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Japan war vs Russia 1904-1905 japan was going for geological power, japan did win the war Charles Darwin: Created evolution, studies on birds, 19 century biologist, animals evolving overtime David Livingstone: explorer 19th century, scottish, one of first to explore central africa Liberia:...

Japan war vs Russia 1904-1905 japan was going for geological power, japan did win the war Charles Darwin: Created evolution, studies on birds, 19 century biologist, animals evolving overtime David Livingstone: explorer 19th century, scottish, one of first to explore central africa Liberia: west africa, liberated slave state, mid 1800’s, Vietnam war: expensive and bloody war for America, America lost war ultimately because of terrain, 1960’s, proxy war, communist was support, north won, big protested war because imagery of war was being seen. Vladimir Lennon: Russian revolution roughly leader of revolution, 1917 Delores laguerta: Cofounder of united farm workers , worked with cesar chavez, from dawson new mexico, 1950’s Trinity Test: Testing bomb sites in Alamogordo, Oppenheimer, 1945, first nuclear bomb created on earth, paved way for the first 2 nuclear bombs dropped on Japan Relativity: 1920s, Albert Einstein created theories, theories used how gravity in our world works, Your own Point of view depends how many things are viewed such as physics, truth depends up to the perspective, Applies to ethical, questioning the idea of absolute truth British RAJ: South Asia, period of colonial rule, mid 1800s-1940s France Ferdinand: French historian, heir to the throne of austria hungary, 1914 assassinated, Death led to world war 1 Neoliberism: less regulation, less taxes, reduce government, political economic, 1980s, Joseph Stalin: Communist for Russia during 1920-1950, Russian leader (dictator), Killing millions of people Scramble for Africa: colonial powers 1880-1900, Divided parts of Africa between themselves, Portugal, Germany, United Kingdom, Belgian congo Cuban Revolution: imperialist revolution led to communist revolution by fidel castro, 1959, People overthrew government to gain back power, Cuba communist country James Watt (1736–1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist, best known for his improvements to the steam engine. His work played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution. Watt's innovations, particularly the addition of a separate condenser to the steam engine, made the engines more efficient and practical for widespread use in factories, mining, and transportation. His name is also commemorated in the unit of power, the "watt," which is used worldwide to measure electrical power. The cotton gin is a mechanical device invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. Its primary function was to quickly and efficiently separate cotton fibers from their seeds, a process that had previously been done by hand and was extremely labor-intensive. The cotton gin greatly increased cotton production, making it a more profitable crop, particularly in the southern United States. Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production—such as factories, land, and resources—are privately owned and operated for profit. In a capitalist system, goods and services are produced for exchange in competitive markets, and prices are determined by supply and demand rather than being centrally controlled. Key features of capitalism include private property, free markets, competition, and the pursuit of profit. Karl Marx (1818–1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, and revolutionary socialist, best known for his foundational works on Marxism, a theory of society and economics that critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless, stateless society. Marx's most famous works include The Communist Manifesto (co-authored with Friedrich Engels, 1848) and Das Kapital (1867). Adam Smith (1723–1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and a key figure in the development of modern economics. He is best known for his influential book, The Wealth of Nations (1776), which laid the foundations for classical economics and the concept of free-market capitalism. "The White Man's Burden" is a phrase that originated from a poem written by the British author Rudyard Kipling in 1899. The poem, titled The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands, was written in the context of the U.S. annexation of the Philippines following the Spanish-American War. First Opium War (1839–1842) The First Opium War was triggered by the Chinese government's efforts to suppress the opium trade, which had been illegally flourishing in China. British merchants had been exporting large quantities of opium from India to China, where it was highly addictive. The Chinese government, led by the Qing Dynasty, sought to stop the trade due to its damaging social and economic effects. In 1839, the Chinese Commissioner Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed large quantities of opium in Canton (now Guangzhou), which led to tensions between China and Britain. Quinine is a naturally occurring compound that has been historically used to treat malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite. It is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, which is native to South America, particularly Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Chemical warfare refers to the use of toxic chemicals as weapons to cause harm, injury, or death to people, animals, or plants during armed conflict. Unlike conventional weapons, which rely on physical force or explosive power, chemical weapons use the toxic properties of chemical substances to incapacitate or kill. Containment was a key U.S. foreign policy strategy during the Cold War (1947–1991), aimed at preventing the spread of communism and Soviet influence across the globe. The strategy was based on the belief that the Soviet Union and its allies sought to expand communism internationally, and that the United States and its allies needed to prevent this expansion through a combination of diplomatic, military, and economic means. Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) was a prominent Indian leader and social reformer who became the principal figure in the movement for Indian independence from British colonial rule. Known for his philosophy of non-violence (ahimsa) and civil disobedience, Gandhi’s leadership played a central role in the eventual liberation of India and inspired civil rights and freedom movements worldwide. The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European Recovery Program (ERP), was a U.S. initiative to provide economic aid to help rebuild Western European economies after the devastation of World War II. The plan was proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall in a speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947, and was implemented between 1948 and 1952. The Marshall Plan was one of the most successful and significant foreign policy actions of the post-war period. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a colorless, odorless gas that plays a crucial role in both the natural processes of the Earth and human activities. It is composed of one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and is a key component in the carbon cycle, the process by which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. Kristallnacht (German for "Night of Broken Glass") refers to a violent, coordinated series of attacks on Jews and Jewish-owned businesses, homes, and synagogues that took place in Nazi Germany and Austria on the night of November 9–10, 1938. It is considered one of the key turning points in the escalation of Nazi anti-Semitic policies, marking the transition from discrimination and exclusion to open violence and terror. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) was a brutal conflict between two opposing factions in Spain: the Republican government, which was a left-wing coalition of socialists, communists, anarchists, and liberals, and the Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco, which were right-wing, militarist, and supported by fascists and monarchists. The war is often seen as a precursor to World War II, with various foreign powers supporting both sides, and it played a key role in the political and social upheaval of 20th-century Europe. The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that officially ended World War I. It was signed on June 28, 1919, at the Palace of Versailles in France, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which was the spark that ignited the war. The treaty was negotiated among the Allied powers (chiefly France, Britain, and the United States) and Germany, the Central Power nation deemed responsible for the war. The Treaty of Versailles is widely regarded as one of the most significant and controversial peace agreements in history, and its terms had far-reaching consequences. Vladimir Lenin (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 1870–1924) was a Russian revolutionary, political theorist, and the leader of the Bolshevik Party. He played a crucial role in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the founding of the Soviet Union (USSR), becoming its first leader and architect of Soviet communism. Lenin’s ideas and actions transformed Russia into a communist state and had a lasting impact on global history, shaping the 20th century and influencing socialist movements around the world. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a pivotal event in world history that led to the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the establishment of a communist government in Russia. The revolution took place in two distinct phases: the February Revolution and the October Revolution, both of which were driven by social, political, and economic crises that had been brewing for decades. These events not only changed the course of Russian history but also laid the foundation for the creation of the Soviet Union and the rise of communism as a global political force The Cold War was a period of intense geopolitical tension and rivalry between the United States and its allies, representing the Western bloc, and the Soviet Union and its allies, representing the Eastern bloc. Lasting from the end of World War II in 1945 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Cold War was marked by ideological conflict, military competition, proxy wars, and nuclear arms races. Despite the name, the Cold War was not characterized by direct large-scale fighting between the superpowers but involved a series of indirect confrontations and a constant state of tension. The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted through much of the 1930s. It remains the most widespread and prolonged economic depression in modern history, affecting nearly every country in the world. The Depression had devastating social, political, and economic impacts, leading to widespread poverty, mass unemployment, and major changes in economic policy and government intervention. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist best known for his groundbreaking theory of evolution through natural selection. His work revolutionized the way we understand the development of life on Earth and laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology. The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) was a conflict between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over territorial disputes in East Asia, particularly in Manchuria and Korea. The war marked Japan's rise as a major military power and had significant implications for both countries and the international balance of power in the early 20th century. The Vietnam War (1955–1975) was a conflict that took place in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia and involved North Vietnam and its communist allies against South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. It is one of the most controversial and significant conflicts of the 20th century, with profound consequences for both Vietnam and the broader international landscape during the Cold War. The Cuban Revolution was a pivotal event that occurred from 1953 to 1959, leading to the overthrow of the dictatorial regime of Fulgencio Batista and the rise to power of Fidel Castro and his revolutionary forces. It fundamentally transformed Cuba's political, economic, and social structures and had a profound impact on the Cold War dynamics, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Berlin Wall was a physical barrier constructed in 1961 that divided the city of Berlin into East and West, symbolizing the division of Germany and, more broadly, the ideological divide between communism and capitalism during the Cold War. It stood as a powerful symbol of the Iron Curtain—the boundary separating the communist East, controlled by the Soviet Union, from the capitalist West, led by the United States and its NATO allies. The Tiananmen Square Massacre (also known as the June Fourth Incident) refers to the violent suppression of pro-democracy protests in Beijing, China, which took place in 1989. The protests were led by students, intellectuals, and workers who demanded political reform, greater personal freedoms, and an end to government corruption. The Chinese government responded with a brutal crackdown that resulted in hundreds, possibly thousands, of deaths and widespread repression. The event is considered one of the most significant episodes of political dissent in modern Chinese history. Neoliberalism is a political and economic ideology that advocates for free-market capitalism, minimal government intervention, and an emphasis on individual entrepreneurship and private property. It gained prominence in the late 20th century and has influenced economic policy globally, especially since the 1980s. Neoliberalism is often associated with the political shifts in the United States under Ronald Reagan and the United Kingdom under Margaret Thatcher, but its ideas can be traced back to earlier thinkers, such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman. Mao Zedong (1893–1976) was a Chinese communist revolutionary and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC). David Livingstone (1813–1873) was a Scottish missionary, physician, and explorer, best known for his extensive travels in Africa during the 19th century. His explorations helped open up much of the African interior to European influence and played a significant role in the European "Scramble for Africa." Livingstone became famous for his commitment to spreading Christianity, ending the slave trade, and his exploration of the African continent, particularly his efforts to find the source of the Nile River. Dolores Huerta (born April 10, 1930) is an American labor leader, civil rights activist, and feminist who played a pivotal role in the Chicano civil rights movement and the farmworkers' rights movement in the United States. She co-founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) with César Chávez and was instrumental in advocating for the rights of farm workers, particularly in securing better wages, working conditions, and the right to organize. The Mexican-American War (1846–1848) was a conflict between the United States and Mexico that had significant territorial, political, and cultural consequences. The war was primarily fought over territorial disputes following the annexation of Texas by the United States and the desire of the U.S. to expand its territory westward, an ideology known as Manifest Destiny. The war ended with a decisive American victory and resulted in Mexico losing a vast amount of land, which is now part of the southwestern United States. The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was a socio-political movement initiated by Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), aimed at preserving and perpetuating communist ideology by removing capitalist, traditional, and cultural elements from Chinese society. It was also a response to perceived threats to Mao’s authority within the Communist Party, especially after the failure of the Great Leap Forward (1958–1962), which led to widespread famine and millions of deaths. The Cultural Revolution had a profound impact on China, with widespread social upheaval, violence, and a systematic attempt to reshape Chinese culture, education, and political life. The Belgian Congo (1908–1960) refers to the period during which Belgium controlled the Congo Free State (the personal colony of King Leopold II from 1885 to 1908) as a formal colony under Belgian rule. This period is one of the most brutal and exploitative colonial regimes in history, marked by severe human rights abuses, economic exploitation, and systemic violence toward the Congolese people. The Congo's vast natural resources, particularly rubber, were exploited for profit, with devastating consequences for the indigenous population. The Indian Removal Act was a law passed by the U.S. Congress on May 28, 1830, under President Andrew Jackson, which authorized the federal government to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes in the southeastern United States to forcibly relocate them to lands west of the Mississippi River. This legislation marked a significant chapter in the U.S. government's treatment of Native Americans, leading to the forced removal of thousands of Indigenous people from their ancestral lands in what became known as the Trail of Tears Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1863–1914) was the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne and a key figure in the events leading up to World War I. His assassination in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist, set off a chain reaction that ultimately led to the outbreak of the war. Trench warfare refers to a type of combat in which opposing armies fight from a system of trenches dug into the ground, rather than engaging in open-field battles. It became one of the most distinctive features of World War I (1914–1918) and was a defining characteristic of the Western Front, where soldiers faced long periods of stagnation, brutal conditions, and high casualties. The Warsaw Pact, officially known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance, was a political and military alliance established in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies in response to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. The Warsaw Pact was designed to counterbalance NATO's growing military power during the Cold War. NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance founded on April 4, 1949, with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty). NATO was established primarily as a collective defense pact to counter the threat posed by the Soviet Union and the spread of communism in the early years of the Cold War. Over time, it has evolved into a broader international organization committed to collective security, democracy, and stability across the North Atlantic region and beyond. The Chinese Revolution refers to a series of political and military events that ultimately led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The revolution unfolded over several decades, driven by a combination of internal discontent, social upheaval, and external pressures, culminating in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) over the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) and the eventual consolidation of communist rule under Mao Zedong