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Of the diseases indicated below, indicate which one you believe is not mandatory in Spain:
Of the diseases indicated below, indicate which one you believe is not mandatory in Spain:
Infectious diseases:
Infectious diseases:
The measles virus:
The measles virus:
The pathogenic mechanisms of gastroenteric diseases:
The pathogenic mechanisms of gastroenteric diseases:
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Escherichia coli:
Escherichia coli:
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Apart from sexual transmission, by which of the following ways can HIV be transmitted?
Apart from sexual transmission, by which of the following ways can HIV be transmitted?
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Cholera is a disease that is acquired
Cholera is a disease that is acquired
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Cholera toxin can be classified within the group of:
Cholera toxin can be classified within the group of:
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Nonbacterial gastroenteritis:
Nonbacterial gastroenteritis:
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Which of the following diseases is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water or food?
Which of the following diseases is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water or food?
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The symptoms of scalded skin syndrome are due to:
The symptoms of scalded skin syndrome are due to:
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Typhoid fever is caused by:
Typhoid fever is caused by:
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Oncogenic viruses:
Oncogenic viruses:
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Which of the following statements is true?
Which of the following statements is true?
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Indicate among the structures mentioned below, which ones are considered bacterial virulence factors.
Indicate among the structures mentioned below, which ones are considered bacterial virulence factors.
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What type of diseases can fungi cause?
What type of diseases can fungi cause?
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Elongated bacteria that group together to form chains are called:
Elongated bacteria that group together to form chains are called:
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Fungi that can grow in filamentous form or as yeast are called:
Fungi that can grow in filamentous form or as yeast are called:
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Filamentous fungi have a cellular structure called:
Filamentous fungi have a cellular structure called:
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The peptidoglycan (murein) layer of the bacterial cell wall is found in:
The peptidoglycan (murein) layer of the bacterial cell wall is found in:
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Of the vicious diseases listed below, which would produce a persistent infection?
Of the vicious diseases listed below, which would produce a persistent infection?
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What are the capsomeres?
What are the capsomeres?
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Indicate in which situation listed below would it be easier for a person to acquire a nosocomial infection?
Indicate in which situation listed below would it be easier for a person to acquire a nosocomial infection?
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The membrane that surrounds enveloped viruses is
The membrane that surrounds enveloped viruses is
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Strict aerobic microorganisms:
Strict aerobic microorganisms:
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In relation to temperature, what are the microorganisms that cause diseases in humans called?
In relation to temperature, what are the microorganisms that cause diseases in humans called?
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Of the sterilizing radiations indicated below, which one is not ionized and could be used, although with precautions, in a physiotherapy room
Of the sterilizing radiations indicated below, which one is not ionized and could be used, although with precautions, in a physiotherapy room
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Chlorine:
Chlorine:
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Chemical products used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and that can be used on living tissues are called:
Chemical products used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and that can be used on living tissues are called:
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From the point of view of the level of sanitary disinfection, they are considered critical level equipment.
From the point of view of the level of sanitary disinfection, they are considered critical level equipment.
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The process of destruction of both the vegetative and the endorsing forms of all the organisms present in a material is called:
The process of destruction of both the vegetative and the endorsing forms of all the organisms present in a material is called:
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What method would be used to sterilize a solid material that is very sensitive to heat?
What method would be used to sterilize a solid material that is very sensitive to heat?
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An autoclave is a device that is used for:
An autoclave is a device that is used for:
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Glutaraldehyde is used as a sterilant or disinfectant depending on its concentration.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a sterilant or disinfectant depending on its concentration.
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What are the healthy carriers in contagious foci?
What are the healthy carriers in contagious foci?
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Lysozyme present in saliva, tears... is a defense mechanism that is:
Lysozyme present in saliva, tears... is a defense mechanism that is:
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Interferons are molecules of the immune system that prevent the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
Interferons are molecules of the immune system that prevent the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
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Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation.
Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation.
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The so-called primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs.
The so-called primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs.
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Legionnaires' disease is produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person.
Legionnaires' disease is produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person.
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Onychomycosis is produced by yeasts with candida or dermatophyte fungi.
Onychomycosis is produced by yeasts with candida or dermatophyte fungi.
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Anthrax is a skin disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that penetrates through wounds in the skin from sick animals.
Anthrax is a skin disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that penetrates through wounds in the skin from sick animals.
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What type of method would you use to completely eliminate microorganisms from the surgical instrument?
What type of method would you use to completely eliminate microorganisms from the surgical instrument?
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Microorganisms involved in nosocomial infections are acquired after the person enters the hospital center.
Microorganisms involved in nosocomial infections are acquired after the person enters the hospital center.
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An antimicrobial substance that acts on bacteria and fungi is considered broad spectrum.
An antimicrobial substance that acts on bacteria and fungi is considered broad spectrum.
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Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are due to toxins and/or growth, depending on the disease.
Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are due to toxins and/or growth, depending on the disease.
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The infective dose is the number of microorganisms necessary for the disease to occur.
The infective dose is the number of microorganisms necessary for the disease to occur.
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The transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child through the placenta is called congenital transmission.
The transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child through the placenta is called congenital transmission.
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The host's external mechanical defense mechanisms include the barrier of the skin and mucous membranes.
The host's external mechanical defense mechanisms include the barrier of the skin and mucous membranes.
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Study Notes
Infectious Diseases and Microorganisms
- Not all infectious diseases are mandatory in Spain, with legionellosis being one example.
- Infectious diseases can be contagious, but not always, and some may be produced by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms.
- The measles virus can produce cathedral manifestations and skin rashes, but it's not a localized disease of the skin of the trunk.
Pathogenic Mechanisms and Microorganisms
- Gastroenteric diseases can have enterotoxigenic and/or invasive pathogenic mechanisms.
- Escherichia coli has both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains.
- HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, fomites, and parental channels, but not through the respiratory route or fecal-oral route.
- Cholera is acquired through the ingestion of the causal agent present in contaminated water.
- Cholera toxin is classified as an enterotoxin.
Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis and Other Diseases
- Nonbacterial gastroenteritis is caused by viruses and presents mild gastrointestinal symptoms.
- Hepatitis A is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food.
- Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food.
- Oncogenic viruses can alter the mechanism that regulates cell multiplication, but not always.
Bacterial Virulence Factors and Fungi
- Bacterial virulence factors include structures such as plasmids, fimbriae, or magnetosomes.
- Fungi can cause infections, intoxinations, and hypersensitivity reactions.
- Dimorphic fungi can grow in filamentous form or as yeast, depending on the environment.
- Filamentous fungi have a cellular structure called mycelium.
Viral Infections and Capsomeres
- Capsomeres are protein subunits that make up the viral capsid.
- Enveloped viruses have a membrane that surrounds the virus, acquired from the infected cell.
- Strict aerobic microorganisms grow only in the presence of oxygen.
Sterilization and Disinfection
- Sterilization is the process of destruction of all organisms present in a material, including bacterial endospores.
- Disinfection is the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all organisms.
- Chlorine is used as a disinfectant, but not as a sterilant.
- Antiseptics are used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms on living tissues.
Nosocomial Infections and Defense Mechanisms
- Nosocomial infections are acquired in hospitals or healthcare centers, often from contaminated equipment or healthcare workers.
- Healthy carriers can transmit diseases without showing symptoms.
- Interferon is a soluble molecule that prevents the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
- Lysozyme is an external defense mechanism present in saliva, tears, and other bodily fluids.
Specific Diseases
- Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation.
- Syphilis can affect the nervous system, and primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs.
- Legionnaires' disease is produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person.
- Onychomycosis is produced by dermatophyte fungi.
- Anthrax is a disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin, affecting the skin and other organs.
Infectious Diseases and Microorganisms
- Not all infectious diseases are mandatory in Spain, with legionellosis being one example.
- Infectious diseases can be contagious, but not always, and some may be produced by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms.
- The measles virus can produce cathedral manifestations and skin rashes, but it's not a localized disease of the skin of the trunk.
Pathogenic Mechanisms and Microorganisms
- Gastroenteric diseases can have enterotoxigenic and/or invasive pathogenic mechanisms.
- Escherichia coli has both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains.
- HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, fomites, and parental channels, but not through the respiratory route or fecal-oral route.
- Cholera is acquired through the ingestion of the causal agent present in contaminated water.
- Cholera toxin is classified as an enterotoxin.
Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis and Other Diseases
- Nonbacterial gastroenteritis is caused by viruses and presents mild gastrointestinal symptoms.
- Hepatitis A is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food.
- Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food.
- Oncogenic viruses can alter the mechanism that regulates cell multiplication, but not always.
Bacterial Virulence Factors and Fungi
- Bacterial virulence factors include structures such as plasmids, fimbriae, or magnetosomes.
- Fungi can cause infections, intoxinations, and hypersensitivity reactions.
- Dimorphic fungi can grow in filamentous form or as yeast, depending on the environment.
- Filamentous fungi have a cellular structure called mycelium.
Viral Infections and Capsomeres
- Capsomeres are protein subunits that make up the viral capsid.
- Enveloped viruses have a membrane that surrounds the virus, acquired from the infected cell.
- Strict aerobic microorganisms grow only in the presence of oxygen.
Sterilization and Disinfection
- Sterilization is the process of destruction of all organisms present in a material, including bacterial endospores.
- Disinfection is the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all organisms.
- Chlorine is used as a disinfectant, but not as a sterilant.
- Antiseptics are used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms on living tissues.
Nosocomial Infections and Defense Mechanisms
- Nosocomial infections are acquired in hospitals or healthcare centers, often from contaminated equipment or healthcare workers.
- Healthy carriers can transmit diseases without showing symptoms.
- Interferon is a soluble molecule that prevents the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
- Lysozyme is an external defense mechanism present in saliva, tears, and other bodily fluids.
Specific Diseases
- Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation.
- Syphilis can affect the nervous system, and primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs.
- Legionnaires' disease is produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person.
- Onychomycosis is produced by dermatophyte fungi.
- Anthrax is a disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin, affecting the skin and other organs.
Scalded Skin Syndrome
- Scalded skin syndrome is caused by the action of an exfoliative toxin produced by Streptococcus aureus.
Typhoid Fever
- Typhoid fever is a disease caused by Salmonella typhi and transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water or food.
- Symptoms of typhoid fever include constipation and splenomegaly.
Oncogenic Viruses
- Oncogenic viruses can alter the mechanism that regulates cell multiplication.
- They can give rise to malignant tumors.
Endospores
- Endospores are forms of resistance of some bacteria.
- They are not formed by budding.
- Not all bacteria can form endospores in the absence of nutrients.
Bacterial Virulence Factors
- Fimbriae or hairs are considered bacterial virulence factors.
- Plasmids and magnetosomes are not considered bacterial virulence factors.
Fungal Diseases
- Fungi can cause intoxication, infections, and hypersensitivity.
- Examples of fungal diseases include onychomycosis and pityriasis versicolor.
Bacterial Morphology
- Streptobacilli are elongated bacteria that group together to form chains.
- Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are not characterized by their ability to form chains.
Dimorphic Fungi
- Fungi that can grow in filamentous form or as yeast, depending on the environment, are called dimorphic fungi.
- Examples of dimorphic fungi include fungi that can grow as yeast or as a mold.
Mycelium
- Mycelium is the cellular structure of filamentous fungi.
Bacterial Cell Wall
- The peptidoglycan (murein) layer is found in the bacterial cell wall of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
- It is not found in the microplasm or only in Gram-positive bacteria.
Persistent Infections
- Persistent infections can be caused by viruses such as HIV and herpesviruses.
- Examples of diseases that can produce a persistent infection include AIDS, chickenpox, and cold sores.
Capsomeres
- Capsomeres are the protein subunits that make up the capsid of a virus.
- They are not the nucleic acid molecules synthesized by the virus after infection of a cell.
Nosocomial Infections
- Nosocomial infections can be acquired in a hospital setting.
- People who are elderly, undergoing surgery, or have a compromised immune system are more susceptible to nosocomial infections.
Enveloped Viruses
- The membrane that surrounds enveloped viruses is acquired from the host cell plasma membrane.
- It is not part of the virus particle or the peptidoglycan of the virus.
Microbial Growth
- Strict aerobic microorganisms require oxygen to grow.
- They can tolerate the absence of oxygen, but it is not a requirement for growth.
Temperature and Microorganisms
- Mesophiles are microorganisms that grow best in temperatures between 20-40°C.
- Thermophiles grow best in high temperatures, while psychrophiles grow best in low temperatures.
Sterilization and Disinfection
- UV rays, X-rays, and gamma rays are types of sterilizing radiation.
- Chlorine is used as a disinfectant or sterilant, depending on its concentration.
- Glutaraldehyde is used as a sterilant or disinfectant, depending on its concentration.
- Autoclaves are devices used for sterilization.
Defense Mechanisms
- Lysozyme is an external defense mechanism found in saliva, tears, and other bodily secretions.
- Interferon is a type of defense mechanism that prevents the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
- Healthy carriers are individuals who are infected with a pathogen but do not show symptoms of disease.
Infectious Diseases
- Legionnaires' disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila and is not transmitted directly from person to person.
- Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail.
- Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis and affects the skin and nervous system.
- Septic arthritis can be caused by infectious diseases such as gonorrhea and measles.
Antimicrobial Substances
- Broad-spectrum antimicrobial substances act on both bacteria and fungi.
- Selective spectrum antimicrobial substances act on specific types of microorganisms.
Microbial Transmission
- The transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child through the placenta is called congenital transmission.
- The transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child during childbirth is called perinatal transmission.
- Horizontal transmission is the transmission of microorganisms from person to person or through the environment.
Virology
- Chickenpox, AIDS, and Cold sores can produce a persistent infection
- Capsomeros are each of the protein subunits that make up the capsid
- People are more likely to acquire a nosocomial infection when they are extremely old, young, undergoing surgery, or have a compromised immune system
Microbiology
- Strict aerobic microorganisms grow only in the presence of oxygen
- Mesophiles are microorganisms that cause diseases in humans
- Chlorine can be used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, or sterilant, similar to iodine
- Anticeptics are chemical products used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and can be used on living tissues
Sterilization and Disinfection
- Sterilization is the process of destruction of all organisms present in a material
- Autoclaves use pressure to sterilize materials
- Glutaraldehyde can be used as a sterilant or disinfectant depending on its concentration
- Ethylene oxide can be used to sterilize solid materials sensitive to heat
Infections and Diseases
- Healthy carriers are individuals who are infected but do not show symptoms of disease
- Lysozyme present in saliva and tears is an external defense mechanism
- Interferon are molecules that prevent the multiplication of viruses in infected cells
- Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation
- Primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs
- Legionnaires' disease is a disease produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person
Specific Diseases
- Onychomycosis is produced by dermatophyte fungi
- Septic arthritis can be caused by infectious diseases such as Gonorrhea
- Anthrax is a skin disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin
- Microorganisms involved in nosocomial infections are acquired after the person enters the hospital center
Antimicrobial Substances
- An antimicrobial substance that acts on bacteria and fungi is considered broad spectrum
Microorganism Characteristics
- Infective dose is the number of microorganisms necessary for the disease to occur
- Transmission of microorganisms from an infected mother to the child through the placenta is called congenital transmission
- The host's external mechanical defense mechanisms include the barrier of the skin and mucous membranes
Microbiology and Infection Control
- The process of destroying both vegetative and spore forms of all organisms present in a material is called Sterilization.
- Autoclave is a device used to sterilize materials.
- Glutaraldehyde is used as a sterilant or disinfectant depending on its concentration.
- Healthy carriers in contagious foci are infected individuals without signs or symptoms of disease.
Defense Mechanisms
- Lysozyme present in saliva, tears, etc. is an external defense mechanism.
- Interferon is a molecule that prevents the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
- Interferon is a type of soluble molecule of the immune system that reacts with viral antigens.
Diseases and Infections
- Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation.
- Primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs.
- Legionnaires' disease is produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person.
- Onychomycosis is produced by dermatophyte fungi.
- Infectious diseases that can cause septic arthritis include Gonorrhea.
- Anthrax is a skin disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin from sick animals.
- Microorganisms involved in nosocomial infections are acquired after the person enters the hospital center.
- Antimicrobial substance with a broad spectrum acts on both bacteria and fungi.
Microbiology and Infections
- Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are due to the action of toxins and/or growth, depending on the disease.
- Infective dose is the number of microorganisms necessary for the disease to occur.
- Transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child through the placenta is called congenital transmission.
- The host's external mechanical defense mechanisms include the barrier of the skin and mucous membranes.
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Quiz on infectious diseases, their characteristics, and mandatory reporting in Spain. Topics include contagiousness, causative agents, and disease manifestations.
