Intro to Computing Technology PDF

04170103 Introduction to Computing Technology Course Contents Part I: Introduction to Computers - System Unit. - Processing Unit. - I/O Devices. - Storage System. Part II: Coding - Data Types and Data Representation. - Number Systems. - Complements. - Arithmetic Addition and Subtraction. Par...

04170103 Introduction to Computing Technology Course Contents Part I: Introduction to Computers - System Unit. - Processing Unit. - I/O Devices. - Storage System. Part II: Coding - Data Types and Data Representation. - Number Systems. - Complements. - Arithmetic Addition and Subtraction. Part III: Compression Techniques - Entropy and Information. - Lossy and Lossless Compression. - Theoretical Limits of Lossless Data Compression. - Compression Algorithms.  Dr Shaimaa Elmorsy Email: [email protected]  Grading System 60% Final 30% Course Work – Assignments – Quizzes – Attendance 10% Oral  Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers? Why do you need basic computer literacy? List all the ways we use computers in our lives.. Looking up information and news Exchanging e-mail … 5  What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?  Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed  Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform  5 Basic Computer operations  Input: Entering data into the computer  Processing: Performing operations on the data  Output: Presenting the results (information)  Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use  Communications: Sending or receiving data 6 What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? 7  Data vs. Information Data – Raw, unorganized facts – Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information – Data that has been processed into a meaningful form Information processing – Converting data into information 8  Computer Users and Professionals Computer users (end users) – People who use a computer to obtain information Computer professionals include: – Programmers Write programs computers use – Systems analysts Design computer systems – Computer operations personnel Manage day-to-day computer operations – Security specialists Secure computers and networks against hackers 9  Computer Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer – Internal hardware Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer – External hardware Located outside the system unit Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection – There is hardware associated with all five computer operations 10  Hardware Input devices – Used to input data into the computer – Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, joysticks, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc. Processing devices – Perform calculations and control computer’s operation – Central processing unit (CPU) and memory Output devices – Present results to the user – Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc. 11  Hardware Storage devices – Used to store data on or access data from storage media – Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc. Communications devices – Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information – Modems, network adapters, etc. 12  Computers to Fit Every Need Six basic categories of computers: – Embedded computers – Mobile devices – Personal computers – Midrange servers – Mainframe computers – Supercomputers 13  Category 1: Embedded Computers Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product Cannot be used as general-purpose computers Often embedded into: – Household appliances – Thermostats – Sewing machines – Cars 14  Category 2: Mobile Devices Mobile device: A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability Typically based on mobile phones Typically have small screens and keyboards Examples: – Smartphones – Handheld gaming devices – Portable digital media players 15  Category 3: Personal Computers (PCs) Personal computer: A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk – Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one – Can be PC- compatible or Macintosh – Not designed to be portable 16  Category 3: Personal Computers (PCs)….. Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use clamshell design Tablet computers: Can be slate tablets or convertible tablets Netbooks: Small notebooks; rapidly growing type of PC Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs): Handheld computers Convertible Tablet  Thin Client and Internet Appliances Thin client or network computer (NC) – Device designed to access a network for processing and data storage – Lower cost, increased security and easier maintenance – Limited or no local storage – Not able to function as a computer if network is down Internet appliance – Specialized network computer designed for Internet access and/or e-mail exchange – Some designed to be used in the home 18 Thin Client and Internet Appliances… – Can be built into another product such as a refrigerator or telephone console – Can be a stand-alone device – Can include Internet-enabled gaming consoles 19  Category 4: Midrange Servers Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network – Users connect via a network with a computer or dumb terminal 20  Category 5: Mainframe Computers Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by several large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data – Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices – Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network – Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers – Usually operate 24 hours a day – Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers 21  Category 6: Supercomputers Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer – Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible – Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers, supercomputing cluster – Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites, decision support systems, 3D applications, etc. 22