DEN 013 Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 PDF

DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class nu...

DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ Lesson title:Timeline of Dental History: Ancient Origin Materials: Lesson Objectives: Ballpen, highlighter (any preferred color), At the end of this lesson you will be able to: drawing materials References: 1. Learn the importance of dental history.  Lecture Guide for Dental Perspective, 2. Know when, how, and who started dental practice. History, and Orientation  http://namibiadent.com (History of Dentistry)  Researchgate  http://sinclairadds.com Productivity Tip: Good day! It‟s been a long vacation and I hope you enjoyed your quality time spent with your family at home. But we cannot go on a year without learning more about this course. So, set your mind to study and learning mode, utter some words of prayer before starting the activity, thank God that you still have the privilege to live today, and ask God also for wisdom, understanding and focus. Now, you‟re ready to start! Let‟s go! A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction (2mins) Welcome to Perspective in Dentistry (DEN 013). Today‟s topic will be a bird‟s eye view of dentistry in ancient times. It is entitled: “Timeline of Dental History: Ancient Origin”. As an aspiring dentist, this subject will widen your idea and understanding about dentistry because you‟ll understand the commencement and advancement of dental practice. Aside from that, you will also meet the ancient pioneering individuals and their dental practice contributions. Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins) First let‟s try to check if you have any idea about our topic. So with that, please answer the following questions written on the second column, and write down your answers on the first column. Go back to this section when you reach Activity 4 later. What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4) 1. What is history? 2. Who is the first well-known dentist? 3. Why is it important to study the history of dentistry? This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ A. MAIN LESSON Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)  What is history? History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. It is a term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events.  Why is it important to study the history of dentistry? A profession that is ignorant of its past experiences, has lost a valuable asset because “it has missed its best guide to the future.” (B.W. Weinberger, Dentistry: An Illustrated History, Mosby, 1995)  When, where, how and who started the practice of dentistry? Now let‟s try to take a look on what happened in the past based on some archeological evidences and discoveries which is very helpful for us to know in our study today. ANCIENT ORIGIN Archaeological evidence of the dentistry of antiquity suggests that treatment included medical methods of combating dental affections, mechanical means of treatment such as retentive prosthesis and the art of applying artificial substitutes for lost dental structures. It is believed that the oldest civilization that knew something of dentistry was Egypt. The earliest Figure 1: Relics of drilled anterior (front teeth) found in Lucca, Italy. ©newscientist.com indication of such knowledge is found in the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. It contains detailed directions for the treatment of wounds about the mouth, but no mention is made of restoring lost teeth resulting from these injuries. The hard tissues of the mouth were in general considered untreatable. In closing his discussion on this topic one ancient Egyptian surgeon advises: "One having a fracture of the mandible over which a wound has been inflicted and he has fever from it, it is an ailment not to be treated". 13000 BC A drilled front teeth filled with Bitumen (semi solid form of petroleum), plant fiber and hair discovered Figure 2: Primitive Drilling Method using a dental bow drills in Lucca, Italy. (Fig. 1) ©Ancient Origins This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ 7500 – 9500 BC Evidence of ancient dentistry has recently been found in a Neolithic graveyard in ancient Pakistan. Primitive drilling method found in a graveyard in Mehgarh, Pakistan. The teeth were found in the people of the Indus Valley Civilization. (Fig. 2) Researchers figured out that a small bow was used to drive the flint drill tips into patients‟ teeth. Flint drill heads were found on site. This dental drilling probably evolved from intricate ornamental bead drilling. 6500 BC Beeswax used as filling material to ease out tooth ache. (The part being encircled with interrupted lines and the one pointed by an arrow showed in Fig. 3 is a Beeswax material) NOTE: Beeswax (cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. Figure 3:Beeswax used as a tooth filling material to relieve toothache. ©livescience.com An ancient cracked tooth repaired with a filling made of beeswax may be the earliest known example of therapeutic dentistry, researchers say. The tooth is 65 centuries old and was part of a man's jaw found more than 100 years ago in Slovenia. The researchers found beeswax had been applied to the left canine at about the time of the man's death. The researchers could not confirm whether this filling was made shortly before or after the person's death. If it was when the person was still alive, "this finding is perhaps the most ancient evidence of prehistoric dentistry in Europe," said researcher Federico Bernardini, an archaeologist at the international center, in a statement. THE SUMERIANS A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a “tooth worm” as a cause of dental caries. Figure 4: Tooth worms inside the tooth believed to be the Evidence of this belief has also been found in causative factor of toothache. ©Sutori This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the writings of Homer, and as late as the 1300s AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay. 5000 BC A Sumerian text of this date describes “tooth worms” as the cause of dental decay or medically termed as “dental caries”. First record of dental disease also found in this text (Fig.4 shows tooth worms inside the tooth which they thought as the cause for dental caries). The ancients struggled to find a reason why their teeth would sometimes hurt. After all, they had no knowledge of the importance of brushing and the dangers of sugars. So, tooth decay was often attributed to a „tooth worm‟. That is, several ancient civilizations believed that tiny, microscopic worms were responsible for causing holes in teeth. According to such theories, the worms would keep burrowing through different teeth, just as worms tunnel through wood, making small holes and causing large amounts of pain. Belief in tooth worms was widespread, historians have found. Ivory sculptures carved by the Sumerians in around 5,000BC show miniature, evil-looking worms inside teeth cavities. They also depict men in evident pain. And it wasn‟t just the Sumerians who blamed their aches on worms. There‟s also plenty of evidence showing that Figure 5: Acupuncture Needle the ancient Chinese, Indian and Japanese cultures believed in tooth ©giovanni—maciocia.com worms. Similarly, several ancient Greek philosophers, including Homer, also wrote about the distress caused by tiny creatures burrowing inside people‟s teeth. 2700 BC The Chinese used acupuncture to treat toothache. (Fig. 5&6 shows the acupuncture needle and acupuncture body points respectively) Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine and a key component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in which thin needles are inserted into the body. Acupuncture is a pseudoscience because the theories and practices of TCM are not based on scientific knowledge, and it has been characterized as quackery. There is a range of acupuncture variants which originated in different philosophies, and techniques Figure 6: Acupuncture body points vary depending on the country in which it is performed. It is most often ©Wikipedia used to attempt pain relief, though acupuncturists say that it can also be used for a wide range of other conditions. Acupuncture is generally used only in combination with other forms of treatment. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ 2600 BC Death of Hesy-Re, an Egyptian scribe, often referred to as the first “dentist”. An inscription on his tomb includes the title “the greatest of those who deal with teeth, and of physicians”. This is the earliest known of reference to a person identified as a dental practitioner. (Fig. 7 shows a hieroglyph of Hesy-Re) Hesyre was a high court official in ancient Egypt and lived about 2650 bc during the reign of King Djoser. He managed to combine religious as well as secular posts, and has the distinction of being Figure 6: Hieroglyph of Hesy-Re the first recorded physician and firstknown dentist in history. ©sutori Healthcare developed at an early period in ancient Egyptian history as is supported by the evidence from the skeletal and mummified remains, from the artistic record, as well as from inscriptional and textual sources. These textual sources, the medical papyri, provide details of medical procedures undertaken, drugs employed and treatments provided - some of which have influenced modern medical practice. What we know about Hesyre comes from his impressive tomb at Saqqara, the walls of which are brightly decorated with items of daily life. Additionally, the tomb contained six Figure 5: Relics of Egyptian's Pharaoh found to fine wooden panels listing Hesyre's titles, among them those have an excessive bone loss (as indicated by an arrow) due to a severe periodontal problem. relating to his practice of medicine and dentistry. ©slideshare.net Did You Know that… Egyptian Pharaohs were known to have suffered from periodontal disease? Radiograph of mummies confirmed this fact. (Check out Fig.8) NOW YOU KNOW  2000 BC The earliest evidence of ancient dentistry we have is an amazingly detailed dental work on a mummy from ancient Figure 7: Lower jaw of a mummy found with two Egypt. The work shows an intricate gold work around the donor teeth in front (pointed by an arrow) wired together and to its neighbouring teeth. ©Reddit teeth. This mummy was found with two donor teeth that had This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ holes drilled into them. Wires were strung through the holes and teeth around the neighboring teeth. (See Fig. 9) Did You Know that… The Eber‟s Papyrus written in 1700 – 1550 BC Egypt in the year 1500 B.C. The Ebers Papyrus contains references to diseases of already speak itself of the the teeth, as well as toothache prescriptions such us Enuresis (wee to be done in olive oil, dates, onions, beans, and green lead, to be the bed or in the clothes that mixed and applied to the offending tooth. takes putting to itself)? NOW YOU KNOW  Eber’s Papyrus (154 BC) Found between the legs of a mummy in the Theben necropolis and then later was purchased by an Egyptologist George Ebers from an antique dealer at Luxor City. This is the most lengthy of the medical papyri that constitutes a huge roll of 20 meters long and 30 cm wide dealing mainly with internal medicine, concentrating on diseases of the stomach, anus, eye, skin, extremities, and dental diseases as well as some anatomical and physiological data. Ebers papyrus includes 877 treatment recipes for different diseases and more than 400 drugs were described. This was written in hieratic script, and represents the most comprehensive record of ancient Egyptian medicine. The Ebers‟s Papyrus was written around Figure 8: Eber‟s Papyrus ©Psicoterapeutas.eu 1502 BC, ie during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep I. THE GREEKS 460-377 BC Hippocrates earned the title of Father of Medicine. He discussed the function and sequence of eruption of teeth.  What role did Hippocrates play in the history of dental health? Figure 9: Hippocrates ©Slideshare.net Although Hippocrates believed that dental problems were due to some inherent weakness in the bodies and constitution of individuals, he was instrumental in the development of treatments still used today. Among his writings on dental procedures are treatments for: extraction of teeth, using wire to stabilize loose teeth, use of ointments for tooth pain, cauterization of oral tissue, decaying of teeth, and gum disease. Setting an example that prevailed throughout the intervening centuries, and is still honored by dentists today, Hippocrates was adverse to extractions unless the tooth in question could not be saved by any other means. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ 384-322 BC Aristotle the great philosopher, referred the teeth in many of his writings. He investigated the comparative anatomy of the teeth. Together with Hippocrates, he wrote of ointments and cautery with a red hot wire to treat diseases of the teeth and oral tissues. Aristotle mistakenly stated that men had 32 teeth and women had only 30. From this came the use of the term “wisdom”, which only men supposedly had. Figure 10: Aristotle ©britannica.com NOTE: Prosthetics is a term used for an artificial material or devise to replace a missing organ or part of the body. 166-201 BC The Etruscans practiced dental prosthetics using gold crowns and fixed bridgework. Figure 11: Etruscans dental prosthetics made of gold. The Etruscans were a people who lived on the Italian ©slideshare.net Peninsula prior to the emergence of the Romans. Etruscans crafted some of the oldest known dental prosthetics and appear to have made one of the earliest attempts at dental bridges. Gold and silver bands held together rows of teeth that could be inserted into someone‟s mouth, filling a gap. THE ROMANS Romans were skilled in restoring decayed teeth with gold crowns. They then used toothbrushes called “Chew Sticks” and were actually small branches, with one frayed end. They were rubbed on teeth to scrape off many particles. The chewstick, is the earliest ancestor of the modern toothbrush. Figure 12: Chewsticks ©brettcotham.net The simplest definition of the device is a twig with bristles on one end that can be used to clean the teeth, and a point on the other that could be used as a toothpick. However, as we know today, bacteria can wreak all sorts of woeful oral havoc, and as such, not just any tree was used to fashion a chewstick. Often, people would try to obtain twigs from trees that had chemical properties best suited to fighting oral germs. There were many trees that could be used, but the sassafras tree, tea tree, and cinnamon are but three types that could be used. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ 100 BC Roman medical writer or encyclopedist, Aurus Cornelius Celsus, in his writings referred to the disease that affects the soft parts of mouth and their treatment. He discussed dental diseases and suggested that before extracting a carious (decaying) tooth, it should not be filled with lint to prevent it from breaking. An ancient Roman encyclopedist, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, kept intricate diaries about his medical research. He penned his attempts to align teeth Figure 15: Cornelius Celsus. via finger pressure alone. Celsus claims in his diaries to have discovered a ©commons.wikimedia.org means of moving teeth with routine finger pressure — ultimately makeshift Invisalign. Later, Celsus‟ Roman peers created dental hardware that kind of looked like today‟s braces. Tiny golden wires were attached to teeth in an attempt to close gaps. THE ARABS They were interested in the care of teeth rather than in their extraction and replacement, and mouth hygiene was a well- established technique. They used small wooden stick, the end of which was often chewed, the wood fibers being used as a brush called “Siwak”. Plants have been used for centuries to improve dental health and to promote oral hygiene, and this practice persists in several communities throughout the world. “Miswak” is an Arabic word meaning “tooth-cleaning stick,” and Salvadora persica miswak has a Figure 16: Arab "siwak"or “miswak” wide geographic distribution. It was used by ancient Arabs to whiten ©Stylrcraze and polish the teeth. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking) A. Specify the discovery/ancient evidence of dental practice according to the specific date given: Year Discovery/Ancient Evidence 7500-9500BC 2000BC 166-201BC 6500BC 13000BC B. Indicate the respective contributions of the following individuals or group in the field of dentistry. Ancient Pioneers Contributions Romans Aristotle Chinese Hippocrates This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ Cornelius Celsus C. On the space provided for, use your drawing materials to illustrate the “Chew Stick” used by the Romans as their toothbrush and label the bristles and the handle. Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins) Now, let‟s assess if you have learned something new today. Go back to the “What I Know Chart” in Activity 1 and answer the “What I Learned” column. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) To check for your understanding, please answer the following questions honestly without looking back to the main content of this module. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. Ready? Ready or not, go! 1. Who is the father of medicine? a. Aristotle b. Hippocrates c. Aesculapius 2. What is the first filling material used to relieve toothache? a. Vexwax b. candlewax c. Beeswax 3. When was the beginning of dental practice in which drilled front teeth filled with Bitumen, plant fiber and hair was discovered? a. 13000BC b. 1300BC c. 130BC 4. Whose tomb has a title inscription saying “the greatest of those who deal with teeth and of physicians”? a. Her-Sy b. Hershy c. Hesy-Re 5. This contains references to diseases of the teeth, as well as toothache prescriptions such us olive oil, dates, onions, beans, and green lead, to be mixed and applied to the offending tooth. a. Ebers Papers b. Ebers Papyrus c. Ebers Text Stop and check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this Activity Sheet. Write your score/s on your paper. C. LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) A. Work Tracker You are done with this session! Let‟s track your progress. Shade the session number you just completed. B. Think about your Learning Now that you completed the lesson, take a few minutes to reflect on the quality of your work and the quality of your effort. What parts were challenging for you to do? Why do you think was it challenging for you? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ What helps you remember? Describe the process. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ FAQs (Frequently Ask Questions) 1. Is it true that “tooth worms” are the causative agents of dental caries as what is written in Sumerian text? At the end of the 19th century, W.D. Miller conducted studies that resulted in the current theories of dental cavity development. It was observed that bacteria in the mouth, when exposed to certain carbohydrates (generally simple and refined), generated acid, and let bacteria that caused cavities thrive, were identified in the 1920s when samples from plaque and carious lesions were taken. The theory of the tooth worm was fully debunked. (Parza Zadeh, DDS, MAGD, FICOI) 2. Why does bone loss occur when there is periodontal problem like that of the Egyptian Pharaoh’s case? Bone loss is a common consequence of loss of teeth and chronic periodontitis (periodontal ligament inflammation). In the case of periodontitis, the bacteria gradually eats away at the underlying jawbone and at the periodontal ligaments that connect the tooth to the bone. (Pasadna Periodontics and Dental Implants) KEY TO CORRECTIONS (Activity 3.A) 5points each. Total of 25points Year Discovery/Ancient Evidence 7500-9500BC Primitive Drilling Method 2000BC Gold work of two donor front teeth wired together and to its neighbouring teeth 166-201BC Dental prosthetics of gold crowns and fixed bridgework. 6500BC Beeswax used as a tooth filling material to relieve toothache. 13000BC Relics of drilled anterior (front teeth) found in Lucca, Italy. (Activity 3.B) 5points each. Total of 25points Ancient Pioneers Contributions Romans Restoring decayed teeth with gold crowns; chew sticks as toothbrush Aristotle Investigates comparative anatomy of the teeth; wrote of ointments and cautery with a red hot wire to treat diseases of the teeth and oral tissues Chinese used acupuncture to treat toothache Hippocrates Together with Aristotle, wrote of ointments and cautery with a red hot wire to treat diseases of the teeth and oral tissues Cornelius Celsus Discussed dental diseases and suggested that before extracting a carious (decaying) tooth, it should not be filled with lint to prevent it from breaking This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION  DEN 013: Perspective in Dentistry Student Activity Sheet #2 Name: Class number: _______ _________________________________________________________________ Date: Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________ ________________________________________ (Activity 3.C) Drawing= 5points Label=5points Handle Bristles Short Quiz (Activity 5) 1.b 2.c 3.a 4.c 5.b _________________ Prepared by: MIGNONETH GAY P. ESTRERA, DMD Professor/Clinic Instructor Southwestern University PHINMA - College of Dentistry This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION