Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
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Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

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What was the objective of the students observing court cases related to juvenile justice?

  • To understand how juvenile courts apply the 'best interest of child' standard (correct)
  • To evaluate the performance of judges in adult courts
  • To compare juvenile and adult legal processes
  • To analyze the influence of media on juvenile crime

    • What was a finding of the courtroom observations conducted by students?

  • The court processes were consistent across all jurisdictions
  • The 'best interest of child' standard was effectively served
  • Students felt comfortable and confident in the court setting
  • Students encountered confusion and felt as if they were guilty (correct)

    • What historical issue does the 'Kids for Cash' scandal highlight?

  • Instances of juvenile offenders being treated with leniency
  • The effectiveness of juvenile rehabilitation programs
  • Judges promoting rehabilitation over punishment
  • Judicial corruption and harsh penalties for juvenile offenses (correct)

    • In terms of gender bias, what trend is observed regarding women in court compared to men?

    <p>Women are more likely to receive pretrial freedom and shorter sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for studying courtroom experiences according to the content provided?

    <p>To explore issues of power and inequality within judicial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary ethical concern for the researcher in the Rowe article?

    <p>Being compliant in police corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main aspects of the Civil Rights Law of 1964?

    <p>It prohibits harassment as a form of employment discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did some trainees perceive civil rights laws during the Munkres article study?

    <p>As inconvenient restrictions on their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common outcome occurs from diversity trainings, according to the podcast on implicit bias?

    <p>Training participants feel defensive and shut down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of researching organizations like neo-Nazi groups, as discussed in the Ezekiel article?

    <p>It can help prevent their growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to young individuals joining neo-Nazi groups, according to the Ezekiel article?

    <p>Being socially isolated and feeling powerless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines legal consciousness as discussed in the Munkres article?

    <p>Resistance against legal authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Rowe article identify as a challenge of participant observation in police research?

    <p>Balancing neutrality and involvement in police activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is primarily used in quantitative research?

    <p>Numerical or quantifiable data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach focuses on exploring meanings and experiences?

    <p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT typically associated with qualitative research?

    <p>Experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle in ethical research ensures that subjects give informed consent?

    <p>Respect for persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In participant observation, what is meant by 'going native'?

    <p>Immersing fully in the culture of the group studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of participant observation?

    <p>Potential biases affecting observations and analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach involves generating theories after collecting qualitative data?

    <p>Inductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a reason people generally did not follow COVID-19 guidelines?

    <p>Trust in government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does qualitative research help in the study of COVID-19?

    <p>By finding social responses and personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the emic approach in research?

    <p>Focuses on inner perspectives and cultural contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chivalry hypothesis suggest about women's treatment in society?

    <p>Women require protection and should be coddled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Focal Concerns theory highlight in the context of crime?

    <p>Women as caregivers and men as perpetrators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does playing into gender stereotypes affect sentencing?

    <p>It results in more lenient sentences for women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the emotional impact of conducting research in prisons?

    <p>Researchers often experience emotional fatigue and numbness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical concern arises from utilizing quantitative research methods in prison studies?

    <p>Quantitative methods reduce experiences to mere numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of positionality refer to in prison research?

    <p>The perceived role and presentation of the researcher in the prison environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key purposes of prison ethnography?

    <p>To explore economic and racial disparities within prison systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of ethical issues, what challenge do researchers face when observing racial dynamics in prisons?

    <p>They must disclose all instances of racial abuse observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

    • Qualitative research focuses on understanding people's behaviors, experiences, and perspectives through rich descriptions. It explores phenomena, meanings, cultural norms, and views. Qualitative research also examines cause and effect relationships.
    • Quantitative research aims to measure, quantify, test, predict, describe, and confirm hypotheses. It uses numerical data to analyze patterns and relationships.

    Methods and Data

    • Qualitative methods include field research, case studies, and open-ended interviews. This approach generates data in the form of interviews, transcripts, observation notes, and journal entries.
    • Quantitative methods involve experiments, surveys, and questionnaires. This approach uses numerical or quantifiable data for analysis.

    Analysis

    • Qualitative research analyzes textual data to identify themes, patterns, and insights.
    • Quantitative research relies on statistical analysis to interpret numerical data.

    Emic and Etic Approaches

    • Emic approach is associated with qualitative research and emphasizes the insider's perspective, understanding a culture from within. It is considered relativist.
    • Etic approach is associated with quantitative research and focuses on an outsider's perspective, using external criteria to understand a culture. It is considered realist.

    Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning

    • Inductive reasoning is used in qualitative research, where data is analyzed to develop theories.
    • Deductive reasoning is used in quantitative research, where theories are tested using data.

    Qualitative Research and COVID-19

    • Qualitative research can be used to understand social responses to COVID-19 guidelines, the experiences of marginalized groups, reasons for non-compliance with guidelines, and unexpected outcomes of the pandemic.

    Participant Observation

    • Participant observation is a qualitative research method where researchers immerse themselves in a community to observe behaviors and activities.
    • Malinowski, a pioneer of anthropological research, emphasized the importance of long-term immersion to fully understand a culture. He also highlighted the potential for researcher bias during research.

    Advantages of Participant Observation

    • Fosters social relationships with participants.
    • Offers insights into time allocation, unspoken events, and the gap between what people say and do.
    • Provides a holistic understanding of the community.
    • Provides access to "backstage culture," where individuals behave differently from their public persona.
    • Enables observation of unscheduled events.
    • Allows for detailed descriptions of a community's everyday life.

    Disadvantages/Limitations of Participant Observation

    • Challenges with accessing and gaining acceptance from participants.
    • Researcher biases can influence observations and analysis.
    • Difficulty in adhering to ethical guidelines due to the researcher's identity disclosure.

    Ethical Issues in Participant Observation

    • Respect for persons: Researchers must obtain informed consent from participants.
    • Beneficence: Researchers should strive to minimize negative impacts on participants.
    • Justice: Ensure no exploitation of participants.
    • Transparency regarding the researcher's role can hinder accessibility.
    • Identifying the appropriate individuals for consent can be difficult.
    • Determining when to intervene in problematic situations that arise during research can be challenging.
    • Guilty knowledge: Confidental knowledge of illegal or illicit activities.
    • Dirty hands: Situations where researchers cannot avoid being involved in wrongdoing.
    • Assessing when participant observation becomes unsafe or dangerous for researchers.

    Participant Observation in Studying Law

    • Understanding patterns of compliance and non-compliance with legal norms.
    • Gaining insight into "low visibility" areas where traditional methods relying on police accounts may be inadequate.
    • Holding those in positions of power accountable.

    Positionality in Participant Observation

    • Insider: Researcher studies their own cultural group, leading to better access but potentially limiting objectivity.
    • Outsider: Researcher studies a different cultural group, facilitating observation of differences and achieving greater objectivity.
    • Going native: Becoming too involved as a researcher can influence their identity and research findings negatively.

    Rowe's "Tripping Over Molehills"

    • Rowe's ethnographic study of British police investigated factors influencing officer decision-making and discretion.
    • Rowe faced ethical dilemmas including:
      • Difficulty obtaining consent from everyone.
      • Fear of complicity in police corruption.
      • Determining appropriate interventions vs. non-interventions.
      • Assessing the safety and ethical implications of participating in arrests.

    Munkres' Study on Diversity Training

    • Civil Rights Act of 1964: Focuses on equal treatment and prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender.
    • Main findings:
      • Training emphasizes "rights promotion" beyond legal compliance.
      • Some trainees resisted, doubting their authority to act as "rights promoters."
      • Trainees perceived civil rights as restrictive and inconvenient.
      • Findings mirror previous studies focusing on the experiences of non-privileged individuals regarding legal consciousness, revealing resistance towards perceived restrictions imposed by the law.
    • How individuals think about the law.
    • Examples:
      • Resistance to the law.
      • Fear of being held accountable by the law.
      • Feeling powerless against the law's authority.

    Implicit Bias

    • Unconscious thoughts or feelings influencing decisions.
    • Diversity trainings can backfire by triggering defensiveness.
    • Importance of learning to motivate individuals to confront implicit biases without causing defensiveness.

    Ezekiel's Study on Neo-Nazi Groups

    • Ethics, dangers, and difficulties:

      • Potential for increased empathy towards extreme viewpoints.
      • Risk of unintentionally spreading extremist ideology.
      • Normalization of racism.

    • Leaders:

      • Motivate followers through anger and resentment.
      • Seek power through racism.

    • Followers/Young Kids:

      • Often experience social isolation, poverty, or loss of a parent.
      • May feel fearful and powerless.

    • Benefits of Research:

      • Understanding neo-Nazi groups is crucial for preventing their growth.
      • Researchers typically study groups they align with, making this work uncommon and valuable.

    Callaghan's Classroom Courtroom Exercise

    • Students participated in court observations of juvenile justice proceedings.

    • Objective: Examine how the "best interest of the child" standard is applied and its impact on those involved.

    • Findings:

      • Students encountered difficulties accessing court proceedings.
      • They felt uncomfortable and out of place within the courtroom, as if they were guilty.
      • The court process appeared confusing and inconsistent, varying from court to court.
      • The "best interest of the child" standard seemed not to be consistently upheld.
      • Concerns about equal treatment and justice emerged.

    • Significance of the Exercise:

      • Encourages students to understand others' perspectives.
      • Reveals the complexities and inequalities within institutional processes.
      • Highlights the power structures and inequalities inherent in juvenile justice.

    TED Talk on Juvenile Justice

    • The pendulum swings back and forth between progress and injustices in juvenile courts.
    • Calls for a balanced approach between rehabilitation and punishment.
    • Highlights concerns about the "Kids for Cash" scandal, where judges accepted bribes for harsh sentences to fill for-profit detention centers.

    Gathers' Study on Gender Narratives in Courtrooms

    • Gender Bias in Court:

      • Women often receive more leniency than men, leading to greater pretrial freedom, lower incarceration rates, and shorter sentences.

    • Hypotheses for Gender Bias:

      • Chivalry hypothesis: Women are treated with greater leniency due to a societal expectation of protecting them.
      • Familial paternalism: Courts prioritize protecting children, and women are seen as caretakers.
      • Focal Concerns Theory: Women are more likely to be perceived as victims, while men are seen as perpetrators.

    • Findings:

      • Men are frequently questioned about their economic contributions, highlighting their role as workers.
      • Women are often asked about their roles as mothers and caretakers, reflecting gender stereotypes.
      • Women's dependence and lack of economic responsibility are emphasized, contributing to leniency.

    • Impact of Gender Stereotypes:

      • Can lead to uneven sentencing outcomes.
      • Reinforce traditional gender stereotypes.

    Gonsalves' Book "Crook County" on Racism in Criminal Justice

    • Author's Positionality: Gonsalves passed as white, granting her privileged access. She leveraged gender roles to ease interactions with male participants. She practiced code-switching, adapting her language and behavior to fit different contexts.
    • Ethical Issues:
      • The role of participation raises ethical questions concerning complicity in racism.
      • How to navigate witnessing racial abuse without actively confronting it.
    • Difficulty of Studying Race:
      • Measuring and identifying racism can be challenging due to "colorblind racism."
    • Emotional Toll:
      • Research on racism is emotionally demanding.
      • Researchers can become deeply affected by the experiences they encounter.
      • It's essential to acknowledge and address the emotional impact of research on the researcher's well-being.
    • Value of Research:
      • A call to action to address systemic racism in the criminal justice system.
      • Examination of judicial practices and their impact.
      • Understanding the environmental factors contributing to racial disparities.

    Findings:

    • Courts operate similar to Jim Crow laws, with segregated spaces, white professionals, and people of color largely represented as criminals and defendants.
    • Prisons are multi-faceted institutions.

    Prison Ethnography

    • Importance:

      • Examining racial and economic disparities within the prison system.
      • Understanding the purposes of prison, including rehabilitation, punishment, deterrence, and incapacitation.
      • Addressing mass incarceration issues in the US.

    • Challenges:

      • Obtaining access to prisons requires permission from authorities.
      • Researcher positionality impacts interactions, with attire potentially influencing perceptions of their role.
      • Adjusting to a gendered environment where feminine presentation might create challenges.
      • Difficulty in truly becoming an insider due to the inherent power dynamics within prisons.

    • Emotional Toll:

      • Managing emotional responses to the harsh realities of prison life.
      • Experiencing numbness, a sense of needing to cleanse themselves after exposure to trauma.
      • Prisons can be intimidating environments, contributing to fear and anxiety.
      • Potential for exposure to sexual assault and assault.
      • Research fatigue and exhaustion.
      • Humor can be a coping mechanism and provide moments of joy and connection.

    Ethical Issues in Prison Ethnography

    • Quantitative research may not adequately capture the complexity and depth of experiences.
    • Institutional pressure to disclose illegal activities, conflicting with participant confidentiality.
    • Ethical dilemmas surrounding voyeurism and exploiting suffering for research purposes.
    • Concerns about ethnography as a form of espionage.

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    Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Methods PDF

    Description

    Explore the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Learn about the various methods used in both approaches and how they analyze data. This quiz will enhance your understanding of research methodologies and their applications.

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