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10) Of the diseases indicated below, indicate which one you believe is not mandatory in Spain: a) Legionellosis b) Poliomyelitis c) Common gastroenteritis d) Rubella 11) Infectious diseases: a) They are always contagious b) Some are contagious c) They are never contagious d) They are always produce...

10) Of the diseases indicated below, indicate which one you believe is not mandatory in Spain: a) Legionellosis b) Poliomyelitis c) Common gastroenteritis d) Rubella 11) Infectious diseases: a) They are always contagious b) Some are contagious c) They are never contagious d) They are always produced by bacteria 12) The measles virus: a) It only produces skin manifestations b) It is a localized disease of the skin of the trunk c) It can produce cathedral manifestations and skin rashes d) It can manifest itself several times in a person during his or her life. 13) The pathogenic mechanisms of gastroenteric diseases: a) They are always enterotoxigenic b) They are always invasive c) They can be enterotoxigenic and/or invasive d) They are neurotic 14) Escherichia coli: a) It has strains that always cause diseases b) Its strains are not pathogenic c) It has pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains d) Its strains are all enterotoxigenic 15) Apart from sexual transmission, by which of the following ways can HIV be transmitted? a) By fomites b) Through parental channels c) By respiratory route d) By fecal-oral route 16) Cholera is a disease that is acquired a) By absorption of the causal agent present in respiratory secretions b) Due to the passage of the causal agent through the placenta c) Due to the entry of the causal agent into the bloodstream after the bite. d) Due to the ingestion of the causal agent present in contaminated water.  17) Cholera toxin can be classified within the group of: a) Neurotoxins b) Endotoxins c) Enterotoxins d) Cytotoxins 18) Nonbacterial gastroenteritis: a) It is produced by yeast b) Produces bronchopulmonary clinical symptoms c) It is caused by viruses, and presents mild gastrointestinal symptoms d) It is caused by viruses, and is always fatal 19) Which of the following diseases is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water or food? a) Tuberculosis b) Hepatitis A c) Hepatitis B d) Diphtheria 20) The symptoms of scalded skin syndrome, a skin disease, are due to a) The action of an exfoliative toxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes b) The growth of Streptococcus pyogenes on the epidermis and the consequent lesions c) The destruction of the deep layers of the skin by Streptococ cus aureus d) The action of an foliative toxin produced by Streptococcus aureus 21) Typhoid fever is a disease: a) Caused by Shigella gonorrhea and transmitted by ingestion of water or food contaminated b) Caused by Salmonella typhi and some of whose symptoms are constipation and splenomegaly c) Caused by Salmonella typhi and transmitted by the absorption of respiratory secretions d) Caused by Salmonella typhi and transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water or food 22) Oncogenic viruses: a) They always alter the mechanism that regulates cell multiplication b) They always destroy the cell plasma membrane c) They always give rise to metastasis d) They always produce malignant tumors 23) Which of the following statements is true? a) The cortex of the endospores has an identical composition to the bacterial cell wall b) Endorsers are forms of resistance of some bacteria c) Some bacterial endospores are formed by budding d) All bacteria can form endospores in the absence of nutrients 24) Indicate among the structures mentioned below, which ones are considered bacterial virulence factors. a) Plasmids b) 70S ribosomes c) The fimbriae or hairs d) Magnetosomes 25) What type of diseases can fungi cause: a) Intoxication b) Infections c) Hypersensitivity d) a,b and c 26) Elongated bacteria that group together to form chains are called: a) Staphylococcus b) Streptobacilli c) Streptococcus d) Staphylobacilli 27) Fungi that can grow in filamentous form or as yeast, depending on the environment in which they are found, are called: a) Diploid fungi b) Dimorphic fungi c) Yeast fungi d) Symbiotic fungi 28) Filamentous bongos have a cellular structure, which as a whole is called: a) Hyphelius b) Cytoskeleton c) Glycocalyx d) Mycelium 29) The peptidoglycan (murein) layer of the bacterial cell wall: a) It is found in Gram + and Gran - bacteria. b) It is in the microplasms c) It is only in Gram bacteria - d) It is only in Gram + bacteria 30) Of the vicious diseases listed below, which would produce a persistent infection: a) Chickenpox b) AIDS c) Polio d) Cold sores 31) The capsomeros are: a) Long molecules composed of multiple copies of the viral genome b) The nucleic acid molecules synthesized by the virus after infection of a cell c) Each of the protein subunits that make up the capsid d) Viruses that have lost their capsid 32) Indicate in which situation listed below would it be easier for a person to acquire a nosocomial infection? a) Extreme age, that is, the elderly or small children b) Healthy people aged 20-30 years without any type of disease c) People undergoing surgery d) a and c 33) The membrane that surrounds enveloped viruses is a) Part of the cell wall that the virion acquires when it leaves the infected cell b) Part of the cell plasma membrane that the virus acquires when leaving the infected cell c) Part of the virus patina d) Part of the peptidoglycan of the virus 34) Strict aerobic microorganisms: a) They grow only in the presence of nitrogen b) They grow only in the presence of carbon dioxide c) They grow only in the presence of oxygen d) They grow in the presence of oxygen, but can tolerate its absence 35) In relation to temperature, what are the microorganisms that cause diseases in humans called? a) Mesophiles b) Thermophiles c) Psychrophiles d) Barophiles 36) Of the sterilizing radiations indicated below, which one is not ionized and could be used, although with precautions, in a physiotherapy room a) UV rays b) X-rays c) Cathode rays d) Gamma rays 37) Chlorine: a) It is only used as a sterilant b) It is only used as an antiseptic c) It is only used as a disinfectant d) It has the same applications as iodine 38) Chemical products used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and that can be used on living tissues are called: a) Bacterioslistaticos b) Sterilizers c) Anticeptics d) Aseptic 39) From the point of view of the level of sanitary disinfection, they are considered critical level equipment. a) Those that penetrate directly into the bloodstream or into sterile tissues b) Those that come into contact with the intact mucosa c) Those that come into contact with intact skin d) Those who come into contact with fomites 40) The process of destruction of both the vegetative and the endorsing forms of all the organisms present in a material is called: a) Disinfection b) Sterilization c) Sanitation d) Degermination 41) What method would be used to sterilize a solid material that is very sensitive to heat? a) Filtration b) Pressure in autoclave c) Ethylene oxide d) Tindalization 42) An autoclave is a device that is used to : a) Disinfection b) Hygiene c) antisepsis d) Sterilization  43) Glutaraldehyde: a) It is only used as a disinfectant b) It is only used as an antiseptic c) It is only used as a sterilant d) It is used as a sterilant or disinfectant depending on its concentration 44) What are the healthy carriers in contagious foci? a) They are individuals who present signs and/or symptoms of illness b) They are infected individuals without signs or symptoms of disease c) They are individuals who are incubating the disease d) They are an individual recovered from the disease or with subclinical symptoms 45) Lysozyme present in saliva, tears... is a defense mechanism: a) External b) Internal c) Acquired d) It is a type of antibody 46) Interferon are: a) Cells of the immune system that destroy cells infected by viruses b) Soluble molecules of the immune system that react specifically with antigens bacterial c) Soluble molecules that are part of the external defense mechanisms d) Molecules of the immune system that prevent the multiplication of viruses in cells infected 47) Pityriasis versicolor: a) It is a bacterial disease that affects the respiratory system b) It is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation c) It is a vicious disease that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation d) It is a subcutaneous mycosis 48) The so-called primary syphilis: a) It is the phase of the disease that affects the respiratory system b) It is manifested by lesions in the genital organs c) It can affect the nervous system d) It only occurs in a female person 50) Legionnaires' disease is a disease: a) Produced by Legionella pneumophila and spread directly from person to person b) Produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person. person c) That fundamentally affects the digestive system in older people d) What can be avoided by cooking food 51) Onychomycosis a) They are produced by Staphylocaccus Aureus b) They are produced only by yeasts with candida c) They are produced only by dermatophyte fungi. d) b and c 52) List the infectious disease that can cause septic arthritis a) Measles b) Gonorrhea c) Onymycosis d) Chickenpox 53) Anthrax is: a) A disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin but affects only the nervous system b) A disease whose causal agent (Clostridium botulinium) destroys muscle fascia c) A skin disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin, from sick animals d) A disease caused by the ingestion of a toxin secreted by its causative agent (Clostridium botulinum) 54) What type of method would you use to completely eliminate microorganisms from the surgical instrument? a) Sterilization in 2% hydrogen peroxide b) Pressure sterilization in autoclave c) Sterilization with ethanol d) Sterilization with sodium hypochlorite 55) Microorganisms involved in nosocomial infections: a) They are acquired after the person enters the hospital center b) They only affect people undergoing surgery c) It does not usually present great resistance to antibiotic treatment d) It always comes from the patient's normal biota 56) An antimicrobial substance that acts on bacteria and fungi is considered: a) Altered spectrum b) Restricted spectrum c) Broad spectrum d) Selective spectrum 57) Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are due to: a) Exclusively to the action of the toxins produced by them b) Exclusively to the growth of microorganisms on tissues c) To the action of toxins and/or growth, depending on the disease d) Alincrease in body temperature that always occurs 58) The infective dose is called: a) The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism b) The establishment of microorganisms on a host independent of the humor of microorganisms that are c) The number of microorganisms necessary for the disease to occur d) The ability of microorganisms to produce the disease 59) The transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child through the placenta is called: a) Horizontal transmission b) Postnatal transmission c) Congenital transmission d) Perinatal transmission 60) The host's external mechanical defense mechanisms: a) They are the pH of the stomach b) They are part of the acquired or specific immune system c) They are the barrier of the skin and mucous membranes d) They destroy tumor cells or cells infected by viruses