Week 01 - Introduction to Computers and Computing PDF

**Lecture Notes -- Week 1: Introduction to Computers and Computing** -------------------------------------------------------------------- Prepared by: Aris Dela Rea ### **Objectives:** - Define computer and its components. - Identify different types of computers based on size, purpose, and...

**Lecture Notes -- Week 1: Introduction to Computers and Computing** -------------------------------------------------------------------- Prepared by: Aris Dela Rea ### **Objectives:** - Define computer and its components. - Identify different types of computers based on size, purpose, and functionality. - Explain the history of computing, including key milestones and figures. - Demonstrate basic computer hardware knowledge through hands-on activities. ### **Materials:** - Computers with internet access - Projector or whiteboard - Optional: Physical computer components for hands-on activities **Part 1: Defining Computers and Components** **A computer is an electronic device capable of receiving, storing, processing, and outputting information.** It is a versatile tool that can perform a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex problem-solving. **Here are some common uses of computers in daily life:** - **Communication:** Computers are essential for communication, allowing us to send emails, make video calls, and connect with people around the world. - **Information Access:** Computers provide access to a vast amount of information through the internet, allowing us to research topics, learn new skills, and stay updated on current events. - **Entertainment:** Computers are used for playing games, watching movies, listening to music, and enjoying other forms of entertainment. - **Education:** Computers are used in schools and universities for teaching, learning, and research. - **Business:** Computers are essential for businesses, used for everything from accounting and customer management to marketing and sales. - **Creativity:** Computers are used for creative activities such as graphic design, video editing, and music production. These are just a few examples of how computers are used in our daily lives. The versatility of computers has made them an indispensable tool in modern society. **Definition:** A **computer is an electronic device capable of receiving, storing, processing, and outputting information.** It\'s essentially a tool that can follow instructions and perform tasks based on those instructions. Think of it as a digital brain that can process data and produce results. **Components of a Computer** ---------------------------- A computer is composed of two main categories of components: **hardware** and **software**. ### **Hardware** Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer. Here are some key components: - **Central Processing Unit (CPU):** Often referred to as the \"brain\" of the computer, the CPU processes instructions and performs calculations. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes them, processing data and managing control flow. Factors like clock speed, number of cores, cache, and instruction set architecture affect CPU performance. Common CPU types include x86 (Intel/AMD), ARM (mobile devices), and RISC-V (open-source). - **The motherboard** is the central hub of a computer system, connecting all the essential components together. It\'s a printed circuit board (PCB) with various slots and sockets for inserting different hardware components. Think of it as the backbone of the computer, facilitating communication and data transfer between the various parts. In essence, the motherboard is a crucial component that determines the capabilities and performance of a computer system. Key functions of the motherboard include: - **Providing a physical platform:** It serves as the foundation for mounting and connecting all the components of the computer, such as the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and expansion cards. - **Facilitating communication:** The motherboard contains a complex network of electrical pathways and connectors that allow different components to communicate and exchange data. - **Managing power distribution:** It ensures that all components receive the necessary power to function properly. - **Supporting expansion:** The motherboard often includes expansion slots (like PCI, PCIe) that allow for the addition of new components, such as graphics cards or sound cards. - **Random Access Memory (RAM):** is a type of computer memory that is used to store data that the computer is currently using. Unlike long-term storage devices like hard drives or solid-state drives, RAM is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is turned off. RAM is essential for a computer\'s operations because it allows the CPU to quickly access and process data. When a program is running, the computer loads the necessary instructions and data into RAM, where the CPU can access them directly. This makes programs run much faster than if the data had to be constantly read from and written to slower storage devices. - **Storage Devices:** These include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives (CD/DVD drives). They store data permanently. - Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Traditional storage devices that store data on magnetic disks. - Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Faster storage devices that use flash memory. - Optical Drives (CD/DVD): Used for reading and writing data on optical discs. - **Input Devices:** Devices used to enter data into the computer, such as keyboards, mice, scanners, and webcams. - Keyboard - Mouse - Scanner - Webcam - **Output Devices:** Devices used to display or output data, such as monitors, printers, and speakers. - Monitor - Printer - Speakers ### **Software** Software refers to the instructions or programs that tell the computer what to do. It can be divided into two main categories: - **System software** is the foundation upon which a computer operates. It manages the computer\'s resources, such as the CPU, memory, and storage, and provides a platform for other programs to run. Think of it as the operating system of a computer. System software plays a crucial role in the overall performance and functionality of a computer. It ensures that hardware components work together seamlessly, manages the allocation of resources, and provides a user interface for interacting with the computer. Examples include operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) and utility programs. - Operating Systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) - Utility programs (e.g., antivirus, disk cleaners) - **Application software** is the type of software that users interact with directly to perform specific tasks. It sits on top of the operating system and provides a user interface for various functions. Think of it as the tools you use to accomplish your goals on a computer. Application software is essential for a wide range of tasks and activities, from work and education to entertainment and communication. Examples of application software include: - **Productivity tools:** Word processors (like Microsoft Word or Google Docs), spreadsheets (like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets), and presentation software (like Microsoft PowerPoint or Google Slides). - **Creative software:** Graphic design programs (like Adobe Photoshop or Canva), video editing software (like Adobe Premiere Pro or DaVinci Resolve), and music production software (like Ableton Live or FL Studio). - **Games:** Computer games of various genres, from casual games to complex simulations. - **Web browsers:** Programs used to access and navigate the internet (like Chrome, Firefox, Safari). These components work together to enable a computer to perform various tasks and functions. **Questions:** 1\. What is the brain of the computer? The answer is the CPU. While the CPU is often referred to as the brain, it\'s not technically correct. 2\. RAM is the HW component responsible for storing data permanently? The answer is not RAM. RAM is volatile memory and loses its data when the computer is turned off. 3\. What is the difference between a CPU and a GPU? While both are processors, they have different functions. The CPU is designed for general-purpose computing, while the GPU is specialized for graphics processing. 4\. Can you name a computer component that is not hardware? Software is not hardware. It\'s the instructions that tell the computer what to do. 5\. Aside from connecting components, what is the purpose of the motherboard? The motherboard is not just for connecting components; it also controls communication between them. 6\. What is the difference between a bit and a byte? A bit is the smallest unit of data, while a byte is made up of 8 bits. 7\. Can you name a type of computer that was invented before the personal computer? Mainframe computers existed before personal computers. 8\. What is the role of the operating system? The operating system does more than just run programs; it also manages the computer\'s resources. 9\. What is the difference between a word processor and a spreadsheet? While both are productivity tools, they have different functions. Word processors are used for creating text documents, while spreadsheets are used for organizing and analyzing data. 10\. Can you name a programming language that was developed before the personal computer? FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC were all developed before personal computers became widespread. **Activity**: Gather information on the various components that make up a computer system. Find high-quality images of each component. **Part 2: Types of Computers** Computers come in various forms, each tailored to specific needs and purposes. Let\'s explore some common types: **Desktop Computers** - Purpose: General-purpose computing for tasks like word processing, browsing the internet, and playing games. - Characteristics: Typically, larger and more powerful than laptops, often placed on a desk. They offer customizable configurations and can be upgraded with additional components. **Laptops** - Purpose: Portable computing for work, school, and entertainment. - Characteristics: Smaller and lighter than desktops, with built-in keyboards and screens. They are designed for mobility and often have longer battery life. **Tablets** - Purpose: Mobile computing and content consumption. - Characteristics: Smaller, touchscreen-based devices that are ideal for reading, watching videos, and browsing the web. They are often used for casual computing and entertainment. **Smartphones** - Purpose: Mobile communication and computing. - Characteristics: Pocket-sized devices with touchscreens and advanced features like cameras, GPS, and internet connectivity. They are used for a wide range of tasks, from making calls and sending messages to accessing apps and playing games. **Servers** - Purpose: Storing and managing data for networks. - Characteristics: Powerful computers designed for high performance and reliability. They are often used in businesses, organizations, and data centers to handle large amounts of data and provide services to multiple users. **Supercomputers** - Purpose: Performing complex calculations and simulations. - Characteristics: Extremely powerful computers with multiple processors and specialized hardware. They are used for scientific research, weather forecasting, and other computationally intensive tasks. Each type of computer has its own advantages and disadvantages, making them suitable for different applications and users. **Activity:** Research and present on a specific type of computer, highlighting its features and uses. **Part 3: History of Computing** **A Timeline of Significant Milestones in Computing** ----------------------------------------------------- ### **Early Mechanical Calculators (1600s-1800s)** - **1642:** Blaise Pascal invents the Pascaline, a mechanical adding machine. - **1673:** Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents the Stepped Reckoner, a mechanical calculator capable of multiplication and division. - **1822:** Charles Babbage designs the Difference Engine, a mechanical computer intended for calculating mathematical tables. ### **Electronic Computing (1900s-1940s)** - **1936:** Alan Turing introduces the concept of the Turing machine, a theoretical model of a general-purpose computer. - **1941:** Konrad Zuse develops the Z3, the world\'s first working programmable electronic computer. - **1944:** The Harvard Mark I, a large-scale electromechanical computer, is completed. - **1945:** John von Neumann proposes the stored-program concept, where instructions and data are stored in the same memory. ### **Transistor-Based Computers (1950s-1960s)** - **1947:** The transistor is invented, paving the way for smaller, more reliable computers. - **1951:** The UNIVAC I, one of the first commercial computers, is delivered. - **1956:** The IBM 305 RAMAC introduces the first commercial hard disk drive. - **1964:** IBM introduces the System/360, a family of compatible mainframe computers. ### **Personal Computers (1970s-1980s)** - **1973:** The Altair 8800, one of the first personal computers, is introduced. - **1977:** Apple Computer introduces the Apple II, a popular personal computer for home and small business use. - **1981:** IBM introduces the IBM PC, which becomes a dominant platform for personal computers. - **1984:** Apple introduces the Macintosh, the first personal computer with a graphical user interface. ### **Modern Computing (1990s-Present)** - **1990s:** The internet becomes widely accessible, leading to a digital revolution. - **2000s:** Smartphones and tablets become popular, revolutionizing mobile computing. - **2010s:** Cloud computing and artificial intelligence emerge as major trends. - **Present:** Continued advancements in computing power, miniaturization, and connectivity. **Key Figures in Computing** ---------------------------- ### **Pioneers of Computing** 1. **Charles Babbage:** Often referred to as the \"father of computing,\" Babbage designed the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine, early mechanical computers. 2. **Ada Lovelace** is another significant figure in the history of computing. She is often considered the world\'s first computer programmer. Lovelace worked with Charles Babbage on his Analytical Engine, a mechanical general-purpose computer. She wrote the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine, a plan for calculating Bernoulli numbers using Babbage\'s machine. This work laid the foundation for modern computer programming. Lovelace\'s contributions were groundbreaking for her time, as she recognized the potential of computers to go beyond mere calculations and perform creative tasks. Her work has had a lasting impact on the field of computer science and programming. 3. **Alan Turing:** A British mathematician and computer scientist who is considered the father of theoretical computer science. Turing developed the concept of the Turing machine, a theoretical model of a general-purpose computer. 4. **Grace Hopper:** A pioneer in computer programming, Hopper developed the first compiler for the COBOL programming language. She also coined the term \"debugging\" to describe the process of finding and fixing errors in computer programs. 5. **John von Neumann:** A mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to the development of computers. He is known for proposing the stored-program concept, where instructions and data are stored in the same memory. ### **Inventors and Entrepreneurs** 6. **Steve Jobs:** Co-founder of Apple, Jobs played a crucial role in popularizing personal computers with products like the Apple II and the Macintosh. 7. **Bill Gates:** Co-founder of Microsoft, Gates developed the Windows operating system and helped to make personal computers accessible to millions of people. 8. **Mark Zuckerberg:** Founder of Facebook, Zuckerberg created one of the most popular social networking platforms in the world. 9. **Tim Berners-Lee:** Inventor of the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee developed the technologies that underpin the modern internet. ### **Innovators in Computer Science** 10. **Donald Knuth:** A computer scientist known for his work on algorithms and the design of programming languages. He is the author of the \"The Art of Computer Programming\" series, a classic reference for computer scientists. 11. **Linus Torvalds:** The creator of the Linux operating system, Torvalds has made significant contributions to open-source software development. **Activity**: Share a link or facts and figures about the history of computers. **Part 4: Hands-On Activity: Computer Components** **Safety Precautions for Working with Electronic Equipment** ------------------------------------------------------------ When working with electronic equipment, it\'s essential to prioritize safety to prevent accidents and injuries. Here are some important precautions to keep in mind: **1. Unplug Before Working:** Always unplug electronic devices from power sources before working on them or making any modifications. This will help prevent electrical shocks. **2. Ground Yourself:** If working on components that can hold a charge, ensure you are grounded. This can be done by touching a grounded object, such as a metal surface, before handling the component. **3. Avoid Moisture:** Keep electronic equipment away from moisture. Water can cause short circuits and damage components. **4. Use Proper Tools:** Use the appropriate tools and equipment when working with electronic components. Avoid using tools that are too large or too small, as they can damage components or cause injuries. **5. Handle Components Carefully:** Be gentle when handling delicate components, such as circuit boards and chips. Avoid touching the pins or contacts with your bare hands, as this can cause damage. **6. Follow Safety Guidelines:** Always refer to the manufacturer\'s safety guidelines for specific equipment. These guidelines may provide additional precautions or warnings. **7. Dispose of Electronics Safely:** When disposing of old electronic equipment, follow local regulations and guidelines for proper recycling or disposal. Avoid throwing them away in the regular trash, as they may contain hazardous materials. By following these safety precautions, you can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and injuries when working with electronic equipment. **Guided Exploration:** Show students a physical computer or use a virtual computer to demonstrate its components. Students should be able to identify and label each of the components. Build your own PC: **Factors to Consider When Building a PC** ------------------------------------------ When building a PC, there are several key factors to consider to ensure you create a system that meets your specific needs and budget: ### **1. Purpose:** - **Gaming:** High-performance graphics card, powerful CPU, and adequate RAM are essential. - **Content creation:** Focus on CPU, RAM, and storage for tasks like video editing or 3D modeling. - **General use:** A balanced system with a good CPU, RAM, and storage is suitable for everyday tasks. ### **2. Budget:** - Determine your maximum spending limit. - Prioritize components based on your needs. For example, if gaming is your primary focus, allocate more funds to the graphics card. ### **3. Compatibility:** - Ensure all components are compatible with each other. Check for socket compatibility between CPU and motherboard, RAM compatibility with motherboard, and power supply wattage sufficient for your components. ### **4. Performance:** - **CPU:** The brain of the system, handling tasks like calculations and processing data. - **GPU:** Essential for graphics-intensive tasks like gaming and video editing. - **RAM:** Stores data temporarily for quick access. - **Storage:** Determines how much data your system can hold (SSD or HDD). ### **5. Cooling:** - **CPU cooler:** Prevents overheating. - **Case fans:** Improve airflow within the case. - Consider liquid cooling for extreme performance or noise reduction. ### **6. Operating System:** - Choose a compatible OS (Windows, macOS, Linux) based on your preferences and needs. ### **7. Peripherals:** - **Monitor:** Size, resolution, and refresh rate depend on your usage. - **Keyboard and mouse:** Comfort and features are important for productivity or gaming. - **Headphones:** Quality and sound isolation are crucial for audio-focused tasks. ### **8. Upgradability:** - Consider future upgrades when choosing components. A modular case and motherboard with expansion slots can facilitate easy upgrades. ### **9. Aesthetics:** - If appearance is important, choose a case with a design that suits your style. ### **10. Warranty:** - Ensure components have warranties for protection against defects.