Understanding the Self PDF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle ARISTOTLE PRELIMS (COVERAGE) ☘ Self is compos...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle ARISTOTLE PRELIMS (COVERAGE) ☘ Self is composed of matter and form ☘ The mind (self) is a tabula rasa (a blank tablet) ☘ The Process of Completion is through experiences THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES A. Philosophy B. Sociology C. Psychology The Post-Aristotelians D. Anthropology E. Eastern and Western UNPACKING THE SELF ★ Stoicism A. Physical Apathy or indifference to pleasure B. Sexual Embracing Adversity C. Material It’s a philosophy designed to make us more D. Spiritual E. Political resilient, happier, more virtuous and more F. Digital wise–and as a result, better people, better parents and better professionals. THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES ★ Hedonism - “Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow, you will die.” - The self in a philosophical paradigm - They believe that pleasure is the only good in life, - The self as a product of modern society among and pain is the only evil, and our life's goal should other constructions be to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. - The self based on psychoanalytic approach and - cognitive construction The self and person in contemporary anthropology ★ Epicureanism - Moderate pleasure and the self being embedded in culture - Being content with the simple things in life ensures - The self as embedded in relationships and through that you will never be disappointed. spiritual development in Confucian thought Medieval Philosophy 1.0 500 AD to 1350 AD Philosophy The Ancient Triumvirate Ancient Philosophy 1000 BC to 500 AD SOCRATES ☘ “Know thy self” ☘ “An unexamined life is not worth living.” ☘ Dualistic Reality: Body and Soul ☘ “Our soul strives for wisdom and perfection.” PLATO ☘ 3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche in Greek word) = Reason, Physical Appetite & Spirit/Passion UND_SELF | 1  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle ST. AGUSTINE IMMANUEL KANT ୨ৎ Integrates Platonic ideas with the tenets of Christianity. 🗝 The self is a unifying subject, an organizing ୨ৎ The self strives to achieve union with God through faith and consciousness that makes intelligible experience possible. reason. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS GILBERT RYLE 🗝 The self is the way people behave. ୨ৎ Self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us (objects in our environment). 🗝 “I think; therefore I behave.” ୨ৎ The labels we attribute to ourselves are taken from the things PAUL & PATRICIA CHURCHLAND we encounter in our environment. ୨ৎ Experiencing that something exists doesn’t tell us what it is. 🗝 The self is the brain and mental states will be superseded ୨ৎ Knowing and learning about a thing requires a long process by brain states. of understanding; same with the mind and the self – with experience and reason. Contemporary Philosophy Late 19th Century Modern Philosophy 14th Century to the early 20th Century EDMUND HUSSERL ୨ৎ We experience our self as a unity in which the mental and physical are seamlessly woven together. RENE DESCARTES MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY 🗝 The self is a thinking thing, distinct from the body. ୨ৎ The self is embodied subjectivity. 🗝 “I think; therefore I am” The self in a philosophical paradigm ‎ DAVID HUME 🗝 There is no “self,” only a bundle of constantly ❖ The nature of the self and the source of self-knowledge changing perceptions passing through the theater of our ❖ The self’s path to genuine happiness minds. ❖ The self in relation to faith, reason, and experiences JOHN LOCKE 🗝 Personal identity is made possible by self-consciousness. ❖ The self based on independent rational inquiry and real world experimentation ❖ The interaction of the nature and nurture of the self UND_SELF | 2  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle Symbolic Interactionism (George Herbert Mead) 1.1 Sociology the self is created and developed through human interaction ★ Classical sociological perspective - The self is a relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and to social systems. Johari Window (Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham) a technique used to enhance the individual's perception of self and others. “I and the Me” Self: Two aspects of self awareness ❖ The “I” is the active aspect of the person ❖ The “me” is the socialized aspect of the person The Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley) the view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us 1.2 Psychology SIGMUND FREUD 🗝 Father of Psychoanalysis 🗝 The self is multi-tiered/multi-layered: Conscious – refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are aware of. Preconscious – experiences that are unconscious but could become conscious with little effort. Unconscious – contains all drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and behavior. How we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather from how we believe others see us. The consent of self grows out of a person's social interactions with others. UND_SELF | 3  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle Structure of the Self (Sigmund Freud) ★ When the scale is out of balance, it is the responsibility of the EGO to mediate the conflict between the ID and ★ ID [Biological Self] SUPEREGO Pleasure Principle Natural part of the self Animalistic nature of man Pleasure seeking part of the personality Determined by the genetic code Providing the raw materials Setting the boundary conditions for development The id represents the basic need of man. If it is not satisfied, it could result in stress and tension. Angered or provoked = destroy himself and surroundings. If satisfied, it could give you comfort and joy. Weak ego will lead to anxiety. Properly controlled = brings warmth and comfort. ★ SUPEREGO [Social Self] To protect the ego from anxiety, we use the following defense mechanisms: Idealistic Principle The superego incorporates the values and morals of ❖ SUBLIMATION - Suppression of unwanted society which are learned from one's parents and impulses by substituting it with creative cultural others. accomplishments. DISPLACEMENT - Redirecting unacceptable urges ★ ❖ EGO [Psychological Self] to less threatening people or objects. Reality Principle ❖ REPRESSION - When the ego is threatened, it - The only region of the mind that is in contact with unconsciously forgets to block unpleasant feelings. reality; it operates to fulfill the reality principle. ❖ REGRESSION - The ego may revert back to an - The ego constantly tries to reconcile the irrational earlier stage during times of stress or anxiety. wants of the id and the superego with the realistic ❖ PROJECTION - Attributing the unwanted impulse demands of the world. to another person. The Self As A Cognitive Construction ★ Imaginary Audience - Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique. UND_SELF | 4  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle ★ Self-Concept Self as defined by Social Comparison (Leon Festinger) - A knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals (Harter, 1999). Mental representation ✦ What we look like ✦ How we feel in different types of situation ✦ How we behave towards others ✦ What do we do at work TEMPORAL COMPARISON ✦ What are the roles we have in society - Considering your present condition in relation to ★ Self-Esteem how you were in the past. - Used to describe a person's overall sense of SOCIAL COMPARISON self-worth or personal value. - Evaluating yourself in comparison to others – using - In other words, it refers to how much you others as a basis for evaluating your attributes. appreciate and like yourself. - Self-esteem is often seen as a personality trait, TWO MODES OF SOCIAL COMPARISON which means that it tends to be stable and enduring. Upward social comparison ❖ When we compare ourselves with those who we Real and Ideal Self (Carl Rogers) believe are better than us. for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of ❖ Often focus on the desire to improve our current congruence level of ability. ❖ A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward comparisons, and usually assumes himself/herself as better or equal to the “best person”. ❖ Studies have shown that if given a chance, people choose to make upward comparisons instead of downward ones. Downward social comparison ❖ When we compare ourselves to others who are worse off than ourselves. ❖ Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities. A person's ideal self may not be consistent with what actually ❖ A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually happens in life and experiences of the person. Hence, a difference engages in this to feel better about himself/herself. may exist between a person's ideal self and actual experience. UND_SELF | 5  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle ❖ Passive downward comparison happens when a ➔ Teens often seem torn between the need to assert person takes into consideration the previous their own individual identity and the need to condition in making comparison. conform to their reference group. ex. A low performing student comparing ➔ New identities are forged in relation to work, himself/herself with a worse off student parenthood, economic status, and aging. ❖ Active downward comparison happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by ★ Self-Evaluation and Self-Enhancement demeaning or causing harm to them. By derogating ❖ Motivation plays a role in this model and is the target or causing harm to him/her, this person manifested by self-evaluation and generates a situation in which the target is self-enhancement worse off than him/her, therefore giving him/her Self-evaluation occurs when someone the chance to make a downward comparison. looks for positive traits in himself/herself ex. Pag-ipit ni Angelo kay Crysel sa elevator dahil based on the best person he/she compares mas mataas si Crysel sa comprog himself/herself with. Self-enhancement occurs when the person ★ Social Comparison : GOOD or BAD? questions which aspects of himself/herself - Social comparison is inevitable during the need to be improved to reach the level of adolescence stage because of the many changes in goodness of the person he/she is development. Adolescents increasingly turn to their comparing himself/herself with. peers who share their experiences and consequently shed light on their own experiences as 1.3 Anthropology well. - Social comparison provides the opportunity to Wolter 2013 compare and evaluate one’s abilities, opinions, WESTERN SELF social status, and physical changes (as well as - autonomous and egocentric changes in other developmental domains). NON-WESTERN/EASTERN SELF - Social comparison becomes unhealthy when one - identity shared with others and derived from a consistently uses it to validate the self and it may culture instead of a “self”. drain a person of any sense of self and leaves one unsure of who he or she is and what he or she really Individualism-Collectivism Model Markus & Kitayama (1991) wants. - Using excessive social comparison may also give a person a nagging feeling of not being good enough and will fuel envy, guilt, blame-game, or lying. ★ The Creation of Identities - One’s identity must balance the need to be similar to one’s reference group with the need to be a unique individual. ➔ Children become aware of the need for a INDIVIDUALISM group identity and are often afraid of - A human being has an individualistic nature and is acting differently an independent part of the universe and the society UND_SELF | 6  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle COLLECTIVISM - A human being is an integral part of the universe 2.0 Physical Self and the society - People are fundamentally connected ★ Physical Self - Duty towards all others is a very important matter The concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined 1.4 Eastern and Western (e.g., physical appearance and health condition). According to William James, “Physical Self/Body is ★ Asian Schools of Thought an initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality” CONFUCIAN THOUGHT Buddhism ✿ The self is the source of all sufferings. It is Siddhartha our quest to forget about the self, forget the Gautama cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self in order to attain the state of Nirvana. Hinduism ✿ Hindus believe that an individual’s action Somatic Society (Bryan Turner) Fusion of (karma) – the bad or good actions that the the sociology of the body become an established discipline in the 1990’s various Indian individual performed in a previous life cultures and determines his or her caste. traditions Taoism ✿ Self does not exist without the existence of Lao-Tzu the other. Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and opposite sensation of otherness. Bryan Turner coined the term “somatic society” which means the new found Confucianism ✿ Filial piety is a foundational concept in the importance of the body in contemporary society. Confucius thought of Confucius. It teaches how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people; focused on having a harmonious ★ Body Image social life. “The mental picture one forms of one’s body as a whole, including its physical characteristics and one’s attitudes toward these characteristics” (APA, UNPACKING THE SELF 2023) A positive body image is related to: Self-esteem and self-confidence - The self as impacted by the body Popularity with other gender - Understanding one’s identity and sexuality Assertiveness and greater participation in - The self in association to his/her possessions extracurricular activities - The self in relation to the Filipino politics Positive peer and teacher ratings and - The self in relation to a practice of a religion and evaluations connection with the divine - Self and identity in the cyberspace UND_SELF | 7  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle ★ Body Shaming Think about: Criticizing another’s appearance in front of him or What my body does for me her What I love about my body Criticizing your own appearance through a What’s unique about me judgment or comparison with another person What I can do to help my body stay strong and Criticizing another’s appearance without his or her healthy knowledge 2.1 Sexual Self ★ Biological Perspective of One’s Sex - At conception, egg and sperm unite to create a new organism that incorporates some characteristics of each parent. - The first 22 pairs are called AUTOSOMES. The last pair is known as the SEX CHROMOSOMES. Physical Self: Issues and Conflicts - Genetic basis for Sex Determination: Eating Disorders X Chromosome ❖ Anorexia Nervosa: characterized by loss of body Y Chromosome ❖ weight and refusal to eat. Bulimia Nervosa: characterized by recurrent and ★ Secondary Sex Characteristics - Visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly frequent binge eating with or without vomiting. involve the reproductive organs. ★ Erogenous Zones Body Dysmorphic Disorder - Where the libido is centered (according to Freud). ❖ characterized by a distressing and impairing - Parts of the body that experience heightened preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in sensitivity and/or signal sexual arousal of some appearance. kind. - Needs stimulation by engaging the person in How To Have A Healthier Body Image gratifying activities. ★ Body Positivity Means having a healthy body image regardless of what you look like. Means trusting that your body is doing the best it can and loving your body no matter what. UND_SELF | 8  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle us giddy, energetic, and euphoric, even leading to Psychosexual Stages of Development decreased appetite and insomnia. ➔ Attachment is the predominant factor in long-term Freud proposed that we progress into different psychosexual stages relationships. While lust and attraction are pretty of personality development. much exclusive to romantic entanglements, attachment mediates friendships, parent-infant bonding, social cordiality, and many other intimacies as well. ➔ Primary hormones: oxytocin and vasopressin. ➔ Oxytocin (cuddle hormone) is produced by the hypothalamus and released in large quantities during sex, breastfeeding, and childbirth. Sex vs. Gender ★ Sex - Sex (sometimes called biological sex, anatomical We move into these different stages due to our innate psychosexual sex, or physical sex) energies “libido” that guide our behavior. - A person’s identity based on their physical Chemistry of Lust, Attraction, and Attachment characteristics, genes, and hormones Male: Penis Female: Vagina Intersex: chromosomes and hormones of a female/male but external genital is like that of a male/female - Also refers to sexual acts, as in ‘having sex’ - Primary and Secondary Sex characteristics ★ Gender - Gender is the structure of social relations that ➔ Lust and attraction shut off the prefrontal cortex centers on the reproductive arena, and the set of of the brain, which includes rational behavior. practices that bring reproductive distinctions into ➔ The hypothalamus regulates the function of the social processes. pituitary gland to secrete hormones. - A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions ➔ The hypothalamus of the brain plays a big role in associated with a given sex; it is generally stimulating the production of the sex hormones considered to be a socially constructed concept. testosterone from the testes and estrogen from - Gender underlies assumptions regarding the ovaries. ‘Masculine’ or ‘Feminine’ behavior. ➔ Attraction involves the brain pathways that control - Refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that “reward” behavior which partly explains why the a given culture associates with a person's biological first few weeks or months of a relationship can be sex. so exhilarating and even all-consuming. - Behavior that is compatible with cultural ➔ High levels of dopamine and norepinephrine are expectations is referred to as gender - normative released during attraction. These chemicals make UND_SELF | 9  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle - Behaviors that are viewed as incompatible with ★ GENDER EXPRESSION (How you demonstrate who you are) these expectations constitute gender non - - Refers to the ways that humans choose to display conformity (APA, 2012) their gender identity to the world usually expressed Sexual Diversity through behavior, clothing, haircut, or voice. - May/may not conform to socially defined behaviors Sex and gender are often thought of as binary categories; and characteristics typically associated with being that is, we can be either male or female, or feminine or either masculine or feminine. masculine. ★ SEXUAL ORIENTATION/ATTRACTION (Who you are romantically and sexually into) However, this is a FALSE assumption. - Sexual orientation is all about who you are physically and emotionally attracted to (specifically into sexual and romantic attraction), and the labels tend to describe the relationships between your gender and the gender types you’re attracted to. Straight (Heterosexual) - Attracted to people of the opposite gender Gay/Lesbian (Homosexual) - Attracted to people of the same gender Bisexual - Can be attracted to both men Although sex can be quantified by DNA and genetic testing, and women sometimes the results are difficult to make sense of with regard to their social implications. How do children define themselves as boys or girls? ★ GENDER IDENTITY ★ Children are not born with gender schemas. (Who you think you are) - One's innermost concept of self as male, female, a CHILDREN ARE NOT BORN WITH GENDER SCHEMAS blend of both or neither – how individuals perceive - Between 18-24 months old, most children develop themselves and what they call themselves which the ability to label themselves as boys or girls. This can be the same or different from their sex ability is related to increased gender typed assigned at birth. preferences: - Gender identity is self identified. As a result of a preference for stereotyped toys (e.g., boys combination of inherent and extrinsic or preferring trucks and girls preferring dolls) environmental factors. preference for play behaviors (e.g., rough - CISGENDER: A person whose gender identity and tumble play in boys, cooperative play in matches his or her assigned sex girls) - TRANSGENDER: A person whose lived experiences preference for same-sex playmates do not match his or her assigned sex Transwoman - person whose assigned sex ★ Gender Stereotypes is male and identifies as a woman - Sociocultural standards of appropriate dress, Transman - person whose assigned sex is action, or role based on sex. female and identifies as a man UND_SELF | 10  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle - Psychotherapy: open-ended exploration of feelings and experiences of gender identity and expression, BIOLOGICAL ✿ Prenatal hormones in children’s behavior without the therapist having any pre-defined and selection of activities gender identity or expression outcome defined as preferable to another ex. the role of increased androgen in female fetuses predisposes girls to choose - Family, couple, and peer therapy: creation of a “masculine” activities in their play supportive environment for sharing and validating experiences PSYCHOLOGICAL ✿ Identification with the same-sex parent ex. children experiences series of events CHALLENGES where they see the father and mother as - Stigmatization, bullying, and victimization male and female gender role models (increased hate crimes than the general public) that may contribute to negative self-image and mental SOCIAL ✿ Imitation of behaviors seen in others and health problems media ex. children learn gender roles by observing The Church and Sexuality and imitating the behaviors of other children and adults ★ Sexual Intercourse - The two primary purposes of sexual intercourse are: ★ Gender Dysphoria “UNITIVE” (unite the couple) - The DSM-5-TR* defines gender dysphoria in “PROCREATIVE” (create more people) adolescents and adults as a marked incongruence - Pope Francis has repeatedly spoken about the need between one’s experienced/expressed gender and for the Catholic Church to welcome and love all their assigned gender, lasting at least 6 months, as people regardless of sexual orientation. manifested by at least two of the following: ★ Sexually Transmitted Infections - The Philippines has the fastest growing HIV epidemic in Asia and the Pacific Region. - 237% increase in annual new HIV infections from 2010 to 2020 - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) TREATMENT related death have increased by 315% from 2010 to - Gender affirmation: 2020 Social affirmation by changing pronouns - Total HIV prevalence in the Philippines is less than Legal affirmation by changing gender 1% markers on government issued documents - Total estimated number of Filipinos living with HIV Medical affirmation by gender-affirming in 2020 has reached 115,100 hormones (estrogen/testosterone - If rapid increase in new infections is sustained, the treatment) estimated number of Filipinos living with HIV will Surgical affirmation by breast triple by 2030 reaching over 330,000. augmentation or masculine chest reconstruction UND_SELF | 11  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle ★ HIV and AIDS - Mutual monogamy means that you agree to be - TRANSMITTED THROUGH: sexually active with only one person, who has Unprotected sex agreed to be sexually active only with you. Drug addicts Blood transfusion 2.2 Material Self Pregnancy Non-sterile instruments ★ Material Self - NOT TRANSMITTED THROUGH: - Refers to tangible objects, people, or places that Touching carry the designation me, my, or mine Food - According to William James, “A man’s self is the Kissing sum total of all that he can call his” Insect bites - Bodily Self: refers to any part of our body; entities Swimming in pools that are clearly an intimate part of who we are - Extended Self: refers to anything that is beyond Philippine Laws on HIV/AIDS our physical body (psychological ownership) REPUBLIC ACT 8504 (RA 8504) Functions of Possessions - Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 - Full protection of human rights and civil liberties of POSSESSIONS CAN GO BEYOND THEIR FUNCTIONAL every person suspected or known to have VALUE HIV/AIDS - Influence REPUBLIC ACT 11166 (RA 11166) - Power - This new law attempts to address discrepancies of - Sympathy RA 8504 - Social status - It defines HIV and AIDS education as a right, and - Emotions also ensures free treatment provided and stricter policies to enact against discrimination ★ Symbolic Communication Model - Allows minor from 15-17 years old to undergo HIV - Possessions can enhance one’s image and develop a testing without parental consent with assistance of positive sense of self. licensed health or social worker - It can be a reassurance that one is the person one’s wishes to be. How to avoid STIs and AIDS - Goods and possessions are used to fill in or to compensate for what the person lacks. ABSTINENCE - Possession helps people define themselves. - The most reliable way to avoid infection is to not - There’s an observation that one’s possessions are have sex (i.e., anal, vaginal or oral). considered a part of oneself. They are symbols and VACCINATION extensions of the personal and social aspects of his - Vaccines are safe, effective, and recommended or her identity/personhood. ways to prevent hepatitis B and HPV. MUTUAL MONOGAMY ★ Pets and the Self - Pets have become parts of the extended self. UND_SELF | 12  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle - Positive relationship between self-esteem and Materialism across the Lifespan owning pets (Covert et al, 1985) - The dog as “co-therapist” (Levinson, 1962) ★ Conspicuous Consumption - Consumers own high-priced, status-oriented goods to impress others and to convince them of their Note to self: Turn these into purple after prelims high social status. Materialism and Well-Being High materialism is associated with decreased level of overall well being. Low: life satisfaction, positive affect, selfesteem, ★ Materialism ❖ flow (i.e., focus or engagement), academic - The importance a consumer attaches to worldly performance possessions. ❖ High: negative affect, anxiety, depression, health - The extent to which consumption becomes the risk (e.g., substance use), and impulsive behavior primary source of satisfaction, as well as the (e.g., impulsive buying) dominant mode of motivation. ❖ Psychological Factors of Materialism: - A person who has strong materialism strives to - Feelings of insecurity can lead to higher acquire money and material goods to achieve materialism. certain psychological benefits such as: - Insecurity factors: self-uncertainty, attractive image exposure to parental conflict, loneliness, high social status and recognition fear, poverty, and social comparison. greater happiness ★ Loss of Possessions - The loss of possessions is usually traumatic for most people since they identify themselves with their possessions. UND_SELF | 13  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle - When people lose their possessions, they feel like conflict among individuals or parties having or they have lost a part of themselves. hoping to achieve power. The activities of governments concerning the political relations between countries. The set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. ★ Active Citizenship Structured forms of engagement with political processes and everyday forms of participation in a society. Engaging in such activities can also enhance efficacy and competence of the younger generation, as they are considered to be the “future leaders of ★ Possessions as Unstable Meanings the society” - Meaning is in a constant state of flux. The Ideal Filipino Citizen - Cultural categories of people that help shape identity are subject to constant manipulation by An ideal citizen can be a person who follows laws, protects individuals, social groups, and marketing agents. and takes care of the environment, and contributes to the - Meanings of objects that are used to make visible welfare of other people. and stabilize the categories of culture are also subject to frequent change through their appropriation in advertising, in television programming, and among social subgroups. Article XIV, Sec. 3 par. 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution 2.3 Political Self An ideal citizen is patriotic and nationalistic, fosters love of humanity, has respect for human rights, appreciates the role of ★ Politics national heroes, knows the rights and duties of citizenship, has The activities associated with the governance of a strong ethical and spiritual values, and has good moral character country or other area, especially the debate or and personal discipline. UND_SELF | 14  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle Politics, Citizenship, and the Self POLITICS AS IMBIBED BY MAN IMPLIES SEVERAL THINGS: ❖ concerned with power ❖ functions based on a particular social, economic, and cultural context ❖ based on one’s personality ❖ goes hand in hand with the society Political Self among Filipinos in the Present ★ Religion The SWS survey was conducted through face-to-face interviews with 1,440 An organized system of ideas about the spiritual or adults 18 years old and above. supernatural realm, that is accompanied by rituals. Through rituals, people attempt to influence things that they think are beyond their control. ★ Spirituality Also concerns an aspect of the divine and supernatural but is oftentimes limited to the individual, with no need for any formal organization. This is the search for meaning and direction in life. One out of 4 Filipinos looks for senatorial candidates who "will not be corrupt" RELIGIONS HAVE 2 TYPES OF RITUALS/RITU: (random additional info na wala sa module) ACCORDING TO THE CALENDAR AND BASED ON CRISIS OTHER FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE ❖ Fasting (Pag-aayuno) PREVALENCE OF PERSONALITY POLITICS: ❖ Healing (Panggagamot) - Populist Appeal ❖ Offering (Pag-aalay) - Emotional Appeal ❖ Attending mass (Pagmimisa) - Vote Buying and Patronage ❖ Praying a novena (Pagnonobena) - Lack of Issue-Based Campaigns ❖ Praying the rosary (Pagrorosaryo) - Media Dominance ❖ Senakulo (Passion Play) - Celebrity Politicians ❖ “Panalanging walang patid” 2.4 Spiritual Self The two are related: Although not separate from one another, spirituality is considered more profound than religion. UND_SELF | 15  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle Adolescent Faith Development ★ Logotherapy (Fowler, 1981) (Victor Frankl) Aids individuals to find personal meaning of life, whatever life situation they may be. Someone – someone special, friend, children, and family. Deed, Act or Work – finding fulfillment and/or being passionate about one’s work/deed. Suffering – through rumination/contemplation, we get to have a deeper sense of our self and experiences. ★ Synthetic Conventional Stage (age 12 to 16) Conformity to authority and the religious development of a personal identity. Any conflicts with one's beliefs are ignored at this stage due to the fear or threat from inconsistencies. a form of psychotherapy that is focused on the future and on our ability to Begins asking “Who is God?” endure hardship and suffering through a search for purpose. ★ Individuative-Reflective Stage (age 17 and above) Stage of angst and struggle. Are the Gen Z’s losing their religion? The individual takes personal responsibility for his or her beliefs and feelings. ★ Generation Z and Millennials: Disaffiliation from As one is able to reflect on one's own beliefs, there religious communities (Manalang, A. T., 2021) is an openness to a new complexity of faith, but this Most Gen Z and minority Millennials report also increases the awareness of conflicts in one's themselves as spiritual. belief. Tend to highly regard their parents and grandparents who tend to be deeply religious. SPIRITUALITY Family plays a strong role in religious (Yabut, 2013) ❖ A phenomenological experience. socialization and due to these intergenerational ❖ Involves the individual pursuit of finding meaning ties, they are unlikely to “come out” as unbelievers that may include having a relationship with a higher in the church. being, connection with the cosmic energy or the universe, or the experiential process of being BELIEVING WITHOUT BELONGING human. ❖ Millennials and Gen Z identify themselves as spiritual who believe in a God, but they do not find Logotherapy religious practice/ritual as an important aspect (e.g., going to church). UND_SELF | 16  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle ❖ They report going to church out of the “family Mobile computing thing” and not break their parents’ hearts, avoid Artificial intelligence conflicts, and maintain family approval. Virtual reality ❖ When left with their devices and without family, Augmented reality they won’t attend church. ★ Social Media and Mental Health ★ Losing my religion: the social sources of religious More than 30 minutes of social media use is decline in early adulthood associated with higher levels of internalizing (Uecker, J. E., Regnerus, M. D., & Vaaler, M. L. 2007) symptoms (anxiety, depression) and externalizing - Higher Education symptoms (bullying, aggression) among Expands one’s horizons and greater adolescents. exposure to countercultural values Longer social media use is associated with higher - Normative Deviance levels of stress, lower self-esteem, diminished Nonmarital sexual activity, alcohol level of well-being. consumption, marijuana use are associated Social media use is associated with lower levels of with declining religiosity physical activity, more frequent sleeping problems, Lifestyle was no longer compatible with and higher levels of substance use (alcohol, participation in the church cigarettes, drugs). - Life Course Factors Social media use for leisure or socialization along Cohabitation and religion continue to be at with structured activities (exercise, study, book odds reading) was associated with higher levels of Weak religious socialization well-being indicators or lower psychological distress. Social media use in the height of the pandemic 2.5 Digital Self mitigated feelings of isolation and loneliness and served as a humorous coping tool. ★ Cyberpsychology New field within applied psychology Self and Identity in the Cyberspace A branch of psychology that examines: how we interact with others using IDENTITY technology ❖ Development of one’s self-concept, including one’s how our behavior is influenced by thoughts and feelings about oneself. technology how technology can be developed to best suit our needs how our psychological states can be affected by technologies Mainly focused in the world wide web specifically Social Media Other technologies involved: Online and offline gaming such as video games DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP UND_SELF | 17  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle (Council of Europe, 2019) ❖ Being Online: Information related to how we engage and exist online, it comprises three digital domains: access and inclusion, learning and creativity, and media and information literacy. ❖ Well-being Online: Information related to how we feel online, comprising another three digital domains: ethics and empathy, health and well-being, and e-presence and communications. ★ Internet Gaming Disorder A pattern of excessive and prolonged internet ❖ Rights Online: Information related to being gaming that results in a cluster of cognitive and accountable online, comprising the final four digital behavioral symptoms, including progressive loss of domains: active participation, rights and control over gaming, tolerance, and withdrawal responsibilities, privacy and security and symptoms, analogous to the symptoms of substance consumer awareness. use disorders. Digital World Issues and Conflicts ★ Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) Exists when an individual is anxious of being left out and feels the constant need to know what the others are doing. It is an anxiety that emanates from the feeling that you are not up to date because of the phase social ★ Cancel Culture media and news pass very quickly. A cultural phenomenon in which an individual thought to have acted or spoken in an unacceptable manner is ostracized, boycotted, shunned, fired or assaulted, often aided by social media. ex. ★ Screen Dependency Disorder ex. Dependent, problematic behavior, including withdrawal symptoms or increasing tolerance (for screen use). Failure to reduce or stop screen activities, lying about the extent of use, loss of outside interests, and continuation of screen use despite adverse consequences. UND_SELF | 18