Unit 5 Stress and Burnout PDF

Unit 5 Unit 5. Stress and Burnout Psychology and Communication Mercedes Hurtado Riquelme Bachelor in Dentistry INDEX CONTENTS 1. Job stress 2. Job stress consequences 3. Burnout 2 1. Job stress 3 1. Job stress WORK + Improves our intellectual capacity and competences + Extends our soci...

Unit 5 Unit 5. Stress and Burnout Psychology and Communication Mercedes Hurtado Riquelme Bachelor in Dentistry INDEX CONTENTS 1. Job stress 2. Job stress consequences 3. Burnout 2 1. Job stress 3 1. Job stress WORK + Improves our intellectual capacity and competences + Extends our social networks + Makes us feel valuable to society + Money lets us to buy things - Could have a negative impact on our health Occupational health 4 1. Job stress Occupational health (WHO, 1959) • Set of actions which main objective is to promote and maintain the highest physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. • It also prevents all health damage, as well as take care of locating employees in a job position that can be suitable to their physiological and psychological aptitudes. Image 1 Occupational health Note. Adapted from Vestor de Tecnología, by stories, Freepik 5 1. Job stress Among health professionals WHO (1981) completed an exhaustive analysis of the main risks that health professionals are exposed to Contextual factors Patients’ factors Staff/personal factors 6 1. Job stress among health professionals Contextual factors High demands Absence of role models Temporal limitations 7 1. Job stress among health professionals Patients’ factors Uncertainty of medical prognosis Biological and psychological impairment Dependence Death Anger 8 1. Job stress among health professionals Staff/personal factors Role ambiguity and conflict Economic load Death/Illness idea Anger Fear to criticism Communicative and emotional control problems Fatigue Guilty feelings 9 2. Job stress consequences 10 2. Job stress consequences Diseases and organic pathologies Psychological alterations Behavioural alterations 11 2. Job stress consequences Diseases and organic pathologies Cardiovascular diseases • Hypertensions, cardiovascular accidents Ulcers and alterations in the gastrointestinal system Muscular tensions • Headache, migraines, contractures 12 2. Job stress consequences Psychological alterations Anxiety Depression Self-esteem lost Job satisfaction decline Job motivation lost 13 2. Job stress consequences Behavioural alterations Performance decrease Effective decision-taking reduction Absenteeism (avoidance) Increase in work accidents Substance abuse (avoidance) 14 3. Burnout 15 3. Burnout Christina Maslach • In 1976, Cristina Maslach introduced the term “burnout” into the public domain at the Annual Congress of American Psychology Association. • “The syndrome of the burnt professional” • “Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who do ‘people work’ of some kind” (Maslach, 1981). 16 3. Burnout Christina Maslach • “Burnout is the index of the dislocation between what people are and what they have to do. It represents erosion in value, dignity, spirit, and will – An erosion of the human soul. It is a malady that spreads gradually and continuously over time, putting people into a downward spiral from which it’s hard to recover.” (Maslach & Leiter, 1997). • Staff members suffering from burnout show a cynical and seemingly callous attitude toward those whom they serve. Their view of clients is negative, and they often treat clients in detached ways (Maslach, 2003). 17 18 Stress vs. Burnout Stress ≠ Burnout Stress → Distress → Could derive in burnout Stress = Physical and psychological hyperactivation Burnout = produces helplessness 19 3. Burnout Components Emotional exhaustion Components Depersonalization Personal accomplishment 20 3. Burnout Components Emotional exhaustion = Loss of emotional resources, loss of energy (“I cannot handle this situation”). Depersonalization = Negative attitude and cynical responses toward the clients (and other professionals), reaching a point where the latter ones are considered as simple object (“Please, do not cry in my office”). Personal accomplishment = Reduced personal realization, loss of selfconfidence, development of negative self-concept and low self-esteem. Decrease in productivity on a job and poor or complete absence of personal realization (“I am not good enough for this”). 21 3. Burnout Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) • 22 questions, five graded Likert-type answers • Three subscales: • Emotional exhaustion: 9 items • Depersonalization: 5 items • Personal accomplishment: 8 items Complementary material in Virtual Campus 22 3. Burnout Edelwich & Brodsky (1980) Stages A. Enthusiasm B. Stagnation C. Frustration D. Apathy E. Distancing 23 Stages of burnout Edelwich & Brodsky (1980) A. Enthusiasm • Great expectations (idealism of working life) • High degree of implication and responsibility • Hard disconnecting from work issues • Low tolerance to errors 24 Stages of burnout Edelwich & Brodsky (1980) B. Stagnation • Loss of initial enthusiasm and energy • Evaluation of reality and expectations • Looking for other labour alternatives 25 Stages of burnout Edelwich & Brodsky (1980) C. Frustration • Reality-Expectations confrontation = negative → Sadness • Acceptation of a monotonous unpleasant life • Loss of meaning concerning daily tasks • First appearance of emotional reactions 26 Stages of burnout Edelwich & Brodsky (1980) D. Apathy • Performance does not matter • Dropping in work quality • Decrease responsibility and objectives • Lack of interest in everything that is related to the job (bosses, colleagues, institution..) 27 Stages of burnout Edelwich & Brodsky (1980) E. Distancing • Lack of emotional and labour adherence to the profession • Work = Money • Work = daily punishment • Avoiding non-mandatory tasks • Increase of sick leave episodes 28 3. Burnout Consequences Physical Personal Psychological Labour Social Consequences 29 Consequences Personal Physical alterations - Chronic fatigue - Headaches - Sleeping problems - Eating problems - Gastrointestinal problems Psychological alterations - Irritability - Aggressivity - Low concentration - Apathy - Low self-esteem Social alterations - Family problems - Deterioration of relationships with friends and social context - Isolation Laboral - Absenteeism - Productivity decrease - Low labour satisfaction - Lack of compromise - Negative attitudes toward company, colleagues and clients/patients - Tendency to “spread” burnout 30 3. Burnout Prevention and treatment Personal lifestyle Labor lifestyle Work organization 31 3. Burnout Prevention and treatment Proper sleeping and resting time Eating properly Personal lifestyle Regular physical exercise Take time for hobbies Learn to be tolerant with our own errors Create a stable social network (family and friends) → Stress absorbers 32 3. Burnout Prevention and treatment Stablish realistic objectives and goals Labor lifestyle Include variations in our routine tasks Improve our relationships → communication Look for colleagues’ support 33 3. Burnout Prevention and treatment Try to promote a healthy job environment and create links between professionals Work organization Use a participative decision-making process Recognize the achieved goals (positive reinforcement) In case of leadership, maintain a democratic leadership style 34 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES Kapoor, S.; Puranik, M. P. & Uma, SR. (2014). Burnout in dentistry: An overview. International Journal of Advanced Health Sciences, 1(8), 17-22. Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout: New directions in research and intervention. Current directions in psychological science, 12(5), 189-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01258 35 Mercedes Hurtado Riquelme [email protected] UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia © UCAM UCAM ©