Unit 1 Lecture 1-Risk Concepts-Effects of Accidents PDF

Accident Theory and Analysis Unit1: Lecture 1 Risks Concepts/ Effects of Accident 1 REVIEW OF RISK CONCEPTS 2  Hazards A hazard has the potential for an intrinsic property or disposition of something to cause harm...

Accident Theory and Analysis Unit1: Lecture 1 Risks Concepts/ Effects of Accident 1 REVIEW OF RISK CONCEPTS 2  Hazards A hazard has the potential for an intrinsic property or disposition of something to cause harm to safety, health, the environment , property , plants products, reputation. Alternatively, a hazard is an action or situation (behavior or condition) with a potential for harm (in terms of human injury, ill health , environmental and property damage or a combination of these). 3 Hazards 4 Hazards The hazard does not normally cause harm because it is normally under control. For example, the tiger is contained within a locked cage; The hydrocarbon gas is safely contained inside the pipeline; The worker at height is safely located on a well built and checked scaffolding tower. 5 Hazards 6 Hazards 7 Types of Hazards Physical Psycho-social Hot/cold objects, airborne Workload, stress, health, particles personal life, family issues, Equipment and machinery, etc. electricity, falling objects, sharp objects, etc. Environmental Ergonomic Hot/cold environments, air Manual handling, highly quality, noise, pollution, etc. repetitive tasks, vibration, etc. Chemical Biological Hazardous and dangerous Pathogens, microorganisms, 8 substances, combustible animals, birds, insects, toxins, materials, fire, explosion, etc. etc.  Hazards and Risks Hazards are to be identified, the risks they give rise to assessed and appropriate control measures introduced to address the risks. Hazard and risk are used interchangeably in everyday vocabulary. 9  Consequence 10 We will define a consequence as the level of harm or detriment which arises when the hazard is no longer under control.  Consequence 11 Can you suggest more consequences?  Consequence 12 Hazard assessment covers all the scenarios possible from the hazard.  RISK The product of a hazard’s likelihood of occurrence and its consequence or severity. RISK = LIKELIHOOD X CONSEQUENCE  A risk always has two components:  a. the likelihood of a hazardous event.  b. the consequences of the event 13 14 RISK 15  RISK Workplace level, personal safety incidents tend to have limited consequences. While they may be important to the individual(s) affected and their organization, they tend not to feature regularly in the media and wider society. 16 17  ACCIDENTS & THEIR EFFECTS 18 Accident/Incident The term "accident" can be defined as an unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an activity, and that may result in injury and/ or property damage. An incident usually refers to an unexpected event that did not cause injury or damage but had the potential. "Near miss" or "dangerous occurrence" are also terms for an event that could have caused harm 19 but did not. Accident/Incident OHSAS 18001:2007, Clause 3.9 Accident: an incident which has given rise to injury, ill health or fatality Incident: A work-related event in which an injury or ill health (regardless of severity) or fatality occurred, or could have occurred. 20 Occupational Accident Definition adopted by ILO An unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work which results in one or more workers incurring a personal injury, disease or death. 21 Classification of Accidents Class 1 accidents-Lost work days, permanent partial disabilities and temporary total disability Class 2 accidents- Treatment by a physician outside the company’s facility 22 Classification of Accidents Class 3 accidents- Locally provided first aid, property damage of less than US $100, or loss of less than eight hours of work time Class 4 accidents- Injuries that are so minor that they do not require the attention of a physician, result in property damage of US$ 100 or less, or cause eight or more hours to be lost 23 Types of Accidents and Work Injuries Work injuries are classified based on the type of accident Common causes of Common causes of work injuries work injuries  Compression  Overexertion  Exposure to  Impact accidents radiation or caustics  Falls  Rubbing or  Bodily reaction abrasions  Motor vehicle  Exposure to accidents extreme temperatures 24 Types of Accidents and Work Injuries Top three leading causes of work injuries Overexertion - employees working beyond their physical limit. This is the leading cause of work injuries Impact accidents – Struck by or against an object Falls- Falling from height /same level falls 25 Types of Accidents and Work Injuries Most frequent injuries to body parts Back Legs & Fingers Arms & multiple parts of the body Most to least frequently Trunk injured Hands Eyes, head & Feet Neck, toes & body systems 26 Accidents and Deaths Ranking of death rates by industry Mining/quarrying Agriculture Construction Transportation/public utilities Highest death rate to lowest death rate Government Manufacturing Services 27 Trade Class Activity-Discussion Case Mack Jones has been a safety engineer at Zumwalt Processing Company for almost 25 years. His son David is a recent college graduate who has been the assistant safety director at another company for just six months. Over supper last night, they had a discussion about work injuries. During the discussion, Mack said he thought back injuries were still the problem that safety professional should worry about the most. David disagreed. He said repetitive strain/soft tissue injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome were bigger problem in the modern computerized workplace. What is your opinion? 28 Costs of Accidents Historically accident prevention programmes were viewed as costly to implement Today the view is that accidents are too costly Advocating for health and safety is now done by presenting: The moral argument 29 The economic benefits Costs of Accidents Direct costs for workers the pain and suffering from the injury or illness the loss of income the possible loss of a job health-care costs Costs of Accidents Indirect cost for workers The indirect costs of an accident or illness can be four to ten times greater than the direct costs, or even more. An occupational illness or accident can have so many indirect costs to workers that it is often difficult to measure them. of the most obvious indirect costs is the human suffering caused to workers' families, which cannot be compensated with money. Costs of Accidents Direct costs for employers: payment for work not performed medical and compensation payments repair or replacement of damaged machinery and equipment reduction or a temporary halt in production Costs of Accidents Direct costs for employers cont’d: increased training expenses and administration costs possible reduction in the quality of work negative effect on morale in other workers Costs of Accidents Indirect costs for employers cont’d: the injured/ill worker has to be replaced a new worker has to be trained and given time to adjust it takes time before the new worker is producing at the rate of the original worker time must be devoted to obligatory investigations, to the writing of reports and filling out of forms Costs of Accidents Indirect costs for employers cont’d: accidents often arouse the concern of fellow workers and influence labour relations in a negative way poor health and safety conditions in the workplace can also result in poor public relations For a small business, the cost of even one accident can be a financial disaster. Costs of Accidents On a national scale, the estimated costs of occupational accidents and illnesses can be as high as 3 to 4 % of a country's gross national product (GNP). In reality, no one really knows the total costs of work-related accidents or diseases because there are a multitude of indirect costs which are difficult to measure besides the more obvious direct costs. Estimating Accident Costs Costs associated with accidents and incidents fall into the following categories: Lost work hours Medical costs Insurance premiums and administration Property damage Fire losses Indirect costs 37 Estimating Accident Costs Direct cost of an accident for lost work hours Total number of lost hours for the period in question multiply by the applicable loaded labour rate Loaded labour rate is the employee’s hourly rate plus benefits Benefits inflate the hourly rate by a factor of 20 to 35% 38 Estimating Accident Costs A company lost 386 hours due to a construction accident in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year. The 4 employees whose accident resulted in lost time hours had an average loaded rate of $13.48 per hour. Calculate the unproductive cost to this company. 39 Estimating Accident Costs Unproductive Cost= Employee hours lost X Average Loaded Labour Rate Unproductive cost = 386 X $13.48 = $5, 203.28 40 Estimating Hidden Costs of Accidents Checklist for estimating hidden cost Paid time to the injured employee on the day of the accident Paid time of any emergency responder personnel involved (including ambulance driver) Paid time of all employees who were interviewed as part of the accident 41 investigation Estimating Hidden Costs of Accidents Checklist for estimating hidden cost Paid time to safety personnel who conducted the accident investigation Paid time to the human resource personnel who handled the worker’s compensation and medical aspects of the accident Paid time of the supervisor involved in the accident investigation and accident response 42 Estimating Hidden Costs of Accidents Checklist for estimating hidden cost Paid time to safety personnel who conducted the accident investigation Paid time to the human resource personnel who handled the worker’s compensation and medical aspects of the accident Paid time of the supervisor involved in the accident investigation and accident response 43 Estimating Hidden Costs of Accidents Checklist for estimating hidden cost Paid time to employees near the accident working (or slowed down) temporarily as a result of the accident Paid time to employees who spent time talking about the accident as news of it spread through the company’s grapevine 44  Reference Website http://www.slideshare.net/yorkypab/theories-of-accident- causation 45