Unit 4 Notes: Age Of Jefferson PDF

Unit 4 Notes Age of Jefferson First Political Party (1789-1824) Federalist ○ National Policies ○ Strong Central Government ○ Loose Constructionists ○ Promote and foster commerce and manufacturing sectors ○ The rich, the well born, th able”; mecha...

Unit 4 Notes Age of Jefferson First Political Party (1789-1824) Federalist ○ National Policies ○ Strong Central Government ○ Loose Constructionists ○ Promote and foster commerce and manufacturing sectors ○ The rich, the well born, th able”; mechants, bankers, manufacturers ○ Pro-British / Anglophiles Anti-French Revolution ○ Strongest in Northeast, urban sectors ○ Feared mob rule and anarchy ○ Party of good government and meritocracy Democratic Republican ○ States’ rights ○ Strong local/state governments ○ Strict constructionists ○ Foster agricultural society ○ Small farmers, plantation owners, artisans ○ Anti-British / Francophiles Pro French Revolution ○ Strongest in West and South, rural sectors ○ Feared tyranny and monarchism ○ Part of individual liberties and popular democracy ​ Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Plantation and slave owner from Virginia Statesman ○ Assemblyman ○ Declaration of Independence  ○ Governor ○ Minister to France ○ Secretary of State ○ Vice-President ○ President Democratic-Republican ○ Founded the part in opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists ○ Kentucky Resolution Inaugural Address “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle… We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” ○ “Renaissance Man” Inventor, philosopher, architect, scientist, write/author, politician, diplomat, farmer/plantation owner, surveyor Midnight Judges; ○ Marbury v. Madison (1803) Louisiana Purchase (1803) Barbary Pirates Embargo Act of 1807 Revolution of 1800 The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America’s political system. ○ Jefferson promises to return to original spirit of 1776 ○ Conciliatory: “We are all Republicans; We are all Federalists” 1801 - Judiciary Act created 16 new federal judgeships, ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary. Accused of court-packing with these “midnight appointments” Strengthening of the Judicial Branch Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-1835) - committed Federalist - “judicial nationalism”  Marbury v. Madison (1803) est. principle of Judicial Review: Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality Impeachment charges v.s. Samuel Chase for political reasons but senate didn’t convict -> precedent NOT to reshape Supreme Court through impeachment Mcculloch v. Maryland defends loose construction of Constitution & implied powers of government Domestic Policy 1803 - Lousisiana Purchase - doubled the size of the US for $15 million vs. strict construction “Valley of democracy” in line with agrarian vision Sent Lewis & Clark with corps of discovery to explore ○ Reached Oregon with help of Sacagawea Reelected 1804 ○ Visions: Small government with low taxes & smaller military - downsize the navy (“mosquito fleet”) Foreign Policy Threats to Neutrality: ○ Barbary pirates & pasha of Tripoli demanded tribute ○ Napoleonic Wars -> Order in Council closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping & escalated impressment of US sailors ○ Britain fires on US ship Chesapeake when soldiers refuse to comply with orders. Embargo Act (1807) - “peaceful coercion” hurts US economy more than it hurts Britain or France ○ Replaced with Non Intercourse Act (1809) ○ Acts failed: stimulated American industry & led to Federalist revival War Hawks demand confrontation with Britain & Native Americans. Mr. Madison War: The War of 1812 Background & Causes ○ Tecumseh & “the prophet” organized a confederacy of indians  Battle of Tippecanoe - Harrison federated the Shawnee -> Tecumseh allies with Britain ○ War Hawks chants “on to Canada!” ○ War brought vitality & pride back to US ○ New England opposed war - relied on Britain for trade. The War of 1812 Mistake not to attack Montreal & launched 3-prong invasion instead Victory on Great Lakes by Oliver Hazard Perry August 1814 - attacked DC & burned the presidential mansion ○ Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner imprisoned on a British ship Draw vs. Win: Treaty Ghent ○ “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost After the war had already ended, Andrew Jackson led a hodgepodge group to victory at the Battle of New Orleans. Effects of the War of 1812 The Hartford Convention (1814) ○ Radical spoke of secession but most terms moderate ○ Disgrace & end of Federalist party US Gained recognition & respect globally Rise in nationalism: capitol rebuilt, American literature and art develops, army, & navy expanded The Era of Good Feelings One part & a sweeping victory for Monroe (1820) Missouri Compromise replaced Tallmadge Amendment ○ (proposed as a condition of Missouri’s statehood that no further slaves could be imported into the state and all children born after Missouri’s admission to the Union shall be born free) ○ Main = Free soil & missouri = slave trade ○ Divided at 36 30 line  Monroe re-elected nearly unanimously Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty) Monroe Doctrine - warned Europe not to colonize or intervene in the Western Hemisphere ○ “Self defense doctrine” Aside from issues of Tariffs, banks, internal improvements, slavery, sectionalism, & the Panic of 1819 The American System 1820s - Henry Clay’s three-pronged system to promote American industry 1. Strong banking system for easy, abundant credit 2. Protective tariff for eastern manufacturing 3. System of roads and canals, especially in the Ohio Valley, to transport foodstuffs, raw materials and manufactured goods Significance - Knit country together economically and politically, highlighted nationalism, created Erie Canal and Cumberland Road (though Monroe vetoes federal sponsorship of building projects) The End of the Era of Good Feelings 1824 - Corrupt Bargain - no electoral majority -> John Quincy Adams appoints Clay Secretary of State and House selects Adams as president 1828 - Adams & the Tariff of Abominations -> Nullification Crisis - raised the price of manufactured goods and represented increased power of Federal gov ○ John C. Calhoun helps South Carolina pen doctrine of nullification Political Changes Election of 1840 - slogans of “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” Whigs advocated this “poor man’s president” “New Democracy” - based on universal white manhood suffrage. The Whigs ○ Favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms ○ Mostly aristocratic and wealthier ○ Generally from the East The Democrats ○ Glorified the liberty of the individual ○ Clung to states’ rights and federal limitations in social and economic affairs ○ Mostly humble, poorer folk ○ Generally from the South and West Indian Removal Broke previous treaties Jackson’s 1830 Indian Removal Act provided for the transplanting of all Indian established Indian territory where they would “permanently” free of white encroachment Outcome: Some resisted and some were forcibly removed (Cherokee on the Trail of Tears 1838-1839) Foreign and Economic Interest Context: Moving West Overview: As the population and economy grew, Americans increasingly looked to the West for new opportunities After independence from Spain, the Mexican government made a deal with Stephen Austin to bring US settlers ○ 1835 - dictator Santa Anna started to raise an army to suppress the Texans - “Remember the Alamo!” Americans objected to this shift toward authoritarianism ○ 1836 - Sam Houston leads Texans to victory at Battle of San Jacinto Many Texans wanted to become part of the Union, but the slave issue blocked this. ○ Independent Republic of Texas 1836 -1845 Moving West: Effects Transportation Revolution - steam boards, roads, & canals -> development of a unified continental economy ○ Steamboats -> canal boom -> more cities along canal routes ○ Railroads - boom in 1830s & 1840s 6 States admitted 1815-1821 Immigration Influx of German & Irish - Especially in 1840s with Irish Potato Famine ○ Irish fill many low-paying factory jobs and clustered in cities like Boston & NY ○ Political machines like Tammany Hall rode to prominence helping newcomers find food, jobs, etc… Nativism grows & Know-Nothing Party (Order of the Star Spangled banner) established. ○ Feared political influence of foreigners. Mechanization Eli Whitney - Cotton gin & interchangeable parts  Samuel Slater - father of factory system Textiles - linking of northern factories and southern cotton plantations Samuel Morse - telegraph replaces pony express Factories: working conditions improved in the 1820s & 30s with the mass vote given to workers - 10 hour day, higher wages, tolerable conditions, public education, a bn of imprisonment for debt Market Revolution - More purchasing of consumer goods facilitated by transportation revolution. Women in the 19th “Cult of Domesticity” - “separate spheres” that regulated gender roles in American Society - especially middle/upper class Women outside the “domestic sphere” ○ Women’s rights at Seneca Falls (1848) org. Elizabeth Cady & Lucretia Mott ○ Dorothea Dix: traveled the country, visiting different asylums; released a report on insanity and asylums ○ Temperance Movement - led by Neal Dow - but popular among women: the nation’s “moral compass” ○ Louisa May Alcott wrote Little Women (1868) Lowell factories employed young women in textile production and implemented rigid rules and schedules