Understanding the Self: Psychological and Sociological Perspectives

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 70:20:10 LEARNING MODEL UNDERSTANDING THE SELF PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW ACTIVITY 70:20:10 learning model  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The Johari Window (or the Jo Hari Window) was developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingha...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 70:20:10 LEARNING MODEL UNDERSTANDING THE SELF PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW ACTIVITY 70:20:10 learning model  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The Johari Window (or the Jo Hari Window) was developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham. The model has been around since 1955 JOHARI PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The Open Area: ideal for personal development discussions JOHARI PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The Hidden Area: gives you the opportunity to share, thoughtfully JOHARI PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The Blind Spot: creates an opportunity to seek feedback JOHARI PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The Unknown: offers you the opportunity to unlock your potential with fresh challenges JOHARI PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW UNDERSTANDING THE SELF PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT Cognitive constructs refer to mental processes or operations that enable us to think, remember, and reason. These constructs play a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the world.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW William James (1890) was one of the earliest psychologists to study the self and he conceptualized the self as having two aspects– the “I” and the “me”;  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The “I” is the THINKING, ACTING, and FEELING self (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisberg, 2011) The “me” is the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes you who you are. “ Hogg, and Vaughan, 2010) PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Carl Rogers (1959) theory of personality also used the same terms, the “I” as the one who acts and decides while the “me” is what you think or feel about yourself as an object (Gleitmann, Gross, and Reisberg, 2011)  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Self, identity, and self-concept are NOT FIXED in one time frame. Your description in the past, present, and future about yourself varies. They are ever changing at every moment;  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Carl Rogers captured this idea in his concept of self- schema, or our own organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisberg, 2011) NATIONALITY RELIGION SELF HOBBIES FAMILY  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The schema is not limited to the example above. It may include your interests, your work, your course, your age, your physical characteristics, etc. As you grow and adapt to the changes around you, THEY ALSO CHANGE; But they are not passive receivers, they actively shape and affect how you see, think, and feel about things, (Jhangians and Tarry, 2014)  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Self-Image: This component refers to how an individual perceives themselves. It encompasses their beliefs about their appearance, abilities, and personality traits. Essentially, it’s the mental picture they hold of themselves.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Ideal Self: The ideal self represents the person an individual aspires to be. It’s their vision of the best version of themselves. When the ideal self aligns with their self-image and self-esteem, it contributes to a healthy self-concept.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Self-Esteem: Self-esteem reflects the value an individual places on themselves. It’s the assessment of their worthiness, competence, and overall self-worth. High self- esteem leads to positive feelings, while low self- esteem can result in self-doubt and insecurity. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW JOHN LOCKE PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW TABULA RASA  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW John Locke, a 17th-century English philosopher, is well-known for his theory of tabula rasa or “blank slate.” In his work, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), Locke argued that the human mind at birth is like a blank slate, devoid of any ideas or knowledge.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW According to Locke, all knowledge and ideas come from experience, which we acquire through our senses.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Locke’s theory was revolutionary because it challenged the notion of innate ideas, suggesting instead that our understanding of the world is built entirely from sensory experiences.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW This idea laid the foundation for the philosophy of empiricism, which emphasizes that knowledge comes from experience.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Knowledge comes from experience, and so by analyzing our experiences we will come to know the truth about reality, and nothing should be asserted unless it can be ratified by experience. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW SIGMUND FREUD  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW The self, its mental processes, and one’s behavior as the results of the interaction between the Id, the Ego, and Superego. SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW SIGMUND FREUD  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Id: Unconscious, instinctual drives, wants desire fulfilled, exist for pleasure not realistic, not logical, pressure the mind to satisfy release, collection of urges, sexuality and aggression. SIGMUND FREUD  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Superego: Conscience, collection of moral lessons we learn from the parents, society and organized religion, moral perfection, too much freedom that can be perfectionist, sense of guilt. SIGMUND FREUD  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Ego: Totally Id, think about things, experiences of the outside world, how much urges are expressed, what is rational and realistic, will, balance the Id, and Superego, use defense to avoid anxiety SIGMUND FREUD  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW ALTER EGO  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW ALTER EGO An alter ego is a second self or alternate personality that a person assumes. It is often created to express certain traits, behaviors, or beliefs not typically exhibited in the person’s day-to-day life. The term “alter ego” comes from the Latin phrase for “other self.”  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW SUPERHERO ALTER EGOS Superheroes are famous examples of alter egos. They often have a secret identity to hide their true self from the world.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW PERSONAL ALTER EGOS are created to explore different aspects of an individual’s personality. They are often used as a way to escape from the pressures of everyday life.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW INTERNET ALTER EGOS are created online to protect a person’s identity or explore different aspects of their personality. Examples include usernames used on social media platforms or online forums.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW BENEFITS OF HAVING AN ALTER EGO  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW BENEFITS OF HAVING AN ALTER EGO Increased Creativity Creating an alter ego allows individuals to explore different aspects of their personality and creativity that may not be expressed in their everyday life.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW BENEFITS OF HAVING AN ALTER EGO Improved Confidence: An alter ego can help individuals feel more confident and in control, especially when they feel insecure or anxious.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW BENEFITS OF HAVING AN ALTER EGO Greater Self-Expression An alter ego can provide a way for individuals to express themselves in a way that is different from their usual behavior or personality. This can be particularly helpful for those who feel limited in expressing themselves daily.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW BENEFITS OF HAVING AN ALTER EGO Freedom to Experiment Having an alter ego can allow individuals to experiment and try new things without fear of judgment or consequences. This can be especially valuable for artists and creatives who must push boundaries and explore new ideas.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW RISKS OF HAVING AN ALTER EGO Losing Touch with Reality Assuming an alter ego can become so consuming that individuals may lose touch with their true self or reality. This can be particularly dangerous if the alter ego begins to take over the individual’s life.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW RISKS OF HAVING AN ALTER EGO Alienation from Others Having an alter ego can create distance between individuals and those around them, mainly if the alter ego is used to hide aspects of the individual’s personality.  PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW RISKS OF HAVING AN ALTER EGO Difficulty in Separating the Alter Ego from Reality Some individuals may have difficulty separating their alter ego from reality, leading to confusion and problems in their personal and professional lives PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW MBTI UNDERSTANDING THE SELF SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Paano nahuhubog at naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura ang aking sarili?  HOW CULTURE AFFECTS SELF Sir Edward B. Taylor, founder of cultural anthropology, classically defined culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by (a human) as a member of society.  SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM A theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly-constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.  SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM The theory centers on the notion that meanings are developed in coordination with others rather than separately within each individual. IMPORTANT EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SELF George Herbert Mead, an American philosopher and social psychologist, is a key figure in the development of symbolic interactionism. IMPORTANT EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SELF The definitions of the self, social interaction always has a part to play in who we are; This is not nature vs. nurture but instead a nature-and- nurture perspective; Under the THEORY OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM, G.H. Mead (1934) argued that the SELF is CREATED and DEVELOPED through HUMAN INTERACTION. IMPORTANT EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SELF Social interaction and group affiliation, therefore, are vital factors in creating our self-concept especially in the aspect of providing us with our social identity or our perception of who we are based on our membership to certain groups. IMPORTANT EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SELF This theoretical framework emphasizes that society is constructed through the use of shared symbols, such as language, and the meanings individuals attach to these symbols. 3 REASONS AS SELF AND IDENTITY AS SOCIAL PRODUCTS 1. WE DO NOT CREATE OURSELVES OUT OF NOTHING. 2. WE NEED OTHERS TO AFFIRM AND REINFORCE WHO WE THINK WE ARE; 3. WHAT WE THINK AS IMPORTANT TO US MAY ALSO HAVE BEEN INFLUENCED BY WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN OUR SOCIAL OR HISTORICAL CONTEXT. IMPORTANT EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SELF Self-Concept: Mead believed that the self is developed through social interactions. By taking the role of others, individuals learn to see themselves from the perspective of others, which helps shape their self-concept. IMPORTANT EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SELF Social Interaction: According to Mead, social interaction is fundamental in creating and maintaining society. People act based on the meanings they assign to objects, events, and behaviors, which are derived from social interactions. IMPORTANT EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SELF Language and Symbols: Language plays a crucial role in symbolic interactionism. It allows individuals to communicate and share meanings, thus facilitating social interaction and the construction of society. IMPORTANT EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO THE SELF Interpretation: The meanings that individuals attach to symbols are not static; they are constantly being created and modified through social interactions. The Looking Glass Self Theory  I am not what I think I am, and I am not what you think I am. I am what I think you think I am.  I am not what I think I am, and I am not what you think I am. I am what I think you think I am.  I am not what I think I am, and I am not what you think I am. I am what I think you think I am.  The Looking Glass Self Theory According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, individuals develop their concept of self by observing how they are perceived by others, a concept Cooley coined as the “looking-glass self.”  The Looking Glass Self Theory The looking-glass self describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them. Using social interaction as a type of “mirror,” people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.  The Looking Glass Self Theory 1. We try to figure out who we think we are 2. We try to understand what other people think of us 3. We change based on what we think society think of us  The Looking Glass Self Theory 1. We try to figure out who we think we are 2. We try to understand what other people think of us 3. We change based on what we think society think of us The Looking Glass Self Theory The Self as a Product of Modern Society The Self as a Product of Modern Society Your personal and social identity is never static, but this doesn’t mean you are constantly revising who you are according to how you feel. Just because you adopt a new fashion style or a ‘cooler’ way of talking doesn’t mean that your personal and social identity has substantially changed. The Self as a Product of Modern Society These are purely cosmetic or outer changes and more likely reflect other aspects of yourself (your sub- personae), than to truly indicate a change in core self-identity. The Self as a Product of Modern Society Real changes in personal identity emerge out of the creative interplay between social circumstances and events and the way you as an individual respond to them. No matter how assertive or dominant a personality you are, in the final instance your identity needs to be grounded in social reality. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW  ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW In anthropology, the concept of the “self” is multifaceted and deeply intertwined with cultural, social, and biological aspects.  ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW Cultural and Social Constructs: Anthropologists often view the self as a product of cultural and social interactions.  ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW Cultural and Social Constructs: The self is not seen as an isolated entity but as something that is shaped and defined by societal norms, values, and relationships.  ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW Psychological and Biological Aspects: The self encompasses both psychological functioning and biological processes. This means that our sense of self is influenced by our mental states, emotions, and physical body.  ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW Self-Awareness and Reflexivity: The self is also understood as a process that involves self-awareness and reflexivity. This means that individuals are capable of reflecting on their own thoughts, actions, and place in society.  ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW Multiple Selves: Some anthropologists, like Martin P.J. Edwardes, propose that humans construct multiple types of selves throughout their lives. These selves are models created in response to social interactions and are not innate.  ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW Representation and Illusion: Katherine Ewing suggests that the self can be seen as a representation, which might be illusory. This perspective highlights the idea that our understanding of the self is shaped by external influences and may not fully capture our true nature. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF SELF IN EASTERN AND WESTERN THOUGHT  CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS OF SELF Eastern and Western dichotomy wherein eastern as called Orientals represents ASIA and western represents the EUROPE and NOTHERN AMERICA.  EASTERN THOUGHT Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, a Chinese philosopher who lived from 551 to 479 BCE.  EASTERN THOUGHT Self-cultivation is seen as the ultimate purpose of life, but the characteristics of a chun-tzu, a man of virtue or noble character is still embedded in his/her social relationship. (Ho, 1996)  EASTERN THOUGHT It does not involve worship of deities but focuses on human-centered virtues and the importance of family and social harmony.  EASTERN THOUGHT The cultivated self is a subdued self --It is conditioned to respond to perceptions, not of its own needs and aspirations, but of SOCIAL REQUIREMENTS AND OBLIGATIONS wherein the personal needs are repressed for the good of many.  EASTERN THOUGHT TAOISM It is living in the way of the Tao or the universe. However, Taoism rejects having one definition of what the Tao is. The self is not just an extension of the family or the community; it is part of the universe, one of the forms and manifestations of the Tao.  EASTERN THOUGHT The ideal self is SELFLESSNESS but this is not forgetting about the self, it is living a balanced-life with society and nature, being open and accepting the change.  EASTERN THOUGHT BUDDHISM The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human- centeredness, thus the self is also the source of all these suffering;  EASTERN THOUGHT It is therefore our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self which is the cause of all suffering and in doing so attain the state of Nirvana.  EASTERN THOUGHT Confucianism and Taoism The person, in striving to a better person, does not create a self above the other people or nature but a self that is beneficial to his/her community as well as in order and in harmony with everything else.  EASTERN THOUGHT Buddhism The self, with all its connections and selfish ideas, is totally taken, not just out of the center of the picture, but out of the whole picture as a whole.  WESTERN THOUGHT Western perspective does not discount the role of environment and society in the formation of the self but the focus is always looking towards the self.  WESTERN THOUGHT You compare yourself in order to be better, you create associations and bask in the glory of that group for your self-esteem; you put PRIMACY IN DEVELOPING YOURSELF  WESTERN THOUGHT Western thought looks at the world in dualities wherein you are distinct from the other person, the creator is separate from the object s/he created. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF DIFFERENCES OF WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Americans, for example, talk more about their personal attributes when describing themselves while Asians in general would talk about their social roles or the social situations that invoked certain traits that they deem positive for their self.  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Evaluation of the self also differs as Americans would highlight their personal achievements while Asians would rather keep a low profile as promoting the self can be seen as boastfulness that disrupts social relationships.  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF The Western culture then is what we would call an individualistic culture since their focus is on the person; Asian culture, on the other hand, is called a collectivistic culture as the group and social relations is given more importance than individual needs and wants.  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF By valuing the individual, westerners may seem to have loose associations or even loyalty to their groups. Competition is the name of the game and they are more likely straightforward and forceful in their communication as well as decision- making.  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Eastern or oriental persons look after the welfare of their groups and values cooperation. They would also be more compromising and they tend to go around the bush in explaining things, hoping that the other person would “feel” what they really want to say.