Module 7: Motivation and Emotion PDF

Motivation and Emotion PSYCORE-INPSY I...

Motivation and Emotion PSYCORE-INPSY INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES to your seventh module! KARL MICHAEL M. VALDULLA, CHRA Course Instructor/Professor BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE Gen. Luna St. Guitnangbayan I, San Mateo, Rizal No part of this module may be reproduced, Tel. No. (02) 997-9070 www.smmc.edu.ph distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the instructor. © San Mateo Municipal College All Rights Reserved © San Mateo Municipal College All Rights Reserved MODULE SEVEN: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION “Emotion is momentum. It is motivation. We are not motivated without our emotions.” Dr. Mary Lamia SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Psychology Karl Michael M. Valdulla, CHRA  © San Mateo Municipal College All Rights Reserved © San Mateo Municipal College All Rights Reserved MODULE SEVEN: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION WHAT IS MOTIVATION? In psychology, the term motivation describes why a person does something. It is the driving force behind human actions. Motivation is the process that initiates, directs, and sustains goal-directed behaviors. For instance, motivation is what helps you lose extra weight, or pushes you to get that promotion at work. In short, motivation causes you to act in a way that gets you closer to your goals. Motivation includes the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate human behavior. Motivation also involves factors that direct and maintain goal-directed actions. Although, such motives are rarely directly observable. As a result, we must often infer the reasons why people do the things that they do based on observable behaviors. THREE COMPONENTS OF MOTIVATION Researchers have identified three (3) major components of motivation: activation, persistence, and intensity. These different components are needed to get and stay motivated. Activation Activation refers to the decision to initiate a behavior. An example of activation would be enrolling in psychology courses in order to earn your degree. Persistence Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist. An example of persistence would be showing up for your psychology class even though you are tired from staying up late the night before. Intensity Intensity refers to the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. For example, one student might coast by without much effort—minimal intensity, while another student studies regularly, participates in classroom discussions, and takes advantage of research opportunities outside of class—greater intensity. TYPES OF MOTIVATION The two main types of motivation are frequently described as being either extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation is the motivation that is driven by external rewards. These can be tangible, such as money or grades, or intangible, such as praise or fame. People who are extrinsically motivated will continue to perform a task even though it might not be in and of itself rewarding. For example, they will do something at their job that they don't find enjoyable in order to earn a wage. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that arises from within the individual. It is the motivation to engage in a behavior because they can act independently, feel that their efforts matter, and gain satisfaction from becoming more skilled. People are will feel intrinsically because of the inherent satisfaction of the activity rather than the desire for a reward or specific outcome. SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Psychology Karl Michael M. Valdulla, CHRA © San Mateo Municipal College All Rights Reserved THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Motivation theories seek to explain what compels us to take certain actions. While some theories credit our instincts, drive, or arousal levels for helping us get and stay motivated, others suggest that motivation is derived from certain human needs, our expectations, or a desire for external rewards. The following are the major theories that have emerged to explain motivation: Instinct Motivation Theory Instinct motivation theory suggests that some behaviors are natural and do not have to be learned. Instead, they are driven by instincts, which are inborn patterns of behavior that help animals, including humans, survive and thrive. These instincts guide actions without requiring previous experience or training. In the late 1800s, William James, the father of American psychology, identified a list of survival instincts. Among them were fear, anger, love, shame, and modesty. Instinct motivation theory was more prevalent in the early history of psychology but has been largely replaced by more contemporary theories that consider a broader range of factors influencing motivation. Drive Motivation Theory Drive motivation theory proposes that motivation is derived from a person's desire to reduce the internal tension that occurs when certain needs go unmet. It's based on the concept of homeostasis or the idea that the body actively works to maintain a certain state of balance or equilibrium. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, ensuring a balance that allows it to function optimally. It involves processes that regulate various physiological factors such as temperature, hydration, and chemical levels within a narrow and consistent range despite external changes. Arousal Motivation Theory The arousal theory of motivation, also known as optimal arousal theory, suggests that people take certain actions to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal or alertness. Additionally, optimal arousal levels can vary from one person to another, also changing depending on the situation. Based on this theory, if our arousal level gets too low, we are motivated to engage in activities that make us feel more energized, like exercising or going to a nightclub or sporting event. Conversely, if our physiological arousal is too high, we are motivated to pursue activities that relax the body and mind, such as meditation or taking a nap. Humanistic Motivation Theory Humanistic theories state that people are motivated to perform actions by the desire to meet certain needs. These needs are represented in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow proposed a five-tier hierarchy of needs that individuals seek to fulfill in a hierarchical order—individuals strive to meet lower-level needs before moving on to higher-level needs. At the base of the hierarchy are physiological needs (e.g., food, water, shelter), followed by safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and, at SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Psychology Karl Michael M. Valdulla, CHRA © San Mateo Municipal College All Rights Reserved the pinnacle, self-actualization needs. Self-actualization is the realization of one's full potential and represents the highest level of psychological development. Incentive Motivation Theory Incentive motivation theory suggests that behavior is primarily motivated by the pursuit of rewards and the avoidance of punishments. For example, you might be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of a paycheck. It adds that the greater the perceived rewards, the more strongly people are motivated to pursue those reinforcements. Expectancy Motivation Theory The expectancy motivation theory suggests that when we think about the future, we formulate expectations about what we think will happen. When a positive outcome is predicted, we believe that we can make that possible future a reality. This leads us to feel more motivated to pursue those likely outcomes. WHAT IS EMOTION? Emotions are reactions that human beings experience in response to events or situations. The type of emotion a person experiences is determined by the circumstance that triggers the emotion. For instance, a person experiences joy when they receive good news and fear when they are threatened. Emotions have a strong influence on our daily lives. We make decisions based on whether we are happy, angry, sad, bored, or frustrated. We also choose activities and hobbies based on the emotions they incite. Understanding emotions can help us navigate life with greater ease and stability. THREE KEY ELEMENTS OF EMOTION To better understand what emotions are, let's focus on their three key elements, known as the subjective experience, the physiological response, and the behavioral response. Subjective Experience This component involves the individual's conscious awareness and interpretation of their emotional state. It includes the feelings, perceptions, and mental experiences associated with a specific emotion. Subjective experience is what individuals consciously feel when they are happy, sad, excited, or any other emotion. Physiological Response Emotions are often accompanied by physiological changes in the body. These changes can include alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, hormonal secretion, and other bodily functions. Physiological responses are part of the body's preparation to deal with the emotional experience. Behavioral Response Emotions prompt observable behaviors, expressions, and actions. These behavioral responses can vary widely depending on the specific emotion and the individual's cultural and social context. Behaviors are often an outward manifestation of the internal emotional experience. THEORIES OF EMOTION Several theories have been proposed to explain the complex phenomenon of emotion. Each theory offers a unique perspective on the mechanisms underlying emotions. Here are some prominent theories of emotion: SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Psychology Karl Michael M. Valdulla, CHRA © San Mateo Municipal College All Rights Reserved Watson’s Theory of Emotion For John B. Watson, he believed the we learn our emotions. Emotional responses exist because humans have been conditioned to respond in the environment. From his observations, Watson claimed that there are three main emotions already present in the newborn: (1) Fear – which is manifested through crying. (2) Anger – seen through the infant’s thrashing movement; (3) Love – exhibited by the baby when it smiles. According to Watson, these emotions can be learned through the process called conditioning. James-Lange Theory of Emotion The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. Essentially, emotions stem from your interpretation of your physical sensations. For example, your heart beating wildly would lead you to realize that you are afraid. This theory is one of the earliest attempts to explain what causes emotions. Proposed independently by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggested that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, also known as the Thalamic theory of emotion, is a physiological explanation of emotion developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. The Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions at the same time. The physical reactions are not dependent upon the emotional reaction, or vice versa. An example would be feeling fear when you see a deadly snake while your body prepares to run. SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Psychology Karl Michael M. Valdulla, CHRA © San Mateo Municipal College All Rights Reserved Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion The Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion, also known as the Two-Factor Theory, is an example of a cognitive theory of emotion proposed by psychologists Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer. According to this theory, there are two key components of an emotion: physical arousal and a cognitive label. The Schachter-Singer Theory says that our emotions come from a combination of how our body reacts and how our mind interprets those reactions in different situations. This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion. A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled, resulting in an emotion. Theories of Emotion Example: Giselle is walking on her way home after her night class. She is walking alone and later than usual because she and her groupmates stayed a little longer in school to finish their research paper. As she walks in a dark street with no one person seems to be walking around, a shadowy figure suddenly appears from behind a parked car. It was a man that she didn’t recognize. As the man starts walking toward her, Giselle starts walking more quickly. “Hey, what’s with the hurry?”, the man calls out. He then picks up his own pace and it is clear that he is following Giselle. Giselle’s heart starts pounding as she breaks into a run. Trying to reach the nearby light post, her legs begin trembling. Fortunately, a roaming night patrol officer passed by. Gisselle asked for help. Still feeling shaky, she tried to calm herself down so she could explain everything. After a few minutes, Giselle breathed a sigh of relief. According to Watson’s theory of emotion: Giselle runs and her heart starts pounding because she is conditioned to respond that way whenever she feels afraid. According to James-Lange theory of emotion: Giselle did not run and her heart did not pound because she was afraid, but she felt afraid because she runs and her heart pounded. According to Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: Giselle runs and her heart pounded at the same time she felt afraid. Both her physiological reactions and her emotions are her reaction to the situation she is in. According to Schachter-Singer theory of emotion: Giselle experiences a pounding heart and she runs during the situation she is in. She interpreted these physiological reactions as being afraid. SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Psychology Karl Michael M. Valdulla, CHRA