CSC-110 Computing Fundamentals Lecture Notes PDF

CSC-110 COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Rizwan Iqbal WEEKLY LESSON PLAN  Computing Fundamentals Weekly Lesson Plan EVALUATION MARKS INSTRUMENTS ASSIGNMENTS 5 QUIZZES [4 EACH 2.5 10 MARKS] MARKING MID-TERM EXAMINATION...

CSC-110 COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Rizwan Iqbal WEEKLY LESSON PLAN  Computing Fundamentals Weekly Lesson Plan EVALUATION MARKS INSTRUMENTS ASSIGNMENTS 5 QUIZZES [4 EACH 2.5 10 MARKS] MARKING MID-TERM EXAMINATION 20 SCHEME PRESENTATION+REPO 15 RT FINAL TERM 50 EXAMINATION TOTAL 100  CSC-110 COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS COURSE INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. REEMA QAISER KHAN INTRODUCTION  Computers are an important part of our lives.  They are used for the reservation of tickets for airplanes and railway, payment of telephone and electricity bills, deposit and withdrawal of money from banks, processing of business data, forecasting of weather conditions, diagnosis of diseases, searching for information on the internet, etc. INTRODUCTION Compute A computer is The an electronic r word The machine that performs accepts data compute word from the user, both r is compute processes the simple data by and derived means performing complex calculations from the to and operation word calculat operations on it, and s, with compute e. generates the speed desired output. results. and accuracy. DATA AND INFORMATION DATA AND INFORMATION DATA INFORMATIO Ahmed N 12 Physics Test Ayesha 12 Marks 4 4 Akram 20 20 5 Maham 15 5 10 Abdul 15 Marium DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMPUTERS  A digital computer uses distinct values to represent the data internally. All information is represented using 0’s and 1’s.  The computers that we use at our homes and offices are digital computers.  Analog computer is another kind of computer that represents data as variable across a continuous range of values.  Analog computers are used for measuring of parameters that vary continuously in real time, such as temperature, pressure and voltage.  Digital computers are more accurate as compared to Analog computers. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER  Speed: The computer can process data fast, million of instructions per second. Some calculations that would have taken hours and days to complete otherwise, can be completed in a few seconds using the computer.  Accuracy: Computers provide a high degree of accuracy.  Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the computer does not get tired or fatigued. It can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy from the start till the end. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER  Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the computer and also retrieved whenever required.  Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can perform different types of tasks with the same ease. At one moment you can use the computer to prepare a letter document and in the next moment you can play music or print a document. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER  The computers are broadly classified into four categories based on their size and type. 1. Microcomputers 2. Minicomputers 3. Mainframe Computers 4. Supercomputers MICROCOMPUTERS  Microcomputers are:  Small  Low-cost  Single-user digital computer.  Microcomputers include desktop computers, notebook computers or laptop, tablet computer, handheld computer, and smart phones. MICROCOMPUTE RS MINICOMPUTERS  Computer that is smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than a mainframe or supercomputer, but more expensive and more powerful than a personal computer.  Minicomputers are used for scientific and engineering computations, business-transaction processing, file handling, and database management, and are often now referred to as small or midsize servers.  Minicomputers can handle 4-200 users simultaneously.  PDP 11, IBM (8000 series) are some widely used minicomputers. MINICOMPUTERS PDP 11 IBM (8000 series) MAINFRAME COMPUTERS  A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously.  They operate at a very high speed.  They have a very storage capacity.  Can handle the workload of many users.  They are powerful systems generally used in centralized databases.  Examples are CDC 66000 and IBM ES000 series. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS CDC 66000 SUPERCOMPUTERS  Supercomputers are the fastest and the most expensive machines.  They have high processing speed compared to other computers.  Some of the fastest supercomputers can perform trillions of calculations per second.  Supercomputers are used for highly calculation intensive tasks, such as, weather forecasting, climate research (global warming), molecular research, biological research, nuclear research, and aircraft design. SUPERCOMPUTERS THE COMPUTER SYSTEM  The computer consists of four parts: 1.Hardware 2.Software 3.Data 4.Users THE COMPUTER SYSTEM-HARDWARE  Hardware consists of the mechanical parts that make up the computer as a machine. The hardware consists of physical devices of the computer. The devices are required for input, output, storage and processing of the data. Keyboard, monitor, hard disk drive, floppy disk drive, printer, processor and motherboard are some of the hardware devices. THE COMPUTER SYSTEM- SOFTWARE  Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer about the tasks to be performed and how these tasks are to be performed.  Program is a set of instructions, written in a language understood by the computer, to perform a specific task. A set of programs and documents are collectively called software. THE COMPUTER SYSTEM- SOFTWARE  The hardware of the computer system cannot perform any task on its own. The hardware needs to be instructed about the task to be performed. Software instructs the computer about the task to be performed. The hardware carries out these tasks. THE COMPUTER SYSTEM- DATA  Data are isolated values or raw facts, which by themselves have no much significance. For example, the data like 29, January, and 1994 just represent values. The data is provided as input to the computer, which is processed to generate some meaningful information.  For example, 29, January and 1994 are processed by the computer to give the date of birth of a person. THE COMPUTER SYSTEM- USERS  Users are people who write computer programs or interact with the computer. They are also known as liveware. Programmers, data entry operators, system analyst and computer hardware engineers fall into this category. THE INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT CONCEPT  A computer is an electronic device that (1) accepts data, (2) processes data, (3) generates output, and (4) stores data. The concept of generating output information from the input data is also referred to as Input-Process-Output Concept. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT THE INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT CONCEPT COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE  The computer system hardware comprises of three main components: 1. Input/Output (I/O) units 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 3. Memory Unit COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE  The I/O unit consists of the input unit and the output unit.  CPU performs calculations and processing on the input data, to generate the output.  The memory unit is used to store the data, the instructions and the output information. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE  CPU consists of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU).  ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations on the input data.  CU controls the overall operations of the computer i.e. it checks the sequence of execution of instructions, and, controls and coordinates the overall functioning of the units of computer.  Additionally, CPU also has a set of registers for temporary storage of data, instructions, addresses and intermediate results of calculation. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS  ACTIVITY  Identify the different application of computers in different fields: 1. Education 2. Entertainment 3. Sports 4. Advertising 5. Medicine 6. Science and Engineering 7. Home 8. Government