URM112 Introduction To Computers - Fall 2024 PDF

URM112 Introduction to Computers Week 1,2 1.1 Computers & Computer Science  What is a Computer? – The Evolution of Computers. – Computer Science? – Informatics? 2. Binary versus Decimal Numeral System FALL2024 Course Details Course Code...

URM112 Introduction to Computers Week 1,2 1.1 Computers & Computer Science  What is a Computer? – The Evolution of Computers. – Computer Science? – Informatics? 2. Binary versus Decimal Numeral System FALL2024 Course Details Course Code URM112 Course Name Introduction to Computers Coordinating Unit Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Systems and Computer Sciences, October 6th University Term Semester 1 (Fall-2024) Level Undergraduate – Level 1 2 TentativeAssessmentSummary[ GradingPolicy] The Assessment for this subject consists of five components with the following weightings (grading breakdown): 1) Final Written Exam: 40% 2) Final Practical Lab Exam: 20% 3) Midterm Written Exam: 20% 4) Quizzes (written, practical, and/or online): 10% 5) Lectures: 10% Attendance and Participation during the Labs. (Sections) are obligatory. Be an Effective Learner.. o Have the desire to seek knowledge and acquire new skills (be inquisitive / curious). o Ask questions. o Be an avid (keen & passionate) reader. o Be an attentive / focused listener. o Find your preferred learning style.. &.. Learn in multiple ways. o Do NOT memorize. o Embrace Discomfort. o Practice, practice, practice (you must gain practical experience). o Teach what you’ve learned to another person. o Use testing to boost / improve learning. o Avoid multitasking. o Make use of Memory Improvement Basics. o Draw up a schedule. o Examine your lifestyle. o Create a study station. Classroom Code of Conduct Be punctual & prepared to study: - Attend all classes including online and face-to-face classes. - Arrive to all classes on time. - Keep all handouts & work in a folder and make sure they are well organised. - Prepare yourself for your classes. Participate in the classroom: - Participate in class. - Respect yourself, your teachers, and your classmates. - Turn mobile phones off or put them on silent mode before entering the classroom. - Adopt a professional attitude - no eating, side-talk, etc. Study independently: - Study outside the classroom as part of your student effort (about 6 to 8 hours per week). - Complete all homework assignments and hand them in on time. - Use the University/Faculty facilities (e.g., the library) and online resources. Respect University regulations: - Follow (University, Faculty, Department, and Programme) regulations. - Know the due date of all assessments, submit them by that date & in the required format. - Understand what you need to successfully progress. - Maintain academic honesty (academic integrity & plagiarism). 17 Contents Lecture1: 1.1 Computers & Computer Science  What is a Computer?  The Evolution of Computers  Computer Science?  Informatics? 2. Binary versus Decimal Numeral System 3. Representation  ASCII & UNICODE  RGB, Pixels, Videos, & Audio  Computer Graphics, Computer Vision, Image& Signal Processing  What is a Computer?  The term computer is derived from the word compute; that is, to calculate.  A computer is.. a programmable, electronic device that accepts data (input), performs operations on that data (processing), and stores the data (storage) or results (output) as needed. Thus, these are a computers basic operations.  Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform. 4  The Evolution of Computers Ismail al-Jazari; George Boole; Invented Ada Lovelace; Boolean logic, the basis of Invented the first Writer of the world's modern digital computer programmable first computer program. logic. humanoid robots in 1206. Alan Turing; Father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. 5  Computer Science? - Computer science is the study of computation and information. - Computer science is fundamentally problem-solving. -We can think of problem-solving as the process of taking some input (details about our problem) and generate some output (the solution to our problem). The “black box” in the middle is computer science. Computer Science input → → output 1 0  Computer Science? o Data; Raw, unorganized facts (can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video). o Information; Data that has been processed into a meaningful form. o Information Processing; Converting data into information Information Processing data → → information (data + meaning) 1 1  Computer Science? Its fields can be divided into various theoretical and practical disciplines. Computer Programming Concepts & Data Structures Algorithms Databases Languages Science Data/Digital Parallel & Operating Computer Communication Distributed Systems Architecture & Computer Computation Networks Computer Human– Digital Signal & Security & Software Computer Image Cryptography Engineering Interaction Processing Artificial Computer Computer Intelligence & Graphics Vision Robotics Machine Learning Statistics Linear Algebra Discrete Math.. 1 2  Informatics? o ".. Scientific progress increasingly depends on our ability to harness and apply tools and techniques from the computer and information sciences." o ".. This application of methods from the computer and information sciences in other fields of science is not just a happy accident; it is also a field in its own right — one commonly referred to as informatics." o ".. Prefix that term with – usually – a Greek root or two and you get terms like bioinformatics, neuro-informatics, psycho- informatics, and ecoinformatics, all are well-established subfields responsible for many of the most exciting recent discoveries in their parent disciplines." Psychoinformatics: New Horizons at the Interface of the Psychological and Computing Sciences - Tal Yarkoni - Current Directions in Psychological Science 2012 21: 391 - DOI: 10.1177/0963721412457362 9  Informatics? Examples: o Psycho-informatics; "an emerging [research] discipline that uses tools and techniques from the computer and information sciences to improve the acquisition, organization, and synthesis of psychological data." o Ecoinformatics (a.k.a. ecological informatics); the application of computer/information science in Ecology and Environmental science. o Business Informatics (BI); a discipline combining economics, business administration, information technology, and concepts of computer science. o Geographic Information Science (GIScience / GISc); a discipline that studies the techniques to capture, represent, process, and analyze geographic information (using Geographic Information Systems "GIS", which are software tools). o Engineering Informatics; the study of use of information and the design of information structures that facilitate the practice of engineering. o Astroinformatics; a field of study involving the combination of astronomy, data science, machine learning, informatics, and communications technologies. o Disaster Informatics (a.k.a. Crisis informatics); the study of the use of information & technology in the preparation, mitigation, response, and 10 recovery phases of disasters and other emergencies.  Informatics? More Examples: o Health informatics; is a field that concerns the generation, processing, storage, and use of health-related data, information, and knowledge. There is a great diversity in the sub-disciplines of health informatics, including: Health Informatics Biomedical Medical Clinical Bioinformatics Informatics Informatics Informatics Nursing Pharmacy Public Health.. Informatics Informatics Informatics 11  Exercises What have we learned?  What is a computer? And what is Computer Science?  What’s the difference between data and information?  Mention 5 computer science disciplines (fields).  Define informatics. Lecture1: 1.1 Computers & Computer Science  What is a Computer?  The Evolution of Computers  Computer Science?  Informatics? 2. Binary versus Decimal Numeral System 3. Representation  ASCII & UNICODE  RGB, Pixels, Videos, & Audio  Computer Graphics, Computer Vision, Image& Signal Processing WhytheBinaryRepresentation? Weneedawaytorepresentinputsand outputs,suchthatwecanstore,work-with, &displayinformationinastandardway. 50 DecimalVs. Binary NumberSystems 51 When we first learned to count, we might have used one finger to represent one thing. That system is called unary. When we learned to write numbers with the digits 0 through 9, we learned to use decimals (Arabic numeral system): 0123456789 52 Digital devices understand only two different states: ON and OFF.. 01 53 Why does the following represent one hundred and twenty-three? 123 54  123 1 The 3 is in the ones column. 10 The 2 is in the tens column. 123 100 And.. The 1 is in the hundreds column. 123 55 Each place for a digit represents a power of ten, since there are ten possible digits for each place. 100 10 1 123 100 × 1 + 10 × 2 + 1×3 56 100 10 1 100 10 1 000 006 001 007 002 008 003 009 004 ….? 005 57 100 10 1 100 10 1 000 006 001 007 002 008 003 009 004 010 005 58 In binary, with just two digits, we have powers of two for each place value: 4 2 1 000 24 So, Decimal (powers of 10).. 102 101 100 000.. versus Binary (powers of 2). 22 21 20 000 25 Counting in Binary.. 4 2 1 000 61 Counting in Binary.. 4 2 1 001 62 Counting in Binary.. 4 2 1 010 63 Counting in Binary.. 4 2 1 011 64 Counting in Binary.. 4 2 1 100 65 Counting in Binary.. 4 2 1 101 66 Counting in Binary.. 4 2 1 110 67 Counting in Binary.. 4 2 1 111 68 How can we represent 8 in binary? 69 Binary makes sense for computers because we power them with electricity, which can be either on or off, so each bit only needs to be on or off. bit In a computer, there are millions, or billions of switches called transistors that can store electricity and represent a bit by being “on” or “off”. 70 With enough bits, or binary digits, computers can count to any number. bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit byte 8 bits make up one byte. 71 What is the value of the following byte? 72  Binary Data Representation: Computer memory is normally represented in terms of Kilobytes or Megabytes. In the Metric System, one Kilo represents 1000 grams, that is 103. In the Binary System, one Kilobytes represent 1024 bytes, that is 210. The following table shows the representation of various memory sizes: Name Abbreviation Size (in bytes) Kilo K 210 Mega M 220 Giga G 230 Tera T 240 Petta P 250 Exa E 260 Zetta Z 270 Yotta Y 280  Exercises What have we learned?  Define the Decimal and Binary number systems, and the differences between them.  How can we represent the following decimal values in binary: 2, 3, 7, 8, 50, 60, 100, 127, 128, 255, 256.