Law Society and Political Involvement PDF

Law Society and Political Involvement 4.2 Reasons for Laws Establish Boundaries: Define acceptable behavior in society. Protection: Safeguard individuals from harm by others and themselves. The Right to Freedom: Preserve individual freedoms within the limits of the law. Res...

Law Society and Political Involvement 4.2 Reasons for Laws Establish Boundaries: Define acceptable behavior in society. Protection: Safeguard individuals from harm by others and themselves. The Right to Freedom: Preserve individual freedoms within the limits of the law. Resolving Disputes: Provide systems for resolving conflicts peacefully and fairly. 4.3 Values, Morals, and Ethics Laws often reflect the values, morals, and ethics of a society, which can vary by culture and over time. 4.4 Australia’s Court System Local Court: Minor civil disputes and bail applications, no jury, magistrate only, handles cases up to $100,000. District Court: Handles serious criminal matters and civil cases between $100,000-$750,000, includes a jury, appeals from Local Court. Supreme Court: Serious criminal cases like murder and treason, civil cases over $750,000, hears appeals from District Court. High Court: 7 judges, no jury, interprets constitution, highest level of appeal, affects parliamentary powers. Specialty Courts: Children's, Coroner's, Family, and Drug Court handle specific areas. 4.5 The Role of Court Personnel Defence Counsel: Lawyer for the accused. Prosecutor: Represents the plaintiff or government. Plaintiff: The individual or entity bringing the case. Sheriff's Officer: Maintains security, serves court notices. Tipstaff: Assists with court order. Judge's Associate: Manages paperwork for the judge. Public and Media: Observe proceedings, report news. 4.6 The Role and Selection of Juries Jurors must be over 18, without a criminal record, and registered voters in NSW, tasked with impartially assessing evidence. 4.7 & 4.8 How Laws Are Made Common Law: Judicially created, applies to everyone, can be overridden by statute law.  Statute Law: Enacted by parliament, federal laws apply nationwide, state laws apply regionally. 4.9 How a Bill Becomes a Law Steps include drafting, readings, debates, committee stage, passing through both houses, and receiving royal assent. 4.10 Types of Law Public Law: Administrative, constitutional, criminal, and industrial laws protect society and government functions. Private Law: Contract, family, property, and tort law, protecting individual rights and personal matters. 4.11 & 4.12 Civil and Criminal Law Civil Law: Protects individual rights through tort law, often resolved by "balance of probabilities." Criminal Law: Addresses societal offenses, requiring proof "beyond reasonable doubt." Economic and Business Environment 2.2 Five-Sector Circular Flow Model & Interdependence Household to Firms: Exchange of labor for income and goods/services. Leakages: Savings, taxation, and imports reduce economic flow. Injections: Investment, government spending, and exports boost economic flow. 2.4 The Business Cycle Boom: High production, low unemployment, rising prices. Bust: Low production, high unemployment, decreased prices. Government Policy: Uses fiscal (budget) and monetary (interest rate) tools to stabilize economy. 2.5 Price Mechanism Price changes affect demand (inversely) and supply (directly). 2.7 What is a Market? Facilitates trade, sets prices, resolves the economic problem of scarce resources. 2.10 Government Intervention  Ensures economic stability, regulates markets, supports social policies. 2.11 Types of Businesses Online: Digital platforms. On Demand: Made to order. Global: International presence. Government: Publicly funded services. Non-profits: Mission-driven, no profit distribution. 2.12 Business Decision Influences Technology, globalization, economic cycle, costs. 2.14 Ethics & Corporate Social Responsibility Decisions that reflect social, environmental accountability. Running a Business 8.2 Entrepreneurship Advantages: Autonomy, profit, tax benefits. Disadvantages: Risk, work stress, financial responsibility. 8.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis Method for comparing different solutions to optimize outcomes. 8.4 Planning for Success Research includes location, demographics, competition, target market. 8.5 Organizational Structure Sole Trader: Individual ownership and liability. Partnership: Shared ownership and profits. Private/Public Companies: Limited liability, different shareholder structures. 8.6 Starting or Buying a Business New Business: More control, but higher risk. Existing Business: Established customers but higher upfront cost. Franchise: Shared branding, lower independence. 8.7 Key Considerations  Regulations: Federal, state, and local laws, especially in health, safety, and environmental standards. 8.8 Financial Records Balance Sheet: Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity. Profit & Loss: Revenue - Expenses. Cash Flow: Tracks cash in and out for liquidity management. Tax and Risk Management Maintain financial records for tax purposes and decision-making. Respond to economic changes, follow processes in operations, HR, marketing, and finance. Part 1: Itinerary 1. Plan Each Day: Detail transport, meals, activities, and accommodation. 2. Include Costs: Add estimated expenses for each item (e.g., flights, local transport, meals). 3. Organize by Time: Note specific times for each activity to ensure a structured flow. Part 2: Budget Categories to Include: Transportation, accommodation, meals, insurance, and other expenses. Detail and Sum Totals: Break down each cost and add a total at the end to get the overall budget. Part 3: Paperwork and Documentation 1. Purpose: Explain the reason for the trip, planned activities, and main location. 2. Required Documentation: ○ Passport and Visa: Describe the process and fees. ○ Insurance and Vaccinations: Note travel insurance requirements, necessary vaccinations, costs, and where to obtain these. 3. Currency Conversion: Include information on currency, payment methods (cash/card), and conversion rates. Part 4: Contingency Plans Potential Issues: Include common travel disruptions (e.g., flight delays, lost luggage). Solutions: Outline steps to handle these issues. Cultural and Safety Considerations: Mention any specific laws or safety tips related to the destination. Part 5: Packing List Climate and Culture-Appropriate Clothing: Plan based on expected weather and cultural norms. Travel Essentials: Include travel-sized toiletries, electronics, and documentation. Part 6: Experience Diary Slideshow Photos and Highlights: Find relevant images for each major activity and location. Daily Organization: Structure slides by day to simulate the journey, adding captions for context.