Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Methods PDF

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Quantitative: measure,quantify, test, predict, describe, confirm hypothesis Qualitative: richly describes ppls behaviors and realities, explore phenomenon, meanings of ppl experiences, culture norms, perspectives, and views, and looks at cause and effect Methods: Quantit...

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Quantitative: measure,quantify, test, predict, describe, confirm hypothesis Qualitative: richly describes ppls behaviors and realities, explore phenomenon, meanings of ppl experiences, culture norms, perspectives, and views, and looks at cause and effect Methods: Quantitative - experiments, surveys, and questionnaires Qualitative - Field research, cases studies, open ended interviews Data: Quantitative - numerical or quantifiable Qualitative - interviews, transcripts, observation notes, and journal entries Analyses: Quantitative - Stats Qualitative - Text Edic Approach: Quantitative and Realist Emic Approach: Qualitative and relativist. INDUCTIVE: qualitative data then theory DEDUCTIVE: quantitative theory then data Qualitative Research and Covid conducted through epidemiology: defines outbreak, find cases generates rates of illness and develops and evaluates hypotheses about the causes of illness and how it spreads Teti argued qualitative research can find outcomes, social responses to guidelines, how covid was experienced by marginalized groups, why guidelines weren't being followed and unexpected outcomes that the virus produced ppl generally did not follow guidelines because of being an essential worker, mistrust of government, ppl have a harder time quarantining if poor and women doing extra care due to being home with kids, increase discrimination of asians Participant Observation (Malinowski/orgin) participant observation: becoming part of a community while observing behaviors and activities Malinowski discovered the value in being physically there with the culture over a long period of time to understand a culture fully u must immerse yourself in the daily lives of those you are studying Malinowski through his work recognized the possible biases researchers inflict during their research and what people say versus what they do Participant Obseveration (advantages and disadvantages) Advantages: social relationships, see how much time is spent on what, events that participants cant talk about, what people do versus what they say, holistic understanding, access to backstage culture, view unscheduled events, get detailed descriptions Disadvantages/limitations: questions of acces and acceptance, our biases will affect our observations and amnalysis, having to follow guidelines which reveal your indentiy as a researcher Ethical issues to Particpant Observation 3 PRINCIPLES respect for persons: sunjects have to give informed consent Beneficene: researchers should try not to have negtive impact Justice: there should be no exploitation Informed consent means means you always have to be upfront with your tole as a researcher this can cause for an accessablity issue it is hardto know who to ask for consent when do you intervene in what you are studying if it is problematic guilty knowledge: conifedtial knowledge of illegal or illicit activities Dirty Hands:situtation in which the ethnographer cannot emerge innocent of wrongdoing when is it unsafe/dangerous for researchers to do observations Participant Obsevration uses to the Study of Law Helps us learn questions of compliance and non-compliance being able to penetrate "low visibly"..other method rely on accounts offered by the police themselves and can hold certain in power accountable Positionaliy (participant observation) insider vs outsider - conducting research on a different group from their own or their own group insider will have better access to their own group outsider will find it easier to see differences and objectivity in examining cultures going native.. being too involved as a researcher your identity and how it shapes or effects your research Rowe Article on Observations of Police Tripping Over Molehills: Ethics and the Ethnography of Police Work (title meaning he thought he was going to encounter these big ethical issues but they minor) Did participant observation of British police looked at factors that shape officers decision-making and exercise of discretion Ethical Issues: not feasible to ask everyone for consent he feared being compliant in the police corruption questions of when to intervene and not to when is engaging in participant observation as a researcher ok/too dangerous..(him assisting in the arrest of someone) Munkres Article on Observation of Diversity CIVIL RIGHTS LAW OF 1964 2 main parts: equal treatment and prohibits discrimination ened segregation and barred race, religious, national origin, and gender discrimation by employers Harrassment is considered a form of employment discrimination General Findings trainers are training not just to follow the law but also to be "rights promoters" some trainees resisted sighting they dont have the power to be right promoters Trainees saw civil rights as restrictions on their behavior and an inconvenience. previous studies focused on the non-privileged in relation to legal consciousness and the findings were similar...they are against the law in some sense Legal Consciousness being against the law as a form of resistance supervisors being afraid of the law being used against them feeling powerless against the power of civil rights law Definition: how ppl think about the law Podcast on Implict Bias hard for implict bias to go away because its formed over a lifetime traingings tend to only have a short term affect Diversity trainings can backfire by the person just shutting down due to feeling attacked Learn how to motivate people to see their implict bias wihtout them getting defensive implict bias is making decisions on unscious thoughts or feelings Ezekiel Article on Neo-Nazi ETHICS, DANGERS, AND DIFFUCLTY increases empathy may allow spread of ideology normalizes racism LEADERS power coming from anger and resentment felt by followers the motive being access to power and the means being racism FOLLOWERS/YOUNG KIDS WHO JOIN poor or lost a parent, mentions of alcholism socially isolated fealt fearful and powerless BENFITS OF DOING THIS RESEARCH if we cant understand them how are we suppose to know how to stop them can help figuring how to prevent growth. researchers usually do studies on groups they align with making this work usually not done Callaghan Article on IC Sociology Classroom Courtroom Exercise THE STUDY student engaged in court observations of juvenile justice obejective: how did courts apply "best interest of child standard" and experience those who go to court judge lindsey: set the best interest of child standard and decided it was best to meet children at their mental level Findings: students had a hard time negotiatiing entry, strangeness of being in court (as if guilty), court is confusing, process vary from court to court, best interest of child not served, issues of equal treatment and equal justice Why: taking on the role of the other/imagining oneslef in others shoes, looking beneath the surface of everyday institutional processes, structure of power and inequality TedTalk pendulum swings back and forth in juvenile courts from small progress to scandalous miscarriages of justice or rehabilitation and punishment crack and gun violence being "adult time for adult crime" "Kids for Cash", convicted of accepting money in return for imposing harsh judgment on juveniles to increase occupancy of for-profit detention centers Gathers Article on Courtroom Obsevrations of Gender Narratives Gender Bias In Court women are given more leniency - more likely to obtain pretrial freedom, less likely to be incarcerated, and shorter sentences Why? chivalry hypothesis : women should be coddled and protected Familial Paternalism: protecting children, women are caretakers Focal Concerns theory: females as victim and males as perps Findings men as workers whom were defendants and men as attorneys, judges asked how they provided for themsleves women as good mothers and care takers, female defandants citing their famial responsibilities Women as dependant, not held yo same economic responsiblities Playing into gender stereotypes leads to more lient sentences reinforces stereotypes Gonsalves Book CHapters (crook county) on Racism in Criminal Justice System Authors Positionality she passed as white which gave her privileged access played on gender roles (men talked to her more) she code switched Ethical Issues the role is to participate (how to participate in racism) was she complicit by seeing all the racial abuse and not doing anything Race Being Hard To Study hard to measure it, hard to detect because of colorblind racism Emotions emotionally taxing researcher becomes a research instrument nightmares, and stopped eating. reflect on your emotions and use them in your research Why is it of value a call to action look at how to judge look at environment. Findings: court functions like jim crow in the way that there are different entrances, white people as professionals, poc as criminals and defendants Prisons are multifaceted Prison Ethnogroahy Importance can look at economic and racial disparities can look at the purpose of prisons and there is mass incarceration in the US looks at staff, prison institutions, and prisoners 3 Functions: rehabilitation, punishment, deterrence, and incapacitation Challenges: access: have to apply for permission to do such research positionality: dressing too professionally will have prisoners thinking you are management or psychologist, dressing down will have management think you are a student who needs assistance possibility of having to reduce your feminity in a place where it could potentially cause problems can never really become an insider Emotional Toll hard to keep them under control as a researcher a numb feeling a feeling of having to cleanse yourself of all of which you have seen and heard upon leaving prisons can be scary place, the intention is to intimidate trauma from SA or Assualt research fatigue humor can also be found in prison life with enjoyment and fun Ethical Issues Quantitative doesn't tell a story and amounts experiences to numbers ' prison services demand that researchers to disclose illegal happenings in prisons conflict with participants' confidentiality ethnographers as voyeuristic (gaining off of suffering) ethnography as espionage