use of clothing. - All of us have own unique physical - It is temporary characteristics - Different hair colors, skin tones, body BODY MODIFICATION figures, height, and weight - physical alteration of the body - through the use of surgery, tattooing, PUBERTY piercing, scarification, branding, general - All of us experience physical change mutilation, implants and other practices - Physical changes - permanent or temporary, although most - When our body starts to mature are permanent and alter the body forever - Get pimples, grow hair, body will grow SELF ESTEEM AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE Three Periods of Adolescence 1. Early adolescence- 11 – 14 yrs old SELF ESTEEM 2. Middle – 15 – 17 yrs old - measure of a person's self-worth based on 3. Late- 18 – 21 yrs old some personal or social standard - encompasses beliefs about oneself, it is a Adolescence global evaluative dimension of the self - period between the start of the puberty and - Hewstone et al, self-esteem as the overall beginning of adulthood evaluation that a person has of himself - transition between childhood to adulthood which can be positive or negative, high or low With these changes happening, some teens feel like it's out of their control. This can affect A person with a positive body image/ HIGH their body image and self-esteem. ESTEEM - will have a high self-esteem BODY IMAGE - will spend more time taking care of their - Refers to how a person perceives, thinks, appearance and feels about their own physical - he attention that he gets for his physical appearance. beauty elevates the level of self-esteem - These perceptions can be influenced by factors such as societal standards, media A person with LOW ESTEEM representations, cultural expectations, and - may not perceive himself as beautiful personal experiences - This evaluation of his physical self will - People can have a positive or negative body make him seek ways to attain a kind of image, which affects their self-esteem, body image that will be at part with confidence, and overall mental well-being society's concept of beauty DRAMATURGICAL THEORY DEVELOPING SELF ESTEEM - Developed by Erving Goffman - match of what we do is engage in Here are best insights on how to strike a impression management during which we balance between accurate self-knowledge and must monitor and adjust our own respect for who you are. You need to have a behavior in accordance with how people positive body image which involves: want others to perceive them a. Understanding that healthy, attractive bodies come in many shapes and sizes Through culture, society shapes us in many b. Physical appearance says very little about ways our character or value as a person c. How we get to this point of acceptance often depends on our individual development and self-acceptance. SOCIETY’S IDEALS OF THE PERFECT THE SELF IN WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/ PHYSICAL FORM ARE: EASTERN THOUGHTS For woman: white perfect skin, small waistline, INDIVIDUALISTIC VS COLLECTIVE SELF big breasts and behind, long straight hair, long manicured nails, slender and tall Individualism “Me” Consciousness  They put themselves first For man: tall, tanned perfect skin, muscled  Loosely linked to each other physique, with 6-pack abs.  Motivated by their ideas and goals  Emphasis is placed on the self (whether it's Image of perception adolescents see in all types of self-help, self-sufficiency, self-actualization) media  Communicates as individuals and pay little attention to a person's group membership Mass media  Decision making is decided upon whether if - powerful tool that reinforces cultural its best for the individual beliefs and values  Individual rights are taken and seen as - Though young people may initially disagree most important. with the set ideals of beauty, respected exposure via media lead them to believe ADVANTAGES in the misconceptions. a. Multidimensional Culture - Since a standard has been set by society - Members within an individualistic society and reinforced by media, any share many characteristics. However, they characteristics that does not confirm to also have the freedom to be different. standard is labelled as ugly b. Self Sufficiency - Individualism fosters the ability to perform BODY DIVERSITY well individually and find strength within - size and structure due to genetic heredity is themselves to overcome obstacles. not tolerated - Being pretty and white skinned or DISADVANTAGES tanned and muscular had become - Individualism does not allow for other associated with the intelligence, successful, people to experience that person's talents popular, healthy, and the disciplined or creativity. Learning to cooperate with - Opposite characteristics are associated others is what builds character, friendship, with the doll lazy, ugly, and the weak. and important life skills - They have more problems with finding good  Misconceptions strongly affect how the friends, because they don't care about young form their body image and its others' opinions. It can lead to difficulties influence on their self-esteem with social life  Knowing that adolescence is the period where self identity is formed Collectivism “We” Consciousness  It is important for adults in the - Feel closely linked to one or more groups by environment to listen to this young people living closely linked to themselves and provide guidance and support. - Commitment to valued groups (family and  The adolescent should not be afraid to talk extended families, organizations is and disclose confusing aspects of his important to them physical development to his significant - a direct confrontation will always be others avoided  People tend to judged others based on physical appearance Advantages  physical appearance alone is not enough - Allow for more jobs and consensus or to know a person's true character achievement is what is needed by the  It is important to see into person's inner community. thoughts and feelings. - Each one take care and help one another to  Above all things physical, it is more fulfill a certain goal. important to be beautiful on the inside Disadvantages WESTERN CONCEPT OF SELF - Some members tend to be lazy if there are - western tradition is generally acknowledged too many group members. to be "imbued with a style of thinking based on dichotomy and binary CONTRASTING VALUES opposition” - There is an essential distinction between Individual the notion of the thinking subject (an 1. Independent–free, control over one's life observer) that stands in natural opposition 2. Goals– striving for one's own goals and to observable reality achievements 3. Compete–personal competition and Four Categories of the term Self success 1. Analytic- the "tendency to see reality as an 4. Unique– focus on one's own unique aggregate parts" (Me versus Other) characteristics 2. Monotheism 5. Private self-knowledge– keeping one's - involved the tendency toward unitary thoughts private explanations of phenomena 6. Direct communication– stating clearly - a closed-system view of "self" as modeled what one wants and needs after a unitary, omnipotent power 3. Individualistic/ Individualism Collective - Self-expression and self-actualization are 1. Related– consider close others as part of important ways of establishing who one is, the self as well as finding satisfaction in the world 2. Belong– enjoy belonging to groups 4. Materialistic/ Rationalistic- discredit 3. Duty– being willing to make sacrifices as a explanations that do not use analytic- group member deductive modes of thinking 4. Harmony– concern for group harmony 5. Advice– turning to close others for help EASTERN CONCEPT OF SELF with decisions 6. Group– preference for working in groups Hinduism 1. Vedas- earliest religious writings in the ATTRIBUTION FOR BEHAVIOR East; it formed the Hindu philosophy and a. Collectivist- cultural values with their dharma focus on groups, place heavier emphasis on 2. Chants and hymns in the Vedas- situational influences illustrate the eastern mindset of a nondual b. Individualist- cultural values with their universe but rather a creation that is individual uniqueness, place emphasis on completely unified with the creator, with no personal characteristics distinction 3. Brahman- the true nature of humans; the INDIVIDUALIST PATTERN divine universal consciousness - Children raised as individualists may be encompassing the universe. The Self that just as close to their families as a child is all within us raised in a collective setting - they draw the boundaries differently One main points- "change your perception of the - they may feel more free to choose their world to perceive the Brahman in oneself and in individual preference, duty, honor others" - deference to authority are less prominent for those with individualist starting points Buddhism than collective ones - Self is not an entity, a substance, or essence COLLECTIVIST PATTERN - Self is a dynamic process. It is - Children are taught that they are part of a interdependent and ever changing circle of relations. - Anatta- doctrine which is often defined as - This identity as a member of a group comes no-self or no-soul first, summed in the South African of Ubuntu: "I am because we are” The human being's inborn erroneous view of "self" as an enduring entity- is the cause of his/her suffering because he/ she tries to hold on 3. Collective- refers to the view of self in a to that which is in constant flux and has no collective concept existence outside shifting contexts The Self as Embedded in Relationships and WESTERN CONCEPT OF SELF Through Spiritual Development in Confucian Confucianism Thought - The quest for the "self" in terms of - Confucian tradition as a way of thinking substance, of spirit, of body, or of essence and lifestyle is still an inspiration to many does not exist East Asian societies - Concept of self is about personality - Characteristic of Confucian selfhood is the - Confucian philosophy presented the idea participation of others in the dynamic that every person is born with four process of self and spiritual development beginnings - The Confucian concept of Li often - these do not yet comprise the concept of rendered as "proper conduct" or "self" but when perceived together, it could "propriety" was originally denoted as court be explained in Western terms as a "pre- rites performed to sustain social and self" or a "potential self.” cosmic order Four Beginnings: Perfection of Virtues Confucian sense 1. Heart of compassion that leads to Jen - self-development is a lifelong commitment 2. Heart of righteousness that leads to Yi to learning 3. Heart of propriety that leads to Li - Confucian learning is about ritual practice 4. Hearts of the wisdom that leads to Chih - It involves practicing discipline for the mind and body to love life not as an isolated - Personality (in the Confucian perception) individual but as an active participant in is an achieved state of moral excellence the living community rather than a given human condition. - the single most important concept of the - The Confucian concept of self is deeply self in Confucian thought is the view that embedded within the family and society, the "self" is the center of relationships and it is only in that context that the self - The idea is that it is only by continually comes to be what it is opening the self to others that the "self" maintains its wholeness and identity TAOISM - rejects a hierarchical view of the self, SEXUAL SELF society, or cosmos Sex and gender - are related terms which - does not regard the "self" as an extension of people sometimes use interchangeably (or defined by) social relationships - The "self" is but one of the countless Sex manifestations of the Tao - Biological characteristics of men and - It is an extension of the cosmos- (or the women universe seen as a well-ordered whole - Primary sex characteristics like - Chuang-tzu, “The perfect man has no self; chromosomes, gonads, and genitals the spiritual man has no achievement; the - Constant across time true sage has no name” – selflessness - Constant across different societies or - His conception- entails conscious self- cultures transformation leading to the attributes of a balanced life in harmony with both Gender Relations or Gender nature and society - Differentiated roles, behaviors capacities, and intellectual, emotional, and social THREE ASPECTS OF SELF-CONCEPT characteristics 1. Private- – refers to the mental processes - Socially- determined; culturally defined that perceive one's own traits or behaviors - Changed across time and cultures 2. Public- refers to the generalized view of - All other differences besides the strictly self, such as the perception of how others biological view you Sexuality - People’s interest in or attraction to others Gender Identity - Capacity to have erotic experiences and - One's innermost concept of self as male, responses female, a blend of both or neither - Covers a broad spectrum; considered - how individuals perceive themselves and deeply personal what they call themselves - covers the totality of a person's physical, - can be the same or different from their sex emotional, and even spiritual responses, assigned at birth. including thoughts and feelings Gender Expression Judith Butler - External appearance of one's gender - gender behavior is a LEARNED identity, usually expressed though PERFORMANCE imposed by normative behavior, clothing, haircut or voice heterosexual societies - may or may not conform to socially defined behaviors and characteristics typically SOGIESC- is for all; All people have SOGIESC associated with being either masculine or feminine Sexual Orientation- PUSO - who you are physically, spiritually, and Transgender emotionally attracted to. - umbrella term for people whose gender - Based on your gender in relation to your identity and/or expression is different own from cultural expectations based on the - Kung kanino ka nagkakagusto sex they were assigned at birth - being transgender, does not imply any Gender Identity- UTAK specific sexual orientation - how you think about yourself - may identify as straight, gay, lesbian, - the chemistry that composes you and how bisexual you interpret what that means - pagkakakilanlan sa sarili Gender Transition - process by which some people strive to Gender Expression ANYO more closely align their internal - how you demonstrate your gender through knowledge of gender with its outward the way you act, dress, behave and interact appearance. - panlabas na kaanyuan - they might begin dressing, using names - and pronouns and/or be socially Sexual Characteristics- ARI recognized as another gender - refers to the objectively measurable organs, - Others undergo physical transitions in hormones, and chromosomes which they modify their bodies through - female: ovaries/vaginas XX ; males: medical intervention penis/testes XY Gender Dysphoria According to AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL - significant distress caused when a person's ASSOCIATION assigned birth gender is not the same as the one with which they identify. Behavior - Replaces the term Gender Identity Disorder - compatible with cultural expectations is - intended to better characterize the referred to as gender-normative experiences of affected children, - behaviors that are viewed as incompatible adolescents, and adults with these expectations constitute gender non-conformity Sexual Orientation - An inherent or immutable enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to other people.