The Language of Medicine 13th Edition PDF

The Language of Medicine 13th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner 1  Chapter 7 Urinary System 2  Chapter Goals (Slide 1 of 2) Name essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions. Identify common patholog...

The Language of Medicine 13th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner 1  Chapter 7 Urinary System 2  Chapter Goals (Slide 1 of 2) Name essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions. Identify common pathological conditions. Recognize how urinalysis is used and interpreted as a diagnostic test. Define urinary-system-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes. 3  Chapter Goals (Slide 2 of 2) List and explain clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system. Understand medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. 4 Chapter 7 Lesson 7.1 5  Introduction (Slide 1 of 2) Nitrogenous wastes Urea Creatinine Uric acid 6  Introduction (Slide 2 of 2) Functions of the kidney  Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200 quarts of blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts of urine  Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and acids  Release hormones: Renin: enzyme important in adjusting blood pressure Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow Calciferol: active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine  Degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream 7 Anatomy of the Major Organs (Slide 1 of 4) Organs of the male urinary system: Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra 8  Anatomy of the Major Organs (slide 2 of 4) Organs of the male urinary system 9  Anatomy of the Major Organs (slide 3 of 4) Organs of the female urinary system: Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra 10  Anatomy of the Major Organs (slide 4 of 4) Female urinary system 11  QUICK QUIZ (Slide 1 of 8) 1. What is voiding? A. Nitrogenous waste B. Urination C. Outer section of the kidney D. Triangular area in the bladder 12 How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 1 of 12) Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries Glomeruli filter the blood 13  How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 2 of 12)  Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries  Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries  Glomeruli filter the blood 14  How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 3 of 12) Glomerulus and Blood passes through glomerular/Bowman the glomeruli capsule Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule 15  How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 4 of 12) Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule 16  How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 5 of 12) Three steps in the formation of urine Glomerular filtration (water, sugar, wastes, salts) Tubular reabsorption (water, sugar, sodium) Tubular secretion (acids, potassium, drugs) 17 How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 6 of 12) 18 How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 7 of 12) The glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron. 19 How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 8 of 12) 20  QUICK QUIZ (Slide 2 of 8) 2. Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney? A. 100,000,000 B. 10,000,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 100,000 21 How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 9 of 12)  All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis.  Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud. 22 How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 10 of 12) 23 How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 11 of 12) Functions of the Kidneys Remove nitrogenous wastes Balance water and electrolytes Release hormones Degrade and eliminate hormones 24 How Kidneys Produce Urine (Slide 12 of 12) 25 Vocabulary (Slide 1 of 14) Term arteriole calyx or calix catheter cortex creatinine electrolyte 26  Vocabulary (Slide 2 of 14) Term Meaning/Definition arteriole Small artery calyx or calix Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud catheter Tube for injecting or removing fluids cortex Outer region of an organ creatinine Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine electrolyte Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. 27 Vocabulary (Slide 3 of 14) Term erythropoietin (EPO) filtration glomerular capsule glomerulus hilum 28  Vocabulary (Slide 4 of 14) Term Meaning/Definition erythropoietin Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate (EPO) production of red blood cells by bone marrow; -poietin means a substance that forms filtration Process whereby some substances pass through a filter glomerular Enclosing structure surrounding each capsule glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule glomerulus Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney hilum Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes from the Latin meaning a small thing 29 Vocabulary (Slide 5 of 14) Term kidney meatus medulla nephron 30  Vocabulary (Slide 6 of 14) Term Meaning/Definition kidney One of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine meatus Opening or canal medulla Inner region of an organ; the term comes from the Latin, medulla, meaning marrow nephron The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place 31 Vocabulary (Slide 7 of 14) Term nitrogenous waste potassium (K+) reabsorption renal artery 32  Vocabulary (Slide 8 of 14) Term Meaning/Definition nitrogenous waste Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine; examples are urea, uric acid, and creatinine potassium (K+) An electrolyte regulated by the kidney reabsorption Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream renal artery Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney 33 Vocabulary (Slide 9 of 14) Term renal pelvis renal tubules renal vein 34  Vocabulary (Slide 10 of 14) Term Meaning/Definition renal pelvis Central collection region in the kidney renal tubules Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration renal vein Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney 35 Vocabulary (Slide 11 of 14) Term renin sodium (Na+) trigone urea 36  Vocabulary (Slide 12 of 14) Term Meaning/Definition renin Enzyme secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure sodium (Na+) An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; a common form of sodium is sodium chloride (salt) trigone Triangular area in the urinary bladder urea Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine 37 Vocabulary (Slide 13 of 14) Term ureter urethra uric acid urinary bladder urination (voiding) 38  Vocabulary (Slide 14 of 14) Term Meaning/Definition ureter One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder urethra Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body uric acid Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine urinary bladder Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine urination (voiding) Process of expelling urine; also called micturition 39  Terminology: Structures (Slide 1 of 6) Combining Form cali/o, calic/o cyst/o glomerul/o meat/o 40  Terminology: Structures (Slide 2 of 6) Combining Form Meaning cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped cyst/o urinary bladder glomerul/o glomerulus meat/o meatus 41  Terminology: Structures (Slide 3 of 6) Combining Form nephr/o pyel/o ren/o trigon/o 42  Terminology: Structures (Slide 4 of 6) Combining Form Meaning nephr/o kidney pyel/o renal pelvis ren/o kidney trigon/o trigone 43  Terminology: Structures (Slide 5 of 6) Combining Form ureter/o urethr/o vesic/o 44  Terminology: Structures (Slide 6 of 6) Combining Form Meaning ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra vesic/o urinary bladder 45  Terminology: Substances and Symptoms (Slide 1 of 6) Combining Form albumin/o azot/o bacteri/o dips/o 46  Terminology: Substances and Symptoms (Slide 2 of 6) Combining Form Meaning albumin/o albumin azot/o nitrogen bacteri/o bacteria dips/o thirst 47  Terminology: Substances and Symptoms (Slide 3 of 6) Combining Form kal/o ket/o, keton/o lith/o natr/o noct/o olig/o 48  Terminology: Substances and Symptoms (Slide 4 of 6) Combining Form Meaning kal/o potassium ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies lith/o stone natr/o sodium noct/o night olig/o scanty 49  Terminology: Substances and Symptoms (Slide 5 of 6) Combining Form or Suffix -poietin py/o -tripsy ur/o -uria urin/o 50  Terminology: Substances and Symptoms (Slide 6 of 6) Combining Form or Suffix Meaning -poietin substance that forms py/o pus -tripsy to crush ur/o urea -uria urination; urine condition urin/o urine 51 Urinalysis (Slide 1 of 2) Tests Included in a Urinalysis 1. Color 2. Appearance 3. pH 4. Protein 5. Glucose 52  Urinalysis (Slide 2 of 2) Tests Included in a Urinalysis (continued) 6. Specific gravity 7. Ketone bodies 8. Sediment 9. Phenylketonuria 10. Bilirubin 53  QUICK QUIZ (Slide 3 of 8) 3. In a urinalysis, what does the test of specific gravity reflect? A. The chemical nature of urine B. The presence of albumin C. Blood in the urine D. The amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine 54 Chapter 7 Lesson 7.2 55 Pathologic Conditions (Slide 1 of 5) Kidney Glomerulonephritis Interstitial nephritis Nephrolithiasis Nephrotic syndrome 56  Pathologic Conditions (Slide 2 of 5) Kidney Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) PKD—The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically, polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual weight. 57 Pathologic Conditions (Slide 3 of 5) Kidney Pyelonephritis Renal cell carcinoma Renal failure Renal hypertension Wilms tumor 58 Pathologic Conditions (Slide 4 of 5) Kidney Renal cell carcinoma 59 Pathologic Conditions (Slide 5 of 5) Urinary bladder Bladder cancer Associated conditions Diabetes insipidus (DI) Diabetes mellitus (DM) 60  QUICK QUIZ (Slide 4 of 8) 4. A term that means frequent (voluntary) urination at night is: A. anuria B. nocturia C. diuresis D. hematuria 61  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 1 of 10) Laboratory tests Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Creatinine clearance test 62  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 2 of 10) Clinical procedures X-ray Studies  CT urography  Kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)  Renal angiography  Retrograde pyelogram (RP)  Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) 63  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 3 of 10) CT-Computed tomography The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney. 64  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 4 of 10) Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) showing a normal female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging. 65  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 5 of 10) Clinical Procedures Ultrasound examination Ultrasonography: imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves Radioactive studies Radioisotope scan: image of kidney after injecting a radioisotope into the bloodstream 66  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 6 of 10) Clinical Procedures Magnetic imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography: A changing magnetic field produces images of an organ and surrounding structures in three planes of the body 67  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 7 of 10) Other Clinical Procedures Cystoscopy Dialysis Lithotripsy Renal angioplasty Renal biopsy Renal transplantation Urinary catheterization 68  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 8 of 10) Cystoscopy—direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope 69  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 9 of 10) Hemodialysis (HD) 70  Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (Slide 10 of 10) Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) 71 Abbreviations (Slide 1 of 6) Abbreviation ADH AKI ARF BILI BUN CAPD Cath CCPD CKD 72  Abbreviations (Slide 2 of 6) Abbreviation Meaning ADH Antidiuretic hormone AKI Acute renal injury ARF Acute renal failure BILI Bilirubin BUN Blood urea nitrogen CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Cath Catheter; catheterization CCPD Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis CKD Chronic kidney disease 73 Abbreviations (Slide 3 of 6) Abbreviation CL- CrCl CRF C&S Cysto eGFR ESRD ESWL HCO3- HD IC 74  Abbreviations (Slide 4 of 6) Abbreviation Meaning CL- Chloride, a kidney excretion CrCl Creatinine clearance CRF Chronic renal failure C&S Culture and sensitivity testing Cysto Cystoscopic examination eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate ESRD End-stage renal disease ESWL Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy HCO3- Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney HD Hemodialysis IC Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall 75 Abbreviations (Slide 5 of 6) Abbreviation IVP K+ KUB Na+ PD pH PKD sp gr UA UTI VCUG 76  Abbreviations (Slide 6 of 6) Abbreviation Meaning IVP Intravenous pyelogram K+ Potassium, an electrolyte KUB Kidney ureter and bladder Na+ Sodium, an electrolyte PD Peritoneal dialysis pH Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or alkalinity PKD Phenylketonuria sp gr Specific gravity UA Urinalysis UTI Urinary tract infection VCUG Voiding cystourethrogram 77  QUICK QUIZ (Slide 5 of 8) 5. The abbreviation RP is associated with which of the following? A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal cavity and then drained out. B. Contrast is injected into the urinary bladder and ureters, and x-rays are taken of the urinary tract. C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from the patient’s blood. D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal tubules. 78  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 1 of 10) Combining Form albumino/o angi/o azot/o bacteri/o cali/o, calic/o cyst/o 79  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 2 of 10) Combining Form Meaning albumino/o albumin (protein) angi/o vessel (blood) azot/o urea; nitrogen bacteri/o bacteria cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped cyst/o urinary bladder 80  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 3 of 10) Combining Form dips/o glomerul/o glycos/o hydr/o isch/o kal/o ket/o; keton/o 81  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 4 of 10) Combining Form Meaning dips/o thirst glomerul/o glomerulus glycos/o sugar hydr/o water isch/o to hold back; back kal/o potassium ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones 82  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 5 of 10) Combining Form lith/o meat/o natr/o necr/o nephr/o noct/o ogli/o 83  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 6 of 10) Combining Form Meaning lith/o stone meat/o meatus natr/o sodium necr/o death nephr/o kidney noct/o night ogli/o scanty 84  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 7 of 10) Combining Form py/o pyel/o ren/o trigon/o ur/o 85  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 8 of 10) Combining Form Meaning py/o pus pyel/o renal pelvis ren/o kidney trigon/o trigone ur/o urine; urinary tract 86  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 9 of 10) Combining Form ureter/o urethr/o urin/o vesic/o 87  Review Sheet: Combining Forms (Slide 10 of 10) Combining Form Meaning ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra urin/o urine vesic/o urinary bladder 88  Review Sheet: Suffixes (Slide 1 of 8) Suffix -ectasis -ectomy -emia -esis -gram -lithiasis 89  Review Sheet: Suffixes (Slide 2 of 8) Suffix Meaning -ectasis stretching; dilation -ectomy removal; excision -emia blood condition -esis condition -gram record -lithiasis condition of stones 90  Review Sheet: Suffixes (Slide 3 of 8) Suffix -lithotomy -lysis -megaly -ole -osis -pathy 91  Review Sheet: Suffixes (Slide 4 of 8) Suffix Meaning -lithotomy incision for removal of a stone -lysis breakdown -megaly enlargement -ole little; small -osis condition -pathy disease 92  Review Sheet: Suffixes (Slide 5 of 8) Suffix -plasty -poietin -ptosis -rrhea -sclerosis -stomy 93  Review Sheet: Suffixes (Slide 6 of 8) Suffix Meaning -plasty surgical repair -poietin substance that forms -ptosis droop; sag -rrhea flow; discharge -sclerosis hardening -stomy new opening (to form a mouth) 94  Review Sheet: Suffixes (Slide 7 of 8) Suffix -tomy -tripsy -uria 95  Review Sheet: Suffixes (Slide 8 of 8) Suffix Meaning -tomy process of cutting -tripsy to crush -uria urination 96  Review Sheet: Prefixes (Slide 1 of 4) Prefix a-, an- anti- dia- dys- 97  Review Sheet: Prefixes (Slide 2 of 4) Prefix Meaning a-, an- not; without anti- again dia- complete dys- bad; painful 98  Review Sheet: Prefixes (Slide 3 of 4) Prefix en- peri- poly- retro- 99  Review Sheet: Prefixes (Slide 4 of 4) Prefix Meaning en- in; within peri- surrounding poly- many, much retro- behind; back 100 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 6 of 8) 6. The combining form dips/o means: A. stone B. scanty C. thirst D. water 101 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 7 of 8) 7. Which combining form means pus? A. pyel/o B. lith/o C. ogli/o D. py/o 102  QUICK QUIZ (Slide 8 of 8) 8. The combining form isch/o means: A. scanty B. to hold back; back C. night D. trigon 103