Unit 13. Dentistry in the 19th century.pdf

Dentistry in the 19th century Why did the (dental practice) leadership shift to USA? Dental industry A strong dental industry developed in the United States in the second half of the 19th century, with the mass production of dental instruments and materials, as well as the creation of dental schoo...

Dentistry in the 19th century Why did the (dental practice) leadership shift to USA? Dental industry A strong dental industry developed in the United States in the second half of the 19th century, with the mass production of dental instruments and materials, as well as the creation of dental schools. This allowed for a wider dissemination of dental knowledge and treatment throughout the country. Free public schools. Pragmatism The training of dentists in the United States focused on clinical practice and hands-on experience, which allowed for greater efficiency in performing dental treatments. In addition, dental care became an important part of general medical care in the United States, allowing for greater attention to the prevention and treatment of dental disease. Technical innovation The leadership in dentistry in the United States was also due to technological innovation. Advances in technology allowed for the development of new materials and techniques for dental treatment, such as the use of anaesthesia and the introduction of dental radiography. Dental practice in USA à Dental practice was diffuse and NON regulated. à Carried out by local doctors or itinerant dentists. à Frequent practices: Dental extractions (extraction key), cleanings and bleeding. Institutionalisation and collectivity Horace Hayden (1769-1844) He obtained the first license to practice dentistry, issued by the Maryland School of Medicine, where he taught and was awarded the title of Honorary Physician. On 6 March 1840, together with Harris, he founded the world's first dental school, the Baltimore Dental College. In 1840 he formed the American Society of Dental Surgeons (ASDS). First national organisation of dentists. Institutionalisation and collectivity Chapin A. Harris (1806-1860) A physician, he combined the practice of dentistry with medicine. In 1839, published "The dental art: a practical on dental surgery". Founder and editor of the American Journal of Dental Science in 1839. Co-founder of the Baltimore Dental School and the American Society of Dental Surgeons (ASDS). Anaesthesics January 1845, Horace Wells made the first unsuccessful public presentation of the anaesthetic effects of nitrous oxide (laughing gas). In 1846, Dr. Morton publicly presented and demonstrated his experiences with ether. Nitrous oxide was introduced in France by Evans around 1870, along with the use of amalgam and vulcanite (rubber and sulphur) for denture bases. Anaesthesia is considered as a constribution of dentistry to general medicine. Anaesthesics Conservative dentistry The ‘Crawcour Brothers’ (1833) (Edward Crawcour and his nephew Moses) • Creation of amalgam, then developed Development of amalgam From coins + Hg à low melting point metals à modern amalgam (GV Black, 1895) Bowman (1850) • Guttapercha Preventive dentistry Willoughby Dayton Miller (1853-1907) Graduated in chemistry, physics and mathematics, he was the first foreign professor of conservative dentistry at the University of Berlin. In 1890 he published a treatise entitled "Microorganisms of the human mouth“, presenting the focal and chemo-parasitic theories. à Better oral prophylaxis à Reduction in sugar intake à Control of tool sterilization Preventive dentistry Focal Theory Oral microorganisms or their products have a role in the development of a variety of diseases in sites removed from the oral cavity, including brain abscesses, pulmonary diseases and gastric problems. Chemo-parasitic Theory Caries (tooth decay) is caused by acids produced by oral bacteria following fermentation of sugars. Preventive dentistry Miller at work J Materials and Equipment Edmund Kells (1856-1928) Pioneered the use of radiology in dentistry, designing his own apparatus. Introduced compressed air and the suction pump. Patented an electrical control panel, a hand drill and a hammer for condensing gold leaf could be connected. Materials and Equipment Materials and Equipment Greene Vardiman Black (1836-1915) Developed the modern amalgam (1895). (with no Hg) Invented the first electric drill (1872). Unified the rules for cavities preparation. Set the principle of preventive extension by bringing the margins of obturation fillings to a point that is easily accessible to the toothbrush. Materials and Equipment Richmond patented a porcelain tooth attached to a gold holder. Land developed low-melting point porcelain crowns on a platinum matrix (1888). Kells developed an electrical installation in his practice. Snell constructed the first reclining armchair (1832). Barnum developed the armchair with spittoon (1867). Lucy Hobbs Taylor > First woman to graduate from dental school (Ohio College of Dental Surgery in 1866) Spain Context Second half of the century (steps towards regulating and valuing the dental profession) During the first half of the century… Dental practice Physicians Surgeon-bleeders Surgeons Barbers Royal Dentists Tooth-pullers Reform of 1843 – PRACTICER Regulation of 1846 – MINESTRANT Regulation of 1861 – PRACTICANT Royal Decree of 1875 – SURGEON-DENTIST Regulation of dental practice Regulations of 1827 Bringing together the study and practice of medicine and surgery in the Colleges of the Kingdom (had proved incomplete) Reform of 1843 To standardise and perfect the teaching of medicine, surgery and pharmacy: à The Royal Colleges of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy were abolished. à Faculties and Colleges were established to teach minor surgery, obstetrics and elementary medicine. à License: ‘PRÁCTICO EN EL ARTE DE CURAR’ (Practicer in the art of healing), four years study. Relevant figures: Giusseppangelo Fonzi, Antonio Rotondo, Bustos and Angulo. Regulation of dental practice Regulations of 1846 à License: ‘ MINOR SURGERY or MINESTRANT’ (Dental practice) Two or more years as a surgical trainee in a hospital with at least 100 beds. Phlebotomy and wound dressing studies + Six months practice with a dental surgeon. Theoretical and practical examination: on how to clean and extract teeth and molars, and the rules to be observed in these operations (They couldn’t perform bleedings, apply cauteries/caustics without mandate of the Main Surgeon). Regulation of dental practice Books for the ‘Minestrant’ training Antonio Rotondo: Tratado completo de la extracción de los dientes, muelas y raigones y modo de limpiar la dentadura (1846). Juan Chomón: Manual del Sangrador (sobre extracciones dentarias) José Diaz Benito y Angulo, y Pedro Gonzalez Velasco: Guía teóric-práctica del Sangrador , Dentista y Callista tratado completo de Cirugía Menor o Ministrante (1848). Ambrosio Gonzalez del Valle: Manual de flebotomianos ó sangradores y dentistas (1860). Regulation of dental practice Regulations of 1861 à License: ‘PRACTICANT’ (along with midwives) à Theoretical content: I. Institutions and professors. II. Theoretical content itself: a. Anatomy. b. Bandages and wound dressings. c. Cures. d. Application of topicals, irritants and cauteries. e. Vaccination, ear piercing, scarification and cupping. f. General bloodletting. g. Art of dentist and pedicurist. III. Studentship à Theoretical exam on elementary education and revalidation exam after the practical period at a hospital. Regulation of dental practice Books for the ‘Practicant’ training Rafael Ameller y Romero: Compendio de flebotomía y operaciones propias de la cirugía menor o ministrante con algunos conocimientos sobre prótesis dentaria. Cayetano Álvarez Osorio: Tratado de Cirugía Menor. Bonifacio Blanco Torres: Instrucción del Practicante. Important practicants: Pedro Carol, Fernando Ibáñez. Women in Dentistry Milestones in the entry of women into dentistry On 10 April 1850, the Ministry of Commerce, Education and Public Works awarded the title of Dentist to Polonia Sanz. In 1883, at the request of Dolores González, King Alfonso XII admitted a Royal Decree that authorised women to practise the profession of Surgeon-Dentist under the same conditions as men. Manuela Aniorte y Paredes, qualified as dentist by the University of Valencia, she was the most famous for her book entitled "el arte del dentista" (‘the art of the dentist’, in English) in 1873. Other important figures Cayetano Triviño (1829-1899) In 1872 he founded the Revista Odontálgica, which in 1884 was renamed Revista Odontológica (Odontological Journal). Two books: 1873 - El Cirujano Dentista (The surgeon-dentist). 1877 - Vademecum del aspirante a Cirujano-Dentista (Vademecum for aspiring dental surgeons). Founder of the Spanish College of Dentists (1874). Issued licenses not recognized by the State. Promoter of the creation of the Body of Sub-inspectors of the Dental profession (as Inspector). Other important figures Cayetano Triviño (1829-1899) Other important figures Antonio Rotondo (1808-1879) Articles in Triviño’s odontological journal. Three works: 1. Instrucciones prácticas sobre la primera y segunda dentición de los niños y tratado de higiene dentaria (1847). Instructions for parents on dental self-care. 2. Tratado completo de la extracción de los dientes, muelas y raigones, y modo de limpiar la dentadura (1846). 3. Lecciones de cirugía dentaria (1877). Part of the exam for the Surgeon-Dentist license. Regulation of dental practice Royal Decree of 1875 à License: ‘SURGEON-DENTIST’ (First qualification dedicated solely and exclusively to dental practice). Art 2. ‘The title of Surgeon-Dentist shall authorise the treatment of diseases of the mouth caused by alterations of the teeth, and for all operations indispensable for their cure’. In 1876 the theoretical programme was released, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, surgery, appliances and physico-chemistry. Key figure: José Martínez Sánchez (1847-1917) and his work ‘The art of the dentist’ (1887).