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Governor General Santiago de Vera (1587) ​ asked for Manila to be built in stone ​ shift in construction methods ​ concerns about fire ​ from wood to stone, more durable ​ 1583 - Intramuros burned ​ issued a decree (1587) that all construction method is composed of ston...

Governor General Santiago de Vera (1587) ​ asked for Manila to be built in stone ​ shift in construction methods ​ concerns about fire ​ from wood to stone, more durable ​ 1583 - Intramuros burned ​ issued a decree (1587) that all construction method is composed of stone: ​ fire prevention, durability against weather and earthquakes, volcanic tuff adobe: a type of mud brick, symbol of permanence and Spanish power ​ vernacular term of brick: ladrilyo/ladrillos ​ floor tile: baldosa ​ roof tile: tejas adobe - used in Guadalupe church and monastery complex Miguel Lopez de Legazpi ​ Spanish Navigator, offshore ​ Panay, Western Visayas, Iloilo ​ Settlement in Panay, mix of Spanish and Filipino Styles ​ initial: bamboo, nipa, wood Rajah Soleiman ​ Muslim ruler of Manila during Spanish occupation ​ his resistance to Spanish rule influenced the need for fortified structures in early colonial settlements Intramuros: The Walled City of Manila ​ Latin: within the walls ​ less than a mile ​ foritified city in Manila ​ Manila Bay, Pasig River ​ served as center of Spanish ​ walls: 22 ft ​ bastions: 7 baluartes ​ gates: 8, for controlled access ​ moat: foso (inner moat w/ water), outer moat surrounded walls for additional protection, elevated earthwork  ​ represented might of Spanish colonial rule De Cal y Canto Construction Method ​ traditional Spanish construction technique that was widely used during the colonial period in the Philippines and other Spanish colonies. ​ Cal (Lime): limestone or seashells burned ​ Canto (Stone): sourced stone, cut into blocks Arquitectura Mestiza in Spanish Colonial Period ​ mestiza architecture ​ after the earthquake in 1645 ​ stone and wood (hybrid) ​ first floor solid stone (stability), upper floor lighter wood construction (dovetail, flexibility during seismic activity) ​ Cultural Fusion: sliding capiz shell windows (ventanillas) ​ wide overhanging eaves ​ tiled roofs ​ intricate wood carvings ​ tejas Polo y Servicio ​ Men are forced to work to build ​ compulsory labor ​ pakyaw / pakyawan (kontrata) payment when finished Reducción: Spanish Urbanizing Program ​ cornerstone of Spanish colonial policy in the Philippines ​ reorganize the indigenous population into planned, compact settlements ​ reducción: town features: ​ consolidation: scattered barangays into centralized town ​ urban planning: grid pattern street layout ​ central plaza (plaza mayor) as town center ​ key buildings arranged around the plaza ​ elements: church and convent as the focal point  ​ Casa Real (government building) ​ schools and other public buildings Bajo de las Campanas ​ “under the bells” ​ related to reducción 1573 royal ordinance of King Philip II ​ Laws of the Indies ​ specified layout and size of central plaza ​ dictated placement of important buildings Master Builders ​ maestro de obras ​ skilled craftsmen Fortress Architecture ​ designed to protect Spanish colonial rule and interests from both external threats and internal rebellions Fuerza del Fuerte del Pilar in Zamboanga ​ Fort Pilar ​ southern island mindadao ​ 1653 spanish jesuit missionaries ​ moro raider and threats BASTIONS ​ projecting parts of fortress walls ​ polygonal ​ cortinas (straight wall, 6m) CASAMATAS ​ fortified gun emplacements ​ built into walls or bastions BALUARTES ​ another term for bastions  ​ were critical defensive structures GARITAS ​ turrets or sentry boxes ​ sentinels (guards) ​ places at corners of the walls for lookouts RAVELLINE ​ detached v-shape fortification built beyond the main fortress ditch, providing additional layer of defense Ecclesiastical Chinese - laborers BAHAY NA BATO ​ house of stone ​ spanish colonial period 18th to early 19th century ​ evolution of bahay kubo ​ proposed by illustrados (wealthy filipinos) ​ illustrados - european prententious bay section; bodega, cuarto ​ ground floor (cut stone or adobe -volcanic tuff) ​ second floor (wood) foundation: ​ river stone and mortar ​ wroth iron (purely iron) eg. eiffel tower ​ ground: 3-4 meters ​ upper: 3.5 - 4.5 ​ wall thickness: 1 m thick ​ support of second floor - wooden post covered with stones window: ​ sliding windows (ventanillas)  ​ capiz shell panes ​ wooden grilles (rejas) have intricate designs and for security roofing: ​ 40-60 degrees slope, usually 45 ​ clay tiles (tisa) (3 layers) ​ eaves extend ground floor: ​ stone tile earth upper: ​ wide hardwood planks, sometimes over 30cm around 1.2 meters ​ balusters or new post ​ porte-cochere for horse drawn carriages features: ​ two storey ​ ground floor stonebrick and adobe ​ upper wood ​ clay tiles ​ tisa ​ nipa thatch ​ steep and hipped volada - runs along front facade of the floor zaguan - wide entrance hall on the ground floor ( below staircase storage area) wooden staircase (escalera) entresuelo - mezzanine level used for storage and servants quarters caida - reception area on the upper floor (antesala) an area before entering a living room sala - living area, high ceilings comedor - dining area, connected to kitchen cocina - kitchen. typically at the back, sometimes separated from main house, bridged together materials: ​ stone ​ adobe ​ wood ​ capiz shells ​ terracotta lime symbol of wealth and status, blend of fil and chinese, adaptation of european styles ex: casa manila, intramuros, manila syquia mansion, vigan, ilocos sur casa manila ARRABALES ​ singular: arrabal ​ suburban (cbd) ​ spill out major arrabales ​ binondo (chinese and mestizo quarter) ​ tondo (primarily native fil settlement) ​ santa cruz (markets) ​ quiapo (cultural and religious center ​ san miguel industrial ​ sampaloc (fruit orchards) ​ paco (major cemetery) ​ ermita (res area for foreign merchants ​ malate ( coastal settlement fashionable area) ACCESORIA plural: accesorias ​ multi family dwelling ​ accessory or annex ​ spanish: accesorio ​ dividied by party wall, condo or apartment ​ housing solution CIVIC ARCHITECTURE ​ admin or government buildings together with religious buildings ​ plaza complex ​ earthquake baroque ​ central square ​ ex. intramuros, san agustin church oldest stone church, casa real, malolos, aguinaldo shrine kawit cavite, paco park manila, las casas filipinas de acuzar bataan