Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology

Infectious Diseases and Microorganisms

• Not all infectious diseases are mandatory in Spain, with legionellosis being one example.
• Infectious diseases can be contagious, but not always, and some may be produced by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms.
• The measles virus can produce cathedral manifestations and skin rashes, but it's not a localized disease of the skin of the trunk.

Pathogenic Mechanisms and Microorganisms

• Gastroenteric diseases can have enterotoxigenic and/or invasive pathogenic mechanisms.
• Escherichia coli has both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains.
• HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, fomites, and parental channels, but not through the respiratory route or fecal-oral route.
• Cholera is acquired through the ingestion of the causal agent present in contaminated water.
• Cholera toxin is classified as an enterotoxin.

Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis and Other Diseases

• Nonbacterial gastroenteritis is caused by viruses and presents mild gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Hepatitis A is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food.
• Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food.
• Oncogenic viruses can alter the mechanism that regulates cell multiplication, but not always.

Bacterial Virulence Factors and Fungi

• Bacterial virulence factors include structures such as plasmids, fimbriae, or magnetosomes.
• Fungi can cause infections, intoxinations, and hypersensitivity reactions.
• Dimorphic fungi can grow in filamentous form or as yeast, depending on the environment.
• Filamentous fungi have a cellular structure called mycelium.

Viral Infections and Capsomeres

• Capsomeres are protein subunits that make up the viral capsid.
• Enveloped viruses have a membrane that surrounds the virus, acquired from the infected cell.
• Strict aerobic microorganisms grow only in the presence of oxygen.

Sterilization and Disinfection

• Sterilization is the process of destruction of all organisms present in a material, including bacterial endospores.
• Disinfection is the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all organisms.
• Chlorine is used as a disinfectant, but not as a sterilant.
• Antiseptics are used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms on living tissues.

Nosocomial Infections and Defense Mechanisms

• Nosocomial infections are acquired in hospitals or healthcare centers, often from contaminated equipment or healthcare workers.
• Healthy carriers can transmit diseases without showing symptoms.
• Interferon is a soluble molecule that prevents the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
• Lysozyme is an external defense mechanism present in saliva, tears, and other bodily fluids.

Specific Diseases

• Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation.
• Syphilis can affect the nervous system, and primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs.
• Legionnaires' disease is produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person.
• Onychomycosis is produced by dermatophyte fungi.
• Anthrax is a disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin, affecting the skin and other organs.

Infectious Diseases and Microorganisms

• Not all infectious diseases are mandatory in Spain, with legionellosis being one example.
• Infectious diseases can be contagious, but not always, and some may be produced by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms.
• The measles virus can produce cathedral manifestations and skin rashes, but it's not a localized disease of the skin of the trunk.

Pathogenic Mechanisms and Microorganisms

• Gastroenteric diseases can have enterotoxigenic and/or invasive pathogenic mechanisms.
• Escherichia coli has both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains.
• HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, fomites, and parental channels, but not through the respiratory route or fecal-oral route.
• Cholera is acquired through the ingestion of the causal agent present in contaminated water.
• Cholera toxin is classified as an enterotoxin.

Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis and Other Diseases

• Nonbacterial gastroenteritis is caused by viruses and presents mild gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Hepatitis A is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food.
• Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food.
• Oncogenic viruses can alter the mechanism that regulates cell multiplication, but not always.

Bacterial Virulence Factors and Fungi

• Bacterial virulence factors include structures such as plasmids, fimbriae, or magnetosomes.
• Fungi can cause infections, intoxinations, and hypersensitivity reactions.
• Dimorphic fungi can grow in filamentous form or as yeast, depending on the environment.
• Filamentous fungi have a cellular structure called mycelium.

Viral Infections and Capsomeres

• Capsomeres are protein subunits that make up the viral capsid.
• Enveloped viruses have a membrane that surrounds the virus, acquired from the infected cell.
• Strict aerobic microorganisms grow only in the presence of oxygen.

Sterilization and Disinfection

• Sterilization is the process of destruction of all organisms present in a material, including bacterial endospores.
• Disinfection is the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all organisms.
• Chlorine is used as a disinfectant, but not as a sterilant.
• Antiseptics are used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms on living tissues.

Nosocomial Infections and Defense Mechanisms

• Nosocomial infections are acquired in hospitals or healthcare centers, often from contaminated equipment or healthcare workers.
• Healthy carriers can transmit diseases without showing symptoms.
• Interferon is a soluble molecule that prevents the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
• Lysozyme is an external defense mechanism present in saliva, tears, and other bodily fluids.

Specific Diseases

• Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation.
• Syphilis can affect the nervous system, and primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs.
• Legionnaires' disease is produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person.
• Onychomycosis is produced by dermatophyte fungi.
• Anthrax is a disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin, affecting the skin and other organs.

Scalded Skin Syndrome

• Scalded skin syndrome is caused by the action of an exfoliative toxin produced by Streptococcus aureus.

Typhoid Fever

• Typhoid fever is a disease caused by Salmonella typhi and transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water or food.
• Symptoms of typhoid fever include constipation and splenomegaly.

Oncogenic Viruses

• Oncogenic viruses can alter the mechanism that regulates cell multiplication.
• They can give rise to malignant tumors.

Endospores

• Endospores are forms of resistance of some bacteria.
• They are not formed by budding.
• Not all bacteria can form endospores in the absence of nutrients.

Bacterial Virulence Factors

• Fimbriae or hairs are considered bacterial virulence factors.
• Plasmids and magnetosomes are not considered bacterial virulence factors.

Fungal Diseases

• Fungi can cause intoxication, infections, and hypersensitivity.
• Examples of fungal diseases include onychomycosis and pityriasis versicolor.

Bacterial Morphology

• Streptobacilli are elongated bacteria that group together to form chains.
• Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are not characterized by their ability to form chains.

Dimorphic Fungi

• Fungi that can grow in filamentous form or as yeast, depending on the environment, are called dimorphic fungi.
• Examples of dimorphic fungi include fungi that can grow as yeast or as a mold.

Mycelium

• Mycelium is the cellular structure of filamentous fungi.

Bacterial Cell Wall

• The peptidoglycan (murein) layer is found in the bacterial cell wall of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
• It is not found in the microplasm or only in Gram-positive bacteria.

Persistent Infections

• Persistent infections can be caused by viruses such as HIV and herpesviruses.
• Examples of diseases that can produce a persistent infection include AIDS, chickenpox, and cold sores.

Capsomeres

• Capsomeres are the protein subunits that make up the capsid of a virus.
• They are not the nucleic acid molecules synthesized by the virus after infection of a cell.

Nosocomial Infections

• Nosocomial infections can be acquired in a hospital setting.
• People who are elderly, undergoing surgery, or have a compromised immune system are more susceptible to nosocomial infections.

Enveloped Viruses

• The membrane that surrounds enveloped viruses is acquired from the host cell plasma membrane.
• It is not part of the virus particle or the peptidoglycan of the virus.

Microbial Growth

• Strict aerobic microorganisms require oxygen to grow.
• They can tolerate the absence of oxygen, but it is not a requirement for growth.

Temperature and Microorganisms

• Mesophiles are microorganisms that grow best in temperatures between 20-40°C.
• Thermophiles grow best in high temperatures, while psychrophiles grow best in low temperatures.

Sterilization and Disinfection

• UV rays, X-rays, and gamma rays are types of sterilizing radiation.
• Chlorine is used as a disinfectant or sterilant, depending on its concentration.
• Glutaraldehyde is used as a sterilant or disinfectant, depending on its concentration.
• Autoclaves are devices used for sterilization.

Defense Mechanisms

• Lysozyme is an external defense mechanism found in saliva, tears, and other bodily secretions.
• Interferon is a type of defense mechanism that prevents the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
• Healthy carriers are individuals who are infected with a pathogen but do not show symptoms of disease.

Infectious Diseases

• Legionnaires' disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila and is not transmitted directly from person to person.
• Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail.
• Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis and affects the skin and nervous system.
• Septic arthritis can be caused by infectious diseases such as gonorrhea and measles.

Antimicrobial Substances

• Broad-spectrum antimicrobial substances act on both bacteria and fungi.
• Selective spectrum antimicrobial substances act on specific types of microorganisms.

Microbial Transmission

• The transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child through the placenta is called congenital transmission.
• The transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child during childbirth is called perinatal transmission.
• Horizontal transmission is the transmission of microorganisms from person to person or through the environment.

Virology

• Chickenpox, AIDS, and Cold sores can produce a persistent infection
• Capsomeros are each of the protein subunits that make up the capsid
• People are more likely to acquire a nosocomial infection when they are extremely old, young, undergoing surgery, or have a compromised immune system

Microbiology

• Strict aerobic microorganisms grow only in the presence of oxygen
• Mesophiles are microorganisms that cause diseases in humans
• Chlorine can be used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, or sterilant, similar to iodine
• Anticeptics are chemical products used to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and can be used on living tissues

Sterilization and Disinfection

• Sterilization is the process of destruction of all organisms present in a material
• Autoclaves use pressure to sterilize materials
• Glutaraldehyde can be used as a sterilant or disinfectant depending on its concentration
• Ethylene oxide can be used to sterilize solid materials sensitive to heat

Infections and Diseases

• Healthy carriers are individuals who are infected but do not show symptoms of disease
• Lysozyme present in saliva and tears is an external defense mechanism
• Interferon are molecules that prevent the multiplication of viruses in infected cells
• Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation
• Primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs
• Legionnaires' disease is a disease produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person

Specific Diseases

• Onychomycosis is produced by dermatophyte fungi
• Septic arthritis can be caused by infectious diseases such as Gonorrhea
• Anthrax is a skin disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin
• Microorganisms involved in nosocomial infections are acquired after the person enters the hospital center

Antimicrobial Substances

• An antimicrobial substance that acts on bacteria and fungi is considered broad spectrum

Microorganism Characteristics

• Infective dose is the number of microorganisms necessary for the disease to occur
• Transmission of microorganisms from an infected mother to the child through the placenta is called congenital transmission
• The host's external mechanical defense mechanisms include the barrier of the skin and mucous membranes

Microbiology and Infection Control

• The process of destroying both vegetative and spore forms of all organisms present in a material is called Sterilization.
• Autoclave is a device used to sterilize materials.
• Glutaraldehyde is used as a sterilant or disinfectant depending on its concentration.
• Healthy carriers in contagious foci are infected individuals without signs or symptoms of disease.

Defense Mechanisms

• Lysozyme present in saliva, tears, etc. is an external defense mechanism.
• Interferon is a molecule that prevents the multiplication of viruses in infected cells.
• Interferon is a type of soluble molecule of the immune system that reacts with viral antigens.

Diseases and Infections

• Pityriasis versicolor is a mycosis that produces hypo or hyperpigmentation.
• Primary syphilis is manifested by lesions in the genital organs.
• Legionnaires' disease is produced by Legionella pneumophila and is not spread directly from person to person.
• Onychomycosis is produced by dermatophyte fungi.
• Infectious diseases that can cause septic arthritis include Gonorrhea.
• Anthrax is a skin disease whose causal agent (Bacillus anthracis) penetrates through wounds in the skin from sick animals.
• Microorganisms involved in nosocomial infections are acquired after the person enters the hospital center.
• Antimicrobial substance with a broad spectrum acts on both bacteria and fungi.

Microbiology and Infections

• Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are due to the action of toxins and/or growth, depending on the disease.
• Infective dose is the number of microorganisms necessary for the disease to occur.
• Transmission of microorganisms from the infected mother to the child through the placenta is called congenital transmission.
• The host's external mechanical defense mechanisms include the barrier of the skin and mucous membranes.