Urinary System Medical Terminology PDF

Urinary system medical terminology By Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi Ph.D. Pharmacology Learning Objectives: Identify the anatomy of the urinary system Describe the main functions of the urinary system Spell the urinary system medical terms and use correct abbreviations Identify the medical specialties assoc...

Urinary system medical terminology By Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi Ph.D. Pharmacology Learning Objectives: Identify the anatomy of the urinary system Describe the main functions of the urinary system Spell the urinary system medical terms and use correct abbreviations Identify the medical specialties associated with the urinary system Explore common diseases, disorders, and procedures related to the urinary system The urinary system The urinary system, also known as the urinary tract or renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. Anatomy (Structures) of the Urinary System Kidney(s) The kidneys lie on either side of the spine in the retroperitoneal space between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall, well protected by muscle, fat, and ribs. They are roughly the size of your fist. The male kidney is typically a bit larger than the female kidney. The kidneys are well vascularized, receiving about twenty-five percent of the cardiac output at rest. (An Important note): The right kidney is smaller than the left. It also sits slightly lower to make room for the liver located on the right side of your body.( Figure 1) Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system Figure 1: Kidneys. The kidneys are slightly protected by the ribs. Kidneys’ Internal Structure Each kidney is made up of three layers renal cortex, renal medulla and renal pelvis. The renal medulla has 15 to 16 conical structure called medullary pyramids. The renal medullary pyramid ends into a structure called renal papilla. The papillae are bundles of collecting ducts that transport urine made by nephrons to the calyces of the kidney for excretion. ( Figure 2) Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system Figure 2 Left Kidney. Nephrons and Vessels The renal arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your kidneys. Renal is another word for kidney. You have two renal arteries. The right renal artery supplies blood to the right kidney, while the left artery sends blood to the left kidney. Nephrons: Blood from the renal artery flows into tiny filters in the kidneys called nephrons. Glomeruli: Clusters of tiny blood vessels in each nephron (the glomeruli) allow waste and water to move into tubules, which filter out impurities. Proteins and blood cells stay in the glomeruli. ( Figure 3-4) Tubules: As the tubules remove waste, blood vessels alongside the tubules reabsorb the filtered fluid along with nutrients and minerals. Leftover fluid and waste in the tubules become urine. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system Renal vein: Filtered blood leaves the kidneys through the renal vein to circulate through your body. Figure 3 Blood Flow in the Kidney. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system Figure 4. Blood Flow in the Nephron. The two capillary beds are clearly shown in this figure. The efferent arteriole is the connecting vessel between the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta. Ureters: The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In a human adult, the ureters are usually 20–30 cm The urinary bladder, or simply bladder, is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system Figure 5 Bladder. (a) Anterior cross section of the bladder. (b) The detrusor muscle of the bladder Urethra The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for disposal. The urethra is the only urologic organ that shows any significant anatomic difference between males and females; all other urine transport structures are identical ( Figure 6) Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system Figure 6. Female and Male Urethras. The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. This image shows (a) a female urethra and (b) a male urethra. Micturition Reflex Micturition is a less-often used, but proper term for urination or voiding. ( Important note): A healthy adult bladder can store up to 455 millilitres of urine for between two to five hours. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system Physiology (Function) of the Urinary System Remove waste products and medicines from the body Balance the body’s fluids Balance a variety of electrolytes Release hormones to control blood pressure Release a hormone to control red blood cell production Help with bone health by controlling calcium and phosphorus Urinalysis Urinalysis (urine analysis) often provides clues to renal disease. Normally, only traces of protein are found in urine, and when higher amounts are found, damage to the glomeruli is the likely basis. Unusually large quantities of urine may point to diseases like diabetes mellitus or hypothalamic tumors that cause diabetes insipidus. The color of urine is determined mostly by the breakdown products of red blood cell destruction ( Figure 8). The “heme” of hemoglobin is converted by the liver into water-soluble forms that can be excreted into the bile and indirectly into the urine. This yellow pigment is urochrome. Urine color may also be affected by certain foods like beets, berries, and fava beans. A kidney stone or a cancer of the urinary system may produce sufficient bleeding to manifest as pink or even bright red urine. Diseases of the liver or obstructions of bile drainage from the liver impart a dark “tea” or “cola” hue to the urine. Dehydrationproduces darker, concentrated urine that may also possess the slight odor of ammonia. Most of the ammonia produced from protein breakdown is converted into urea by the liver, so ammonia is rarely detected in fresh urine. The strong ammonia odor you may detect in bathrooms or alleys is due to the breakdown of urea into ammonia by bacteria in the environment. About one in five people detect a distinctive odor in their urine after consuming asparagus; other foods such as onions, garlic, and fish can impart their own aromas! These food-caused odors are harmless. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system Figure 8 Urine Color. Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Urinary System This is a list of word roots with their combining vowel used for the urinary system. WORD ROOT DEFINITION Cyst(o) bladder or sac Cost(o) Ribs Glomerul(o) Glomerulus Lith(o) Stone Nephr(o) Kidney Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system WORD ROOT DEFINITION Pyel(o) kidney or pelvis Ren(o) Kidney Ur(o) Urine Ureter(o) Ureter Urethr(o) Urethra Urin(o) Urine Vesic(o) urinary bladder Urinary specific suffixes and prefixes TERM DEFINITION Ante- Before Cyst- bladder or sac Dialy- Dialysis Noct- Night Olig- few or little Poly- much or many. Pyel- pelvis or kidney Ren- Kidneys -tripsy Crushing -uria urine condition Ureter- Ureters Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Nephrology Nephr(o) means kidney -logy means the study of. Nephrology is the study of the anatomy and physiology of the kidney. Nephrologists Nephr(o) means kidney -logist means one who studies. A nephrologists is physician specializing in the conditions such as kidney disease, renal failure, dialysis patients and renal transplants. Urology Ur(o) means urine -logy means the study of. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Urology is the study of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract and the male and female reproductive system. Urologist Ur(o) means urine -logist means one who studies. A urologist is a physician specializing in the treatment of the male and female urinary tract and reproductive system. The Structure and Function of the Urinary System The function of the urinary system is to maintain homeostasis of the body. It also regulates fluid and electrolytes and removes waste through the formation of urine. And, the urinary system also assists in the regulation of blood pressure. This system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The structures of the urinary system are responsible for the formation and expulsion of urine from the body. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Afferent arterioles Afferent means moving toward a center. Arterioles are the smallest of the arteries. Afferent arterioles are small arteries which lead into the glomerulus. Aldosterone Aldosterone causes the reabsorption of sodium ions back into the blood in the distal tubule and ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Antidiuretic hormone Anti- means against. Antidiuretc is the suppression of urine formation. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Hormone is a chemical substance that initiates or regulates an effect. The antidiuretic hormone decreased urine production causing reabsorption of water by the renal tubules. Bowman’s capsule The Bowman’s capsule encloses the glomerulus. Costovertebral angle Cost(o) means ribs. Costovertebral is pertaining to the ribs and vertebral column. The costovertebral angle is where the vertebrae and the last rib intersect. Distal tubule Distal means away from or the farthest point. Tubule is a small tube. The distal tubule is a portion of the nephron that is located after the loop of Henle and is responsible for reabsorption. Efferent arterioles Efferent means moving away from a center. Arterioles are the smallest of the arteries. Efferent arterioles are small arteries which lead away from the glomerulus. Glomerular filtration rate Glomerulus is a network of capillaries. Glomerular filtration is the process of filtering the blood through the capillaries of the glomerulus. Glomerular filtration rate is a test to determine the amount of plasma flowing through the glomeruli of the kidneys. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Kidneys The kidneys are bean-shaped organs. They are located on the posterior wall of the abdomen between the 12th thoracic vertebra and the 3rd lumbar vertebrae. The kidneys filter the blood and eliminate waste products in the urine. Loop of Henle The loop of Henle is the U-shaped portion of the renal tubule. Micturition Micturition is the act of passing urine. Also called urinating and voiding. Nephron The nephron is the functional unit of the kidneys. The nephron is divided into the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is the filter. The renal tubule drains urine that has been processed into the collecting tubules which carry the urine to the renal pelvis. Proximal tubule Proximal means closer to a point of reference. Tubule is a small tube. The proximal tubule is the first part of the renal tubule in the nephron. Renal artery Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. An artery is a larger blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. The renal arteries branch off of the aorta and supply the kidneys with blood. Renal calyx Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Calyx- means cuplike. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION A renal calyx is a cup-shaped tube that collects urine which drains from the renal pyramids. Renal capsule Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Capsule is a membrane or shell that covers an organ. The renal capsule is connective tissue along with lymphatic circulation and blood vessels that cover the exterior of the kidney. Renal cortex Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Cortex is the outer layer of the kidney. The renal cortex is located at the outermost edge of the kidney. The renal cortex contains the nephrons and filters blood as it enters the kidney. Renal hilum Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Hilum is a depression or recessed part of an organ. The renal hilum is the indented portion of the kidney that gives it the bean shape. Renal medulla Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Medulla is the inner part of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner part or the middle portion of the kidney. Renal pyramids Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Pyramid is a mass of tissue that rises to an apex. The renal pyramids are the triangular shaped collecting ducts in the kidneys. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Ureter Ureter- means ureter. A ureter is a long muscular tubes originating from the kidneys and extends down to the pelvic area and connecting to the bladder. Urethra A urethra is a small tube that extends from the bladder to the penis is males and an opening anterior to the vagina in women. Urinary bladder Urinary means urine or the formation of urine. Bladder is a sac that serves as a reservoir for fluids. A urinary bladder is a sac located behind the pelvic bone. It is a reservoir for urine until it is expelled from the body. Voiding Voiding means to urinate. Also called micturition. Diagnostic Studies of the Urinary System TERM DEFINITION Pyelogram Pyel(o) means kidney or pelvis. -gram means a drawing or a written record. A pyelogram is an x-ray of the upper urinary tract after the introduction of a radiopaque contrast material. Computed tomography (CT) A CT is a technique that uses radiographic to produce an image of the cross section of tissue. It is used to visualize the kidneys. Cystogram Cyst(o) bladder or sac. -gram means a drawing or a written record. The visualization and recording of the urinary bladder after a radiopaque contrast material has been introduced. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Cystoscopy Cyst(o) bladder or sac. -scopy is a visual examination with a lighted instrument. A cystoscopy is the visualization of the lower urinary tract using a cystoscope. Kidney, ureters, bladder (KUB) A KUB is an x-ray to determine the size, shape, and location of the kidneys and other structure of the urinary tract. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Intravenous is pertaining to inside the vein. Pyel(o) means kidney or pelvis. -gram means a drawing or a written record. An x-ray of the kidneys and other structures of the urinary tract using a intravenously injected contrast material. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic means lodestone. Resonance means to sound again. Imaging means image. An MRI is a procedure used to produce an image by the creation of a magnetic field to give detailed information about the kidneys. Renal arteriogram Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Arteriogram is an x-ray of an artery that has been injected with a radiopaque contrast material. A renal arteriogram is the visualization of the renal blood vessels. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Renal biopsy Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue to be used for microscopic examination. A renal biopsy is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the kidney to obtain a specimen. Urethrogram Urethr(o) means urethra. -gram means a drawing or a written record. A urethrogram is a procedure to visualize the urethra after the introduction of a contrast material. Urinalysis A urinalysis is the examination of the urine. Procedures of the Urinary System TERM DEFINITION Dialysis Dialy- means dialysis. Dialysis is a procedure in which a machine is used to separate waste material from the blood. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) Extracorporeal means outside the body. Lithotripsy is a procedure for eliminating stones in the kidneys, ureters, bladder or gallbladder. A procedure in which shock waves are used to crush stones in the urinary tract. Renal transplantation Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Transplantation is the transfer of tissue from one person to another. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION A procedure in which a person receives a donor kidney. Urinary catheterization Urinary means urine or the formation of urine. Catheter is a hollow flexible tube. Catheterization is the introduction of a catheter into a body cavity. A catheter is passed through the urethra into the urinary bladder for the purpose of draining urine. Diseases and Conditions of the Urinary System TERM DEFINITION Anuria An- means without. -uria means possessing urine. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Anuria is the absence of urine. Diuresis Diuresis is an increase in the volume of urine. Dysuria Dys- means bad or painful. -uria means possessing urine. Dysuria is painful urination. Enuresis Enuresis is involuntary nocturnal urination. Frequency Frequency is when the patient voids more frequently than what is usual for the patient. Glomerulonephritis Glomerul(o) is pertaining to the glomerulus. Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney. Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidneys. Glycosuria Glyco- means glucose. -uria means possessing urine. Glycosuria is the abnormal presence of glucose in the urine. Hematuria Hemat- means pertaining to blood. -uria means possessing urine. Hematuria is blood in the urine. Hesitancy Hesitancy is difficulty initiating urination. Incontinence In- means lack of. Continence means the ability of control the bladder or bowel functions. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Incontinence is the inability of control urination or defecation. Nephrolithiasis Nephr(o) means pertaining to the kidney. Lithiasis means the presence or formation of stones. Nephrolithiasis is a condition of having renal calculi or stones in the kidney. Nocturia Noct- means night. -uria means possessing urine. Nocturia is excessive urination at night. Oliguria Olig- means few or little. -uria means possessing urine. Oliguria is a decrease in the formation or passing of urine. Polyuria Poly- means much or many. -uria means possessing urine. Polyuria is the passing of an abnormally large amount of urine. Proteinuria Protein is complex nitrogenous compounds. -uria means possessing urine. Proteinuria is the presence of an abnormally large amount of protein in the urine. Pyuria -uria means possessing urine. Pyuria is the presences of an abnormal amount of white blood cells in the urine Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system TERM DEFINITION Renal calculus Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Calculus is a stone formed by the accumulation of mineral salts. Renal calculus is a stone occurring in the urinary tract. Renal Failure Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. Renal Failure is the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine or excrete waste. Uremia Uremia is the presence of a large amount of urea in the blood. Also known as azotemia. Urea -urea is a compound containing urea. Urea is waste products from protein metabolism. Urinary retention Urinary means urine. Retention is the resistance to movement. Urinary retention is the inability of the patient to empty their bladder. Urinary tract infection (UTI) Urinary means urine or the formation of urine. Urinary tract is the organs involved in the secretion and elimination of urine. A UTI is an infection of any of the structures of the urinary tract. Urgency Urgency is an intense desire to urinate immediately. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Urinary system