Unit 3 Mental Functions and Main Alterations (Motivation and Emotion) PDF

II: Mental functions and main alterations 1. Sensation, Perception and Attention. 2. Motivation and Emotion. 3. Memory and Learning. 4. Intelligence, Memory and Personality. Handbook: Psychology for Physiotherapist. January 2009 Block II: Mental functions and main alterations. Unit 3: Motivation...

II: Mental functions and main alterations 1. Sensation, Perception and Attention. 2. Motivation and Emotion. 3. Memory and Learning. 4. Intelligence, Memory and Personality. Handbook: Psychology for Physiotherapist. January 2009 Block II: Mental functions and main alterations. Unit 3: Motivation and emotion. Unit 3: Motivation and emotion. 1. Motivation Introduction Motivational cycle Types of Motivation and Motives Theories 2. Emotion Introduction Differences and Characteristics Primary Emotions Theories 1. Motivation  MOTIVATION - “Motive” a Latin word meaning—to move - Motivation is the internal state of an organism causing it to strive toward a goal, which is often aroused by external stimuli. - According to Fisher: “A motive is an inclination or impulsion to action plus some degree of orientation or direction”. - Often used by psychologists, Drives and Needs are components of motives. Drive is a physiological urge such as hunger, thirst. Need is applied to more complex motives like achievements, love, social approval, status and the like. Incentive and Reinforcement Incentive and reinforcement are the external things in motivation. 1. Motivation Motivational Cycle To eat GOAL hungry MOTIVE (DRIVES / NEEDS) INSTRUMENTAL BEHAVIOUR Go into the bakery and buy something Positive goal: Hunger, thirst Negative goal: (Avoid or escape) Avoidance of pain Learned positive goal: Money motivation Learned negative goal: Fear - motivates the adult to avoid a behaviour (Painful shock). 1. Motivation Types of motivation Our behavior is guided by our own personal satisfaction: carrying out tasks that we like in themselves, that make us feel skilled, happy… INTRINSIC MOTIVACION EXTRINSIC MOTIVACION Our behavior is guided by elements external to our behavior: rewards, incentives, avoidance, punishments... 1. Motivation Types of Motives PRIMARY OR BIOLOGICAL SECUNDARY OR SOCIAL OR LEARNED • • • • • • Common to all species: Hunger Thirst Avoidance of pain Need for sleep and air Regulation of temperature • Exclusive to human species. • Growth-driven. • Achievement • Affiliation • Power 1. Motivation McClelland's theory of achievement, affiliation and power needs (humanistic) ACHIEVEMENT NEEDS Strong desire to achieve challenges and goals. Very demanding of themselves. AFFILIATION NEEDS Interest in establishing and maintaining appropriate and mutually enriching social relationships. POWER NEEDS Desire to have control and influence over everyone else. 1. Motivation Stimulus motives: Exploration activity Manipulation POWER Curiosity and sensory stimulation Security Affection and affiliation Achievement Social motives: Self-esteem Theories of Motivation 1. Motivation PHYSIOLOGICAL ORIGIN/ INSTINCT Human beings act to fulfill themselves: positive human behavior. Intrinsic motivation, achievement, power, affiliation, self-realization... When a need reaches a level, genetic programs are activated in the form of instinctive behaviors, aimed at satisfying the need (biological). Theories of Motivation HUMANISTICS COGNITIVES Our thoughts, feelings and attitudes motivate us. 1. Motivation Hierarchy of motives Pyramid SELF-REALIZATION Self-concept, creativity, selfdevelopment... Hierarchy of motives ascending from the basic complex psychological motives that become important only after the more basic needs have been satisfied. RECOGNITION Self-esteem, success, confidence, respect... MEMBERSHIP Friendship, affection, social relationships... SECURITY Physical security, work, resources, health, morale, home PHYSIOLOGICAL Breathing, feeding, rest, homeostasis... Abraham Maslow 2. Motivation and Emotion. PRACTICAL EXERCISE 4 2. Motivation and Emotion. An 80 year-old man recovering for implanted prosthesis of femur head, is not walking despite all other factors being normal. 2. Emotion What emotions are these babies experiencing? 14 2. Emotion SADNESS 15 2. Emotion 16 2. Emotion HAPPYNESS 17 2. Emotion 18 2. Emotion DISLIKE 19 2. Emotion 20 2. Emotion ANGER 21 2. Emotion 22 2. Emotion FEAR 23 2. Emotion 24 2. Emotion SURPRISE 25 2. Emotion Primary emotions STIMULUS EMOTION FUNCTION Something not happening as expected Loss ANGER Destruction, defense SADNESS Personal reintegration Threat FEAR Protection Good news HAPPYNESS Reproduction of positive event New SURPRISE Change orientation, exploration Unhealthy DISGUST Preservation 2. Emotion  EMOTION - It is derived from the Latin word “emovere” means to be stirred up. It is a stirred up state of mind. Emotion is a strong feeling. It increases energy mobilization. - Emotion is a subjective response that is usually accompanied by a physiological change and is associated with a change in behaviour. - According to Charles G. Morris emotion is defined as “a complex affective experience that involves diffuse physiological changes and can be expressed in characteristic behaviour patterns.” 2. Emotion Characteristics of Emotions • • • • • Emotion is a strong feeling Add colour and spice to life Aroused (exited) state in the organism Associated with physiological changes During emotion other activities like perception, learning, consciousness and memory are affected • Along with bodily changes, there are psychological changes. • Emotions are universal • Emotions are personal, differ from individual to individual. • Emotions occur along with feelings. 28 2. Emotion Differences MOTIVATION EMOTION • It is aroused by internal stimuli and is directed towards certain objects in the environment. E.g. food, water. • It is aroused by external stimuli and expression is directed towards the stimuli, which arouses it. FEELINGS EMOTION • Feelings persists longer time than emotions. • These are simple and sensory. • Emotions are external expressions of feelings. • Very complex. Emotions are aroused not only by existing circumstances but also by a recollection of these circumstances. 2. Emotion There are 3 response systems: cognitive, behavioral and physiological. Psychological Changes of Emotions Psychological changes of emotions: • Confusio n • Blocking of memory • Clouding of consciou sness Physiological Changes of Emotions INTERNAL •Increased blood pressure and heart rate •Changes in the rate of respiration (Excitation— increased rate /Depression—decreased rate) •Dilation of pupils •Sweating •Increase in blood sugar •Production of more energy •Decreased mobility of the gastro-intestinal tract •Muscular tension •Chronic sympathetic activity may cause psychosomatic disorders. An emotion tension state, which is prolonged in life, may cause physical problems to the person. EXTERNAL •Change in the voice •Change in facial expression •Stiffness of the body posture and gestures. 2. Emotion Theories of EMOTIONS •It is the evaluations (cognition) of information coming from the environmental situation and from the body and also memories. Different emotional reactions to the same stimulus may occur because of difference in the subjects appraisal (our friend wins a prize we may respond with joy or jealous) JamesLange Theory CognitiveAppraisal Theory Emotion is the result of interpretation of bodily arousal and excitement or changes. •In 1962, argued that the bodily changes are same for the most of the emotions we feel (ambiguous). •Perceiving the changes is difficult. Theories of EMOTION SchachterSinger Theory •Emotion is the perception of bodily changes. It states that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble CannonBard Theory •Emotions and bodily responses are independent events. •Both are triggered simultaneously. 2. Emotion Evolution of an emotion ANGER RESENTMENT HATE 32 2. Emotion Emotional intelligence and health: Emotional intelligence is a psychological concept that aims to describe the role and importance of emotions in intellectual functioning. The term reached society as a whole in 1995 with the publication of the book “Emotional Intelligence” by Daniel Goleman, who emphasized the relevance of emotional intelligence over IQ in achieving both personal and professional success. 2. Emotion Emotional intelligence and health: Some research has yielded the following results: - People who better regulate their emotional states have lower reports of illness. - People who focus on their feelings are more likely to report physical symptomatology. - Women who possess greater emotional regulation show better health and higher quality physical functioning. - Emotional clarity and expression correlated negatively with anxiety and depression. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTYFjuAvR0Q THANK YOU! Carla.palominosuarez@ceu. es