Classical Cultures - Dental History PDF

Classical cultures Greece Athens is greatest political and cultural center in Europe. Democratic system of government, Architecture development and West-philosophical foundations. Greece Archaic period (800-490 BCE) Classical period (490-323 BCE) Hellenistic period (323-146 BCE) Archaic Perio...

Classical cultures Greece Athens is greatest political and cultural center in Europe. Democratic system of government, Architecture development and West-philosophical foundations. Greece Archaic period (800-490 BCE) Classical period (490-323 BCE) Hellenistic period (323-146 BCE) Archaic Period (800-490 BCE) Non-specialized practice. Disease and treatment understood in empirical and magic-religious terms. Greece Archaic period (800-490 BCE) Classical period (490-323 BCE) Hellenistic period (323-146 BCE) Classical Period (490-323 BCE) → Cult to Asclepius (Temple of Epidaurus): Dispenser of healing but also skilled practical doctor. School of COS (Hippocrates) School of CNIDO Specificity of the patient Specificity of the disease → Free exercise (trained or not in schools) → Medicine was carried out by doctors and slaves (nursing) Temple of Asclepius (Epidaurus) Greece Archaic period (800-490 BCE) Classical period (490-323 BCE) Hellenistic period (323-146 BCE) Classical Period (490-323 BCE) → Diagnosis: Based on observation, reasoning and functional testing → Objective: Descriptive, explanatory and predictive. → Treatment: Primum non nocere Observation and oportunity of treatment Cure by contraries (humoral theory) Patient education (diet, habits…) Holism (treat the whole, not the parts) Types: Pharmacopoeia, Dietetics, Surgery Temple of Asclepius (Epidaurus) Review bubble: Humoral theory Greece Archaic period (800-490 BCE) Classical period (490-323 BCE) Hellenistic period (323-146 BCE) Classical Period (490-323 BCE) DENTISTRY Dental knowledge disseminated within the Corpus Hippocraticum. Topics: Dental development, Tooth loss, Odontalgia, Teeth extraction (odontagra) Dental forceps (odontagra) and two other dental instruments Greece Archaic period (800-490 BCE) Classical period (490-323 BCE) Hellenistic period (323-146 BCE) Hellenistic Period (323-146 BCE) Aristotle Comparative anatomy → Errors in human → Men have more teeth than women “due to the greater abundance of heat and blood in men than in women” (female as mutilated male) → Dental permanent growth Greece Archaic period (800-490 BCE) Classical period (490-323 BCE) Hellenistic period (323-146 BCE) Hellenistic Period (323-146 BCE) Herophilus and Erasistratus → Human dissection → Dental vascularization Greece Archaic period (800-490 BCE) Classical period (490-323 BCE) Hellenistic period (323-146 BCE) Hellenistic Period (323-146 BCE) Diocles of Carystus → Dental higiene: rubbing teeth and gums with mint preparations. → Coined the “wisdom tooth” term. → Treatment of mandibular fractures and devices to reduce maxillary fractures → Dental reimplantation. Etruscans → From IX c. BCE to their conquest by Romans in the III c. BCE. → Sophisticated knowledge metallurgy and sculpture of farming, → Advanced dental practices: • Clay votive offerings, • dentures, • bridges (flat bands of soft gold). Use of animal’s teeth (cow or ox). Etruscans  Tooth crowns found in an Etruscan tomb of the ancient Vitulonia (Archæological Museum of Florence) Denture in terra-cotta (clay) Etruscan appliance for supporting three artificial teeth, two of which were made of one ox tooth. (Civic Museum of Corneto). Dental appliance still adhering to the jaw, discovered in an Etruscan necropolis near Orvieto, and now in the possession of the Ghent University → Romans → Medicine was introduced by Greeks. Comtempt for practical knowledge, practiced by greeks or slaves. → Teeth were highly valuated: “Neve aurum addito, ast quoi auro dentes iuncti escunt (sunt) im cum illo sepelirei vrive sine fraude esto” (Neither shall gold be added thereto (to the corpse); but it shall not be unlawful to bury or to burn it with the gold with which the teeth may perchance be bound together) “Qui dentem ex gingiva excusserit libero homini, trecentis assibus multator, qui servo” (Whoever shall cause the tooth of a free man to fall shall pay a fine of three hundred as, and for that of a slave one hundred and fifty.) → Barbers did not extract teeth. → Some women combined ‘magic’ with drugs for body beautification. “They lived without doctors, although not without medicine” Pliny the Elder Romans DE MEDICINA → Receipt for a narcotic drug recommended in odontalgic and other pains. → Teeth extraction: Use of forceps (tenaculum), description of the movements for extraction. → Dental hygiene: mouth rinse with water recommended every morning, tartar removal with scrapers or by means of a small file. → Restoration: Treatment for mandibular/maxillary fractures and gold wiring. Cornelius Celsus (25 BCE-50 CE) Romans → Some plant-based and herbal remedies for toothache. → He associated oral infections with bad habits (diet and hygiene) and age. Caius Plinius Secundus, Pliny “the Elder” (23-79) Romans → Comparative anatomy (apes): corrections and new errors. → Numeration of teeth (incisors, canines and molars) → Description of the innervation of teeth (III pair) → Tooth decay as imbalancements a result of humoral → Remedies against gingivitis and tooth pains Claudius Galen (131-201/216) Romans Roman appliances and technology (by Etruscans and Greek influences) Roman appliance found at Satricum; Bridge and crown of lower incisor made of gold. Roman dental forceps (TENACULUM) found (1894) at Hamburg, Germany, in the ancient Roman castle Saalburg. Romans DENTIFRICIUM As components, they could be used eggshells, bones, oyster shells. After burning them and mixing them with honey they were reduced to a fine powder. Astringents such as myrrh or saltpeter were added with the aim of also reinforcing them when they began to move. They used "nitrum" probably sodium or potassium carbonate, which was burned and teeth rubbed to restore their color. Hispania Roman Hispania III c. BCE – V c. CE Goth Hispania V c. CE – 711 (arab invasion) It seems it was common to use urine as mouthwash. The work of San Isidoro de Sevilla "Etymologies" stands out. There are accounts of several archaeological sites of this time of gold and lead fillings, linings and prostheses In his book IV on medicine he defines parotids as "hardness or abscesses caused by fevers or by some other cause in the vicinity of the ears". In book XI, he describes the cheeks, the mouth and when talking about the teeth, maintains the error that the number of teeth is greater in men than in women. Describe incisors, canines and molars.