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INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SAFETY animals, destruction of vegetation, and health issues for residents. The company Process Safety initially downplayed the severity, causing...

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SAFETY animals, destruction of vegetation, and health issues for residents. The company Process Safety initially downplayed the severity, causing - a discipline that focuses on the prevention delays in evacuation and protective of fires, explosions, and accidental chemical measures. releases at chemical process facilities. - While no immediate deaths occurred, - the prevention of, preparedness for, long-term health problems such as mitigation of, response to, or restoration chloracne, liver damage, and increased from catastrophic releases of chemicals or cancer rates emerged. energy from a process associated with a facility. 3. Bhopal Incident (1984) - On December 2nd-3rd, 1984, Bhopal, India, Process Safety VS Occupational Safety a UnionCarbide pesticide plant released Process safety focuses on the hazards over 40 tons of deadly methyl isocyanate involved with industrial processes and preventing (MIC) gas. catastrophic accidents from events such as the - The Toxic cloud affected thousands, unintentional release of hazardous materials, fires, causing immediate deaths, permanent gas leaks, explosions, or structural collapses. disabilities, and chronic health issues. Occupational safety is focused on the safety, health, and welfare of people at their 4. Piper Alpha Disaster (1988) workplace and deals with things such as personal - Piper Alpha oil platform in the North Sea, protective equipment (PPEs), noise exposure, 120 miles northeast of Aberdeen, Scotland, vehicle accidents, slips, trips, and falls. experienced a devastating disaster. A condensate pump was started without a Risk Reduction crucial safety valve, causing a small Process safety prevents human injury; and explosion. Process safety helps significant losses and - Due to the absence of blast walls, the environmental damages. explosion ruptured crude oil pipes, leading to an oil fire. The inability to isolate the Sustained Value platform and the continuous flow of oil Process safety helps boosts productivity; fueled the fire. Two high-pressure gas lines It helps produce high quality products, on ruptured from neighboring platforms, time, and at lower cost; and resulting in massive explosions. It contributes to shareholder value. - The platform eventually collapsed into the sea, claiming the lives of 167 people. Learning From Experience - involves monitoring, and acting on, internal 5. Pasadena Explosion (1989) and external sources of information - On October 23, 1989, Pasadena, Texas, - A near miss is an event in which an faced a tragic event at the Phillips accident (that is, property damage, Petroleum Companies Houston Chemical environmental impact, or human loss) or an Complex. operational interruption could have plausibly - Explosions fueled by volatile gases used in resulted if circumstances had been slightly polyethylene production resulted in a different. devastating blast, registering 3.5 on the Richter scale. Learning From Incidents - The inferno, lasting over ten hours, claimed 1. Flixborough Disaster (1974) the lives of 23 workers and injured - an explosion that occurred at a chemical hundreds, causing $700 million in damage plant near the village of Flixborough in North to the plant and nearby community. Lincolnshire, England. - killed 28 people and injured 36 people. 6. Texas City Refinery Disaster (2005) - occurred because of a temporary plant - The Texas City Refinery Disaster was a modification in which a leaking reactor was vapor cloud explosion that occurred at BPs removed and bypassed using a temporary Texas City Refinery in 2005. The disaster pipe while the repairs to the reactor were killed 15 people and injured 180 people. made. - The explosion occurred during the start-up of the isomerisation unit after a shutdown 2. Seveso Disaster (1976) for maintenance activities. - a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy, released a toxic cloud containing dioxin, a deadly 7. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010) chemical. - On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon - The accident contaminated a residential drilling rig, leased by BP, suffered a area, leading to the death of thousands of  methane gas explosion, leading to the Labor Code of the Philippines (PD 442) largest accidental oil spill in U.S. history. Law : Rules and Regulations Implementing Act. - Over 87 days, an estimated 4.9 million 162, Book IV, Title I, P.D. 442 barrels of oil gushed into the Gulf of Mexico, Title : Occupational Safety and Health Standards devastating marine life, beaches, and (OSHS) coastal communities. Year Passed : 1978 - The human toll included 11 lives lost in the Relevant Provision/s : Rule 1000 to Rule 1980 explosion and significant economic damage Implementing Agency : DOLE to fishing, tourism, and coastal businesses. OSH Law (R.A. No. 11058) 8. Fukushima Nuclear Disaster (2011) “An Act Strengthening Compliance with - a nuclear meltdown that occurred as a Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards direct result of the Tōhoku earthquake and and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof.” tsunami in 2011. Consolidated House Bill No. and Senate Bill No. 1317 - The disaster resulted in the evacuation of Approved By President Rodrigo Duterte 154,000 people. The reactors shut down (August 17, 2018) with 35 Sections when the earthquake was detected. - The resultant loss of cooling to the reactor cores led to a nuclear meltdown in the OSHS Rule Book reactor and the widespread release of radioactive contamination over a wide area. Rule 1000 - General Provisions The objective of this issuance is to protect Dole Occupational Safety And Health Standards every working man against the dangers of injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful Progression of OSH Legislation in the working conditions, thereby assuring the Philippines conservation of valuable manpower resources and 1903 - Development of OSH in the the prevention of loss or damage to lives and Philippines properties, consistent with national development 1908 - Bureau of Labor was created goals and with the State’s commitment for the total 1927 - Workmen's Compensation Act No. development of every worker as a complete human 3428 being. 1933 - Bureau of Labor became Department of Labor Rule 1010 - Other Safety Rules 1936 - Commonwealth Act. No. 104 was This section discussed the Work Conditions passed or Practices Not Covered by Standards, Abatement 1948 - Philippines became member of ILO of Imminent Danger, Suspension of Rules, Variation 1974 - Labor Code of the Philippines (PD Order. 442) was passed - Hazardous Workplace 1978 - OSHS was approved Where the nature of work exposes 1989 - First Major Revision of OSHS the workers to dangerous environmental elements, Labor Code of the Philippines (PD 442) contaminants or work conditions Year Passed : 1974 including ionizing radiation, Implementing Agency : DOLE chemicals, fire, flammable Content : Revised and consolidated labor and substances, noxious components social laws to afford full protection to labor, promote and the like; employment and human resources development Where the workers are engaged in and ensure industrial peace based on social justice. construction work, logging, fire Article 162 – The Secretary of labor shall by fighting, mining, quarrying, blasting, appropriate order set and enforce mandatory OSH stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea Standards to eliminate or reduce OSH hazards in fishing and mechanized farming; all workplaces and institute new and update Where the workers are engaged in existing programs to ensure safe and healthful the manufacture or handling of working conditions in all place of employment explosives and other pyrotechnic Article 165 - DOLE shall be solely responsible for products; the administration, enforcement of laws, policies Where the workers use or are and programs on OSH. exposed to power driven or explosive powder actuated tools; Where the workers are exposed to biologic agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, nematodes, and other parasites.  ➔ Type B Rule 1020 - Regulations In every workplace having a total of Every employer as defined in Rule 1002 (1) over two hundred (200) to four hundred shall register his business with the Regional Labor (400) workers, the following shall compose Office or authorized representative having the Health and Safety Committee: jurisdiction thereof to form part of a databank of all Chairman - The manager or his covered establishments. authorized representative who must be a top operating official. Rule 1030 - Training of Personnel in Members - One (1) supervisor, Occupational Safety and Health Three (3) workers (must be union The Bureau, either directly or through members, if organized), The accredited organizations, shall conduct continuing company physician or the company programs to increase the supply and competence nurse of personnel qualified to carry out the provisions of Secretary - The safety man these Standards. A regular audit shall be done by the Bureau ➔ Type C to determine compliance with the above criteria, the In every workplace with one hundred system and method of training, and the quality and (100) to two hundred (200) workers, the effectiveness of the training staff. following shall compose the Health and Safety Committee: Hazardous Workplace Chairman - Manager or his authorized representative Number of Workers Number of Safety Man Members - One (1) foreman, Three 200 and below One (1) part-time (3) workers (must be union safety man members, if organized), The nurse Secretary - The part-time safety man Over 200 to 1000 One (1) full-time safety man ➔ Type D For every 1000 workers One (1) full-time safety In every workplace with less than man one hundred (100) workers, the following shall compose the Health and Safety Committee: Non-hazardous Workplace Chairman - Manager Members - One (1) foreman, Three Number of Workers Number of Safety Man (3) workers (must be union Less than 1000 One (1) part-time members, if organized), The safety man nurse/first-aider Secretary - The part-time safety man For every 1000 One (1) full-time safety man ➔ Type E: Joint Committee When two or more establishments Rule 1040 - Health and Safety Committee are housed under one building, the health The Bureau requires a health and safety and safety committee organized in each committee in every place of employment. The workplace shall form themselves into a Joint Health and Safety Committee is the planning and Coordinating Committee to plan and policy making group in all matters implement programs and activities pertaining to safety and health. concerning all the establishments. The Joint Coordinating Committee shall be composed ➔ Type A of the following: In every workplace having a total of Chairman - The chairman of the over four hundred (400) workers the establishment committee following shall compose the Health and Members - Two (2) supervisors from Safety Committee: two different establishments, Two (2) Chairman - The manager or his workers from two different authorized representative who must establishments (union members, if be a top operating official. organized) Members - Two (2) department Secretary - Appointed by the heads, Four (4) workers (must be Chairman (in high rise, the Secretary union members, if organized), The shall be the building administrator) company physician Secretary - The safety man Rule 1050 - Notification and Keeping of Rule 1080 - Personal Protective Equipment and Records of Accidents and/or Occupational Devices Illnesses Every employer shall at his own expense The formal report shall be submitted by the furnish his workers with protective equipment for employer on or before the 20th day of the month the eyes, face, hands and feet, protective shields following the date of occurrence of the accident or and barriers whenever necessary by reason of the when the illness, is established and an investigation hazardous nature of the process or environment, report in the prescribed form shall be submitted by chemical or radiological or other mechanical the Regional Office or duly authorized irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or representative on or before the 30th day of the impairment in the function of any part of the body same month. through absorption, inhalation or physical contact. Where the accident or fitness results in death or permanent total disability, the employer, in Rule 1090 - Hazardous Materials addition to the written report required under The provisions of this Rule shall apply to all subparagraph (1) above, shall initially notify the workplaces in which hazardous substances in solid, Regional Labor Office or duly authorized liquid or gaseous forms are manufactured, handled representative within twenty four (24) hours after and used or in which flammable, irritating, offensive occurrence using the fastest available means of or toxic dusts, fibers, gases, mists or vapors are communication. generated or released in quantities injurious to The employer shall maintain and keep an health. accident or illness record which shall be open at all times for inspection to authorized personnel Rule 1100 - Gas and Electric Welding and containing the following minimum data: Cutting Operations Welding or cutting operations shall not be Date of accident or illness; permitted in rooms or areas containing combustible Name of injured or ill employee, sex, and materials or in proximity to explosives or flammable age; liquids, dusts, gases or vapors, until all fire and Occupation of an injured or ill employee at explosion hazards are eliminated. the time of accident or illness; A portable fire extinguisher shall be Assigned causes of accident or illness; provided at the place where welding and cutting Extent and nature of disability; operations are being undertaken. Period of disability (actual and/or charged); Whether accident involved damage to Rule 1120 - Hazardous Work Processes materials, equipment, or machinery, kind This section provides a requirement and extent of damage, including estimated regarding Underground Tank and Similar Confined or actual cost; and Space Work. Record of initial notice and/or report to the Before a worker or group of workers enter Regional Labor Office or authorized any confined or enclosed space and before any representative. work is commenced, the following precautions and safety measures shall be taken: Rule 1060 - Premises of Establishments The area shall be checked visually to Building premises shall have adequate fire, ensure that the water level is below 15 cm. emergency or danger signs and safety instructions (6 in.) and if water is present, a dry wooden of standard colors and sizes visible at all times. platform shall be available for use; This Section focused on the requirement of The air in the area shall be checked for: the OSH Standards in the construction and - explosive gases, fumes and vapors; Maintenance, Space Requirement, Walkway - oxygen content and; Surface, Floor and wall Openings, Construction of - carbon monoxide, if any burning or Railings, Stairs, Window Openings, Fixed Ladders, products of burning have been Overhead Walks, Runways and Platforms and involved. Yards. If any of the above is present over normal levels, the area shall not be entered until Rule 1070 - Occupational Health and ventilation by blower is affected. Environmental Control Approved types of breathing apparatus and This rule establishes threshold limit values other personal protective equipment shall for toxic and carcinogenic substances and physical be provided and made available for use by agents(Noise, Illumination,Ventilation), which may the worker or workers entering a confined be present in the atmosphere of the work space; environment. Threshold Limit Values refer to No worker or group of workers shall enter a airborne concentration of substances and represent confined space unless a watcher is conditions under which it is believed that nearly all available who is familiar with the job and in workers may be repeatedly exposed daily without contact with the men at regular intervals and adverse effect.  equally provided with breathing apparatus Rule 1160 - Boiler for ready use in case of emergency; No boiler shall be installed and/or operated No smoking or open lights, torches, arcs or in the Philippines without the permit issued flames shall be permitted in confined for the purpose by the Secretary of Labor or spaces until an inspection has been his/her authorized representative. conducted to ensure that fire or explosion Application for installation of a new boiler possibilities have been eliminated; shall be filed with the Bureau or in the No spraying or painting using volatile Regional Office with available professional solvents of oil shall be undertaken in mechanical engineer (PME) for processing confined spaces unless the necessary and verification accompanied by the respiratory and other adequate protection manufacturer’s data sheets, working are provided; drawings, foundation design computation, Any manhole, tank opening, or other installation and location plans, all in five (5) opening which is left unattended should be copies (with print). protected during the day by barricades, and Application to locally fabricate boilers shall at night by barricades and lanterns, with be filed in five (5) copies with the Bureau or appropriate warning signs; and in the Regional Office concerned, Adequate means of ingress and egress accompanied by design drawings, from any confined or enclosed space shall computations and specifications. be provided. Major repair work on pressure parts of boilers shall be done after the details of the Rule 1140 - Explosives repair and the design plan shall have been The provisions of this Rule shall apply to the processed and cleared by the Bureau or manufacture, handling and storage of explosives, Regional Office. After repairs, the boiler fireworks and other pyrotechnic products. shall not be operated or used without the permit issued by the Secretary. Rule 1150 - Materials Handling and Storage Any removal and/or change of location or Use of Mechanical Equipment - Where ownership of a steam boiler shall be mechanical handling equipment is used, reported to the Bureau or Regional Office sufficient safe clearance shall be allowed for concerned by the old and new owners not aisles, at loading docks, through doorways later than thirty (30) days after the sale or and wherever turns or passage must be transfer. Such boilers shall not be operated made. Aisles and passageways shall be or used without the required permit. kept clear and in good repair, with no All portable pressure vessels with operating obstruction across or in aisles that could permits issued by the Secretary or his/her create a hazard. Permanent aisles and authorized representative shall be honored passageways shall be appropriately in the Philippines during the period covering marked. the permit. Secure Storage - Storage of material shall The minimum personnel requirement in the not create a hazard. Bag containers, operation of boilers shall be in accordance bundles, etc., stored in tiers shall be with Section 36, Article IV of R.A. 8495, stacked, blocked, interlocked and limited in otherwise known as “The Philippine height so that they are stable and secure Mechanical Engineering Act of 1998” against sliding or collapse. Housekeeping - Storage areas shall be kept Rule 1170 - Unfired Pressure Vessels free from accumulations of materials that “Unfired pressure vessels” shall mean any constitute hazards from tripping, fire, closed vessel other than a boiler constructed to explosion, or pest harborage. Vegetation hold steam, hot water, gas or air, ordinarily supplied control shall be exercised when necessary. from an external source or from the indirect Clearance Limits - Clearance signs to warn application of heat. of clearance limits shall be provided. This section discussed the standard Rolling Railroad Cars- Derail and/or bumper requirement in installation and construction of blocks shall be provided on spur railroad Unfired pressure vessels, such as, Vessels tracks where a rolling car could contact containing or are used as containers for liquefied other cars being worked, enter a building, petroleum gas (LPG), chemicals, catalyst and other work or traffic area. corrosive gases, Steam Heated Pressure Vessels, Guarding - Covers and/or guardrails shall Closed Steam Heated Pressure Vessels, Steam be provided to protect personnel from the Agitation, Open Steam Heated Pressure Vessels, hazards of open pits, tanks, vats, ditches, Water and Air Pressure Tanks, Refrigeration Tanks etc. and Compressors Rule 1180 - Internal Combustion Engine The lighting of Work Areas This section provides the standard Lifting of Weights requirement for purposes of installation, plan Pipelines checking, inspection and other considerations prior Protection of the Public to the clearance of any installation and use of an Protection from Falling Materials internal combustion engine. Scaffolds Harmful dust, gases, and fumes Rule 1200 - Machine Guarding Use of Construction Equipment This rule imposed that all moving parts of prime movers, transmission equipment and all Rule 1420 - Logging dangerous parts of driven machinery shall be This section provides general guidelines for effectively guarded, unless so constructed or a safe execution of general logging operations. located to prevent any person or object from coming or coming into contact with them. Rule 1940 - Fire Protection and Control This section focuses on the fire protection Rule 1210 - Electrical Safety and implementation of fire fighting equipment in the The Philippine Electrical Code is hereby industries. However, Specific standards in design adopted and the standards contained in this section and construction, occupancy and use of buildings shall be considered safety standards to the extent and facilities shall be those prescribed by the that they safeguard any person employed in any Building Code of the Philippines workplace and control the practice of electrical engineering. Rule 1950 - Pesticides and Fertilizers Rule 1220 - Elevators and Related Equipment This section focuses on the general This section discussed the standard requirements in handling, Storage, Hygiene of requirements, e application permit, permit renewal, Personnel, PPE requirements and Disposal of construction and general consideration when Unwanted Materials of Pesticides and fertilizers. working or using elevators and related equipment. Rule 1960 - Occupational Health Services Rule 1230 - Identification of Piping System Functions: Occupational health services This Rule shall provide a common code to shall have the following functions as are adequate assist in the proper identification of materials and appropriate to the occupational risks of the conveyed in piping systems. This Rule shall cover establishment/undertaking. only the identification of piping systems in industrial Identification and assessment of the risks and power plants. It does not cover pipes buried in from health hazards in the workplace; the ground. Relatively, for the purpose of uniformity Surveillance of the factors in the working and to lessen the chances of error, confusion or environment and working practices which inaction especially in times of emergency, Article may affect the worker’s health, including 11.4, Chapter XI of the Philippine Society of sanitary installations, canteens, and housing Mechanical Engineers Code, in accordance with its where these facilities are provided by the latest edition, is hereby adopted employer; Advice on planning and organization of Rule 1240 - Power Piping Lines work, including the design of the workplace, This section provides general guidelines for on the choice, maintenance, and condition the construction of power piping lines and the of machinery and other equipment, and on destructive and non-destructive testing substances used in work; methodology. Participation in the development of For purposes of design installation, programs for the improvement of working inspection and other considerations prior to the practices as well as testing and evaluation clearance of any installation of the power piping of health aspects of new equipment; connection system, Chapter 11 on Power Piping Advice on occupational health, safety and System of the Philippine Society of Mechanical hygiene, and on ergonomics and individual Engineering (PSME) Code shall be applied as a and collective protective equipment; minimum requirement. Surveillance of workers health in relation to work; Rule 1410 - Construction Safety Promoting the adaptation of work to the This section provides general guidelines for workers; a safe execution of construction in many industries, Collaboration in providing information, about: training and education in the fields of Electrical occupational health and hygiene and Machine Guarding ergonomics; Storage Organizing of first-aid and emergency Fire Protection treatment; and  Participation in analysis of occupational - Below the lower flammability limit (LFL), the accidents and occupational diseases. mixture is too lean to ignite and propagate the flame. Rule 1970 - Fees - Above the upper flammability limit (UFL), In the conduct of the administration and the mixture is too rich to ignite and enforcement of these Standards, reasonable fees propagate the flame. shall be collected for such services except for The concentrations between these two technical safety inspection. Fees for technical limits constitute the flammability range. Further, by safety inspection shall be as provided in the lowering the oxygen concentration (LOC) in air by National Building Code of the Philippines, PD 1096, adding an inert gas, the UFL can be brought down. and shall be paid to the Building Official. For flammable liquids, the flash point is a All fees collected shall be covered by official crucial property determining how easily ignition receipts. The amount collected shall be deposited would occur. It is the lowest temperature at which a with the National Treasury to the credit of the liquid (usually a petroleum product) will form a Department of Labor and Employment. vapor in the air near its surface that will “flash,” or briefly ignite, on exposure to an open flame. Rule 1980 - Authority of Local Government Therefore, regulatory bodies use the flash point as The Department shall be solely responsible an essential parameter for classifying the hazard for the administration and enforcement of category of flammable chemicals, using terms such occupational safety and health laws in all as: workplaces. However, local governments may be authorized by the Secretary to enforce these ❖ Flammable gases Standards within their respective jurisdictions ❖ Extremely flammable liquids where they have adequate facilities and personnel ❖ Very highly flammable liquids for the purpose as determined by and subject to ❖ Highly flammable liquids national standards prescribed by the Department. ❖ Flammable liquids The Department or such other duly authorized engineers and other national Examples of flammable chemicals include: government agents, as the Secretary may Gasoline designate, shall enforce the requirements of the Diesel Fuel Electrical Engineering Law pertaining to the Kerosene installation, operations, tending and maintenance of Acetonitrile electric generating plans and pass upon Methanol applications for electrical construction or installation within their respective jurisdiction in all cases which Ethanol are not acted upon by the Board of Power and Acetone Waterworks, the Department of National Defense, Acetylene and the Bureau of Customs, and shall issue the Isopropyl Alcohol corresponding permits if the plans and/or Toluene specifications submitted are in conformity with the Turpentine provisions of this Standards. Propane Butane Identification of Hazards Natural Gas Chemical Hazards Hydrogen Flammable Chemical A flammable chemical is a gas or a Explosive Chemicals vaporized liquid which, when ignited in the Upon initiation by shock, impact, friction, presence of oxygen, continues to react with fire, chemical reaction, or other ignition sources, an oxygen, giving rise to a flame that emits heat and explosive material releases energy at a very high light. The formal definition of a flammable rate, causing a sudden increase in atmospheric substance is one having a flash point below 93°C. pressure in the surroundings and, typically, a flash A flame is the visible portion of the volume or a loud noise. within which the oxidation of fuels occurs in An explosive may be a pure substance gaseous form. Thus, a flame occurs in the gaseous (such as nitroglycerine, trinitrotoluene (TNT), or phase only. A flammable liquid must first vaporize; pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)) or a the vapors so generated can undergo combustion “preparation” (such as dynamite that contains in a flame. Chemical decomposition or pyrolysis on nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, and ammonium nitrate solid surfaces yields flammable, volatile products as essential ingredients). Such formulations are that can sustain combustion. known as “condensed explosives” and are used for Flammable gases or vapors burn in air only military purposes or as commercial blasting over a limited range of composition. explosives for mining and demolition work.  Reactive Chemicals There are many everyday examples of A chemical reactivity hazard exists when an physical explosions in the process industries that uncontrolled chemical reaction can lead to high do not involve chemical reactions: temperatures, high pressures, explosion, or release - Rupture of pressure vessels (containing of flammable or toxic substances. Such hazards compressed gases, flammable, or toxic can be classified into two main categories: reactive chemicals) when subjected to excessive materials and reactive interactions. Reactive pressure materials are those that are inherently hazardous or - Rupture of a transport container, overfilled become unstable when contacted with air or water. with liquefied gas and subjected to high Examples of such materials are as follows: ambient temperatures while in transit - Unstable materials that undergo exothermic - “Vessel burst” caused by BLEVE in a tank decomposition at high temperatures or in containing a liquefied gas under pressure the presence of a catalyst. Such highly and engulfed in a fire reactive chemicals include peroxides, - Rupture of a pressure vessel that has been ethylene oxide, sodium chlorate, etc. weakened by corrosion, erosion, or brittle - Polymerizing monomers, such as acrylic failure acid or styrene, that tend to self- polymerize - Rupture of a pipeline containing a stagnant at high temperatures or in the presence of mass of liquid or liquefied gas between two impurities. closed valves (without proper pressure - Pyrophoric materials, such as phosphorus relief), whose temperature rises excessively. or spent catalysts that ignite spontaneously when exposed to air. Electrostatic Charges - Substances such as metallic sodium or Electrostatic (or “static”) charge can be a potassium, calcium carbide, or oleum that dangerous ignition source for flammable gases and react violently with water. has caused many fires and explosions in process plants. Operations such as handling of low electrical conductivity liquids, pneumatic transport Toxic Chemicals of gas–solid mixtures, or charging of liquids and Toxic chemicals are those that adversely powders into batch mixers or reaction vessels are affect our health. These chemicals enter our body particularly prone to static hazards. in three ways: Effective earthing (i.e., grounding) - Inhalation provisions must be made to avoid fires and - Absorption through the skin explosions in such operations. - Ingestion. The toxicity of a chemical is defined based Roll-Over of Liquids on the quantity required to cause death in 50% of Rollover is a hazardous occurrence in test animals, usually laboratory rats. The lethal liquefied gas storage, particularly with LNG. LNG, concentration (milligrams per liter) for an inhaled composed mainly of methane, is stored in gas is defined as the LC50, typically for an cryogenic conditions. Different sources have exposure of 30 minutes. For an orally administered varying LNG compositions, leading to differences in substance, the “lethal dose” (or LD50) is defined in density. Stratification can happen when a new liquid milligrams per kg of body mass. cargo with a significantly different density is added to a tank, causing slow circulation due to heat Example Regulatory Categories for Acute leakage. Boil off vapors removal increases the top Toxicity Levels (Major Accident Hazards) layer's density, while continuous heat ingress reduces the bottom layer's density. If the bottom layer becomes less dense than the top, it can result Toxicity Oral Dermal Inhalation Toxicity, Toxicity, Toxicity, in a rollover, potentially damaging the tank. LD50 LD50 LD50 Effective measures to reduce the risk include (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/L) limiting LNG composition variation, mixing tank contents, physical stirring, monitoring stratification- related parameters, and providing a high-capacity Extremely 5-50 > 40-200 0.5-2.0 Boil-Over of Liquids Toxic Boilover is a phenomenon observed in distillation columns or when extinguishing a fire in a Toxic > 50-200 > > 2-10 tank with various crude oil grades. In an open tank 200-1000 fire, spraying firewater onto burning oil can lead to the formation of a hot layer, known as a 'heat wave.' Once this layer reaches the water or Physical Hazards water-in-oil emulsion at the tank's bottom, it causes Physical Explosion violent boiling, ejecting and scattering burning oil over a large area. Boilover is distinct from the past. Unfortunately, these accidents continue to 'slop-over,' where minor frothing occurs when water occur at a depressing frequency because of is sprayed onto burning oil surfaces. misunderstandings and habitual neglect of essential precautions. These are especially Environmental Hazards important while handing over the plant from Air Pollutants production to maintenance, and vice versa. The primary air pollutants and toxic substances from the process industries are defined Industry Safety Standards And Security explicitly in governmental regulations in various countries. These include sulfur oxides (SOx), Code nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide, ammonia, A code is a set of recommendations volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate developed by a team of knowledgeable people, matter, all of which have adverse effects on human who are most likely to be associated with an health and the environment. Stacks and vents are industrial professional organization. significant sources of SOx, NOx, carbon monoxide, and dust. These pollutants can affect the Examples of Code surrounding population over large distances. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), www.nfpa.org Water Pollutants - NFPA 70: National Electrical Code Water pollutants from the process industries (NEC) include oxygen-demanding wastes, characterized - NFPA 101: Life Safety Code by high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended (ASME), www.asme.org particulate matter (TSS, or TotalSuspended Solids), - ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel toxic metals, pesticides, etc. Management systems Code must ensure that treated effluents comply with applicable emission standards to avoid adverse Regulation effects on aquatic or marine life. A regulation is developed by a government and has legal authority. It may be based on a code Solid Wastes or standard. Violations of regulations could result in Solid or semisolid waste generated by the fines and/or jail time. process industries includes by-products, residues, substandard products, contaminated packaging Examples of Regulation materials, etc., which cannot be reprocessed U.S. Occupational Safety and Health economically into useful products. Unless disposed Administration (OSHA), www.osha.gov of in an environmentally acceptable manner, they The Royal Society for the Prevention of cause significant damage to the environment and Accidents, www.rospa.com affect the quality of soil, groundwater, and river or British Safety Council, www. britsafe.org ocean beds. U.S Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov Other Hazards Institution of Occupational Safety and Electricity Health, www.iosh.com Inadvertent contact with a live electrical system can easily injure or kill a person. It is a Standard well-known hazard in our day-to-day life, both at A standard is more elaborate, explaining in home and in the workplace. Shocks or burns from a lot more detail how to meet the code. That is, sparks damage body tissue and can cause severe codes tell you what you need to do, and standards injuries or fatalities. An “Arc Flash” can occur when tell you how to do it. Standards do not carry the working with medium-to-high voltage electric weight of legal authority, but governments might circuits. This phenomenon is where a flashover of adopt them by turning them into laws. electric current leaves its intended path and travels through the air from one conductor to another, or to Examples of Standard ground. that can cause extremely serious burns American Petroleum Institute and injuries. American Society for Testing and Materials In process plants, the ignition of flammable International Organization for gases by electric sparks may cause fires and Standardization explosions. International Electrotechnical Commission American National Standards Institute Hazards in Maintenance Work Routine or unscheduled maintenance is Industrial Safety essential for ensuring the safety and integrity of Industrial Safety is a set of measures and process plants. However, many standards that ensure the integrity of an industry‘s maintenance-related accidents have occurred in environment. In other words, whether human beings, material goods or the environment are evaluations to get an overall picture of your involved. safety program. Occupational injuries and illnesses cost employers and insurance companies millions of Accident dollars every year. An accident is an event that has Industrial safety measures are mandatory unintentionally happened, that results in damage, and legally binding. Any failure to comply by a injury or harm. An incident is an event that has company will result in a fine or strict sanction.In unintentionally happened, but this may not result in addition, industrial safety includes regulations for damage, harm or injury. Therefore, every accident directing actions in emergency situations on the can be an incident. However not all incidents can building. be termed as an accident. An accident is defined as "any unplanned Safety Audit And Accident Investigation event that causes, or has the potential to cause, an injury or illness and/or damage to person, buildings, Safety Audit or the natural environment." Incidents range from Safety Audit is a systematic, independent serious incidents and emergencies to near-miss review to verify conformance with prescribed incidents where there is no actual injury or damage. standards of care using a well-defined review process to ensure consistency and to allow the Accident Investigation auditor to reach defensible conclusions. It Accident reporting is the formal way of examines and assesses in detail the standards of documenting a particular accident in the system. It all facets of a particular activity and extends from needs to be reported immediately after an accident complex technical operations and emergency occurs. All information concerning the victim is procedures to clearance certificates, job recorded accordingly. Detailed description of what descriptions, housekeeping and attitudes. It also happened that led to the accident will be stated in covers a company-wide problem or a total work the report. situation (say, its emergency procedures or effluent Accident investigations are designed to systems) or simply a single plant activity. enhance learning. The fundamental steps in an investigation include: Types of Safety Audit developing a detailed description of the 1. Compliance audits accident, In these audits, the company’s accumulating relevant facts, safety policies and rules are reviewed by an analyzing the facts and developing potential official safety auditor to ensure that the causes of the accident, safety program complies with the standards studying the system and operating methods set by the Occupational Safety and Health relevant to the potential causes of the Administration (OSHA). Auditors evaluate accident, the company’s safety plans, regulations, developing the most likely causes, safety training programs, and developing recommendations to eliminate recordkeeping. If you fail this audit, you recurrence of this type of accident; and could face hefty penalties from OSHA. using an investigation style that is fact-finding and not fault finding; faultfinding 2. Program audits creates an environment that is not These are typically more focused conducive to learning. than compliance audits, evaluating your safety programs directly. These audits make Components of Accident a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of There are two major components that your safety regulations by interviewing contribute to the cause of an incident. They are the employees and inspecting operations. They “work element” and the “root cause”. are useful to identify gaps and weaknesses The “work element” is the condition or act in your safety program, enabling you to take that directly caused the incident. An corrective action quickly. example of a work element might be a small spill of oil on the floor that someone slipped 3. Management system audits on. These audits can be considered a The “root cause” is the system failure that combination of compliance and program allowed the work element to become audits as they determine whether your deficient or to occur. For example, a root safety program effectively conforms to both cause may be a lack of preventive company policy and OSHA standards. They maintenance that resulted in the fork truck involve a comprehensive approach leaking oil on the floor. including compliance reviews, workplace observations, and worker interviews and  ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Systems Thinking INTRODUCTION is the ability to see the whole picture and its relevant aspects (e.g., emergent properties, Services - an intangible item, which arises from the capabilities, behaviors, and functions), output of one or more individuals. It is a above and beyond its components, parts, combination of deeds, processes, and/or and salient details. performances provided to customers in exchange relationships among organizations and individuals. Engineering systems thinking is enabled by two components: Product - tangible item that is put on the market for acquisition, attention, or consumption. 1. Thinking skills, interdisciplinary knowledge (having expertise in one and being knowledgeable in several others), ability to communicate with others in their fields and cognitive characteristics. 2. Personal traits behavioral competence. Management - process of managing people, motivation of people, optimum utilization of resources to attain set objective Engineering Management - is a field of science that bridges the gap between engineering and management. Involves management of organizations with orientation to engineering, technology, production and manufacturing. Management Process Planning - It is the basic function of management. It deals with chalking out a future course of action & deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. It bridges the gap from where we are and where we want to be. It is an exercise in problem solving and decision making. Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is a systematic thinking about ways and means for accomplishment of pre-determined goals. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human and non-human resources. Organizing - It is the process of bringing Front Stage - activities are those in which the together physical, financial and human provider and client interact directly. resources and developing productive relationships amongst them for achievement Back Stage - activities do not directly involve of organizational goals. To organize a customers and are mostly related to the efficient business involves determining and providing production of services. human and non-human resources to the Engineering organizational structure. Organizing as a process involves: - involves all kinds of activities used to build, ○ Identification of activities. create or modify things such as machines, ○ Classification of grouping of tools and even environments. activities. ○ Assignment of duties. “Engineers must be equip with a system ○ Delegation of authority and creation thinking” of responsibility. ○ Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.  Staffing - It is the function of manning the designed to determine the best option organization structure and keeping it available to solve a certain problem. manned. Staffing has assumed greater importance in recent years due to Types of Problems and Decisions advancement of technology, increase in size 1. Well-Structured Problems and of business, complexity of human behavior Programmed Decisions - the goal of the etc. The main purpose of staffing is to put decision maker is clear, the problem is the right man on the right job i.e. square familiar, and information about the problem pegs in square holes and round pegs in is easily defined and complete. round holes. Staffing involves: ○ Manpower Planning (estimating Programmed decisions also known as manpower in terms of searching, routine decisions involve standard decision choosing the person and giving the procedures and entail a minimum of right place). uncertainty. ○ Recruitment, selection & placement. ○ Training & development. Types of Programmed Decisions ○ Remuneration. Organizational decisions - taken interest ○ Performance appraisal. in the organization. ○ Promotions & transfer. Operational decisions - taken as a matter Directing - It is that part of managerial of routine based on a daily operation to function which actuates the organizational achieve short-term objectives. methods to work efficiently for achievement Research decisions - involve regular of organizational purposes. It is considered survey of market research and are made the lifespark of the enterprise which sets it under situations of crisis or emergency. in motion the action of people because Opportunity decisions - reflect planning, organizing and staffing are the foresightedness to promote organizational mere preparations for doing the work. growth. Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management which deals directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating sub-ordinate for the achievement of 2. Poorly Structured Problems and organizational goals. Direction has following Nonprogrammed Decisions - Problems elements: that are new or unusual and for which ○ Supervision information is ambiguous or incomplete. ○ Motivation Nonprogrammed decisions also called as ○ Leadership nonroutine decisions are unique and ○ Communication nonrecurring , often involving incomplete Controlling - It implies measurement of knowledge, high uncertainty, and the use of accomplishment against the standards and subjective judgment or even intuition, where correction of deviation if any to ensure no alternative can be proved to be the best achievement of organizational goals. The possible solution to the problem. purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards. An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they Decision Making Process actually occur. Therefore controlling has following steps: ○ Establishment of standard performance. ○ Measurement of actual performance. ○ Comparison of actual performance with the standards and finding out deviation if any. ○ Corrective action. DECISION MAKING - “the process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action in a manner appropriate to the demands of the situation.” - The definition indicates that the engineer manager must adapt a certain procedure  1. Identify the problem - If a manager wants 3. Payback Analysis is a technique generally to make an intelligent decision, his first used in financial management. move must be to identify the problem. If the 4. Marginal Analysis weighs the benefits of manager fails in this aspect, it is almost an input or activity against the costs. impossible to succeed in the subsequent 5. SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, steps. An expert once said "identification of Opportunities, Threats) Diagram, when the problem is tantamount to having the an organization is planning to make a problem half-solved." significant change in their business. A 2. Analyze environment - The objective of SWOT Analysis can help managers identify environmental analysis is the identification the forces that influence a strategy, action, of constraints, which may be spelled out as or initiative. either internal or external limitations. 3. Articulate problem or opportunity - Pareto Diagram 4. Develop viable alternatives - Oftentimes, - used for the selection of a limited number of problems may be solved by any of the tasks that produce significant overall effect. solutions offered. - uses the Pareto Principle (also known as 5. Evaluate alternatives - After determining the 80/20 rule) the idea that by doing 20% the viability of the alternatives, an evaluation of the work you can generate 80% of the of the remaining alternatives is necessary. benefit of doing the whole job. Proper evaluation makes choosing the right - This is also known as the vital few and the solution less difficult. trivial many 6. Make a choice - This is the point where he must be convinced that all the previous steps were correctly undertaken. Choice-making refers to the process of PLANNING/ COORDINATING TECHNICAL selecting among alternatives representing ACTIVITIES potential solutions to a problem. Planning 7. Implement decision - Implementation refers to carrying out the decision so that Defining the organization’s goal. the objectives sought will be achieved. To Establishing an overall strategy for make implementation effective, a plan must achieving those goals. be devised. This is necessary, or Developing plans for organizational work decision-making will be an exercise in activities. futility. 8. Evaluate and adapt decision results - In implementing the decision, the results Planning at Various Management Levels expected may or may not happen. It is, therefore, important for the manager to use Since engineer managers could be occupying control and feedback mechanisms to ensure positions in any of the various management levels, results and to provide information for future it will be useful for them to know some aspects of decisions. planning undertaken at the different management levels. Planning activities undertaken at various Approaches to Decision Making levels are as follows: Optimistic manager - maximax choice 1. Top management level - strategic planning (maximizing the maximum possible payoff) 2. Middle management level - intermediate Pessimistic manager - maximin choice planning (maximizing the minimum possible payoff) 3. Lower management level - operational Decision maker - principle of insufficient planning. reason; all states of nature are equally likely (highest average) Strategic Planning - refers to the process of Minimax approach - opportunity loss determining the major goals of the organization and (regret) the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals. In strategic Tools and Techniques for Making Better planning, the whole company is considered, Decisions specifically its objectives and current resources. 1. Delphi Technique is a method used to Intermediate planning - refers to the process of estimate the likelihood and outcome of determining the contributions that subunits can future events. make with allocated resources. Under intermediate 2. Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was planning, the goals of a subunit are determined and developed to help with group decision a plan is prepared to provide a guide to the making by ensuring that all members realization of the goals. The intermediate plan is participate fully. designed to support the strategic plan. Operational planning - refers to the process of Owned by shareholders determining how specific tasks can best be No liability beyond stock accomplished on time with available resources. It Taxed twice must be performed in support of the strategic plan Subject to many state and federal and the intermediate plan. controls Cooperatives - are a special type of organization owned by users or customers, Types of Plans to whom earnings are usually distributed 1. Marketing plan- this is the written tax-free in proportion to patronage. document or blueprint for implementing and Owned by users and customers controlling an organization's marketing Usually tax free activities related to a particular marketing strategy. 2. Production plan - this is a written According to Weihrich and Koontz, organizing document that states the quantity of output is: a company must produce in broad terms and by product family. 1. The identification and classification of 3. Financial plan - it is a document that required activities summarizes the current financial situation of 2. The grouping of activities necessary to the firm, analyzes financial needs, and attain objectives recommends a direction for financial 3. The assignment of each grouping to a activities. manager with the authority (delegation) 4. Human resource management plan - it is necessary to supervise it a document that indicates the human 4. The provision for coordination horizontally resource needs of a company detailed in and vertically in the organization structure terms of quantity and quality and based on the requirements of the company's strategic plan. Types of Authority Line Authority – a manager’s right to tell subordinates what to do and then see that ORGANIZING they do it. - is a management function which refers to Staff Authority – a staff specialist’s right to the structuring of resources and activities to give advice to a superior. accomplish objectives in an efficient and Functional Authority – a specialist’s right effective manner. to oversee lower-level personnel involved in that specialty, regardless of where the Nature of Organizing personnel are in the organization. Sole Proprietorship - a business owned and operated by one person. Few legal restrictions Line, Staff and Functions Relationships Owner forced to make all decisions Line: relationships are superior–subordinate Profits taxed once relationships and can be traced in a “chain Partnership - an “association of two or of command” from the organization more partners to carry on as co-owners of president through a succession of levels of business for profit” (Uniform partnership managers to the lowest worker. Act) Staff: Advisory in nature, degree of Two or more partners influence may vary: Easy to organize ○ Provide advice on request. Partners do individual tax ○ Recommendations when Unlimited liability for partners debts appropriate. ○ Must be consulted by line but have Limited Liability Company (LLC) - owners, no direct authority. called members, have limited personal ○ Concurring authority –veto authority liability for the debts and actions of the LLC over line. Owners have limited personal liability Functional: Specialized authority as binding Only taxed once as line authority, Usually procedural ○ Budget formats. Corporations - legal entities owned by ○ Computer systems. shareholders, who in general have no ○ Cafeteria liability beyond the loss of the value of their stock. Types of Organizational Structure the next logical step is recruitment. Recruitment refers to attracting qualified Before the commencement of activities, the persons to apply for vacant positions in the decision makers in an organization will have to company so that those who are best suited decide on what structure to adapt. Depending on to serve the company may be selected. the size and type of operations, a certain structural type may best fit the requirements. Organizations Sources of Recruitment may be classified into three types. They are the following: 1. Internal source or from within the organization. 1. Functional organization - this is a form of 2. External sources of recruitment departmentalization in which everyone from outside. (e.g., newspaper, engaged in one functional activity, such as agencies, referrals, recruitment from engineering or marketing, is grouped into colleges/ universities, direct, one unit. competitors) 2. Product or market organization - this refers to the organization of a company by 3. Selection - Selection refers to the act of divisions that brings together all those choosing from those that are available the involved with a certain type of product or individuals most likely to succeed on the customer. job. A requisite for effective selection is the 3. Matrix organization - an organizational preparation of a list indicating that an structure in which each employee reports to adequate pool of candidates is available. both a functional or division manager and to The purpose of selection is to evaluate each a project or group manager. The different candidate and to pick the most suited for the types of organizations, with their own position available. Selection procedures distinct advantages and disadvantages. may be simple or complex depending on the costs of a wrong decision. If the management picks the wrong person and the subsequent effect to the organization is STAFFING THE ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION negligible, then the selection process is What is Staffing? - Staffing may be defined as "the made simple. This is true in the case of con- management function that determines human struction laborers where a review of their resource needs, recruits, selects, trains, and applications is done. Within a few days or develops human resources for jobs created by an even a few hours, the applicants are organization." informed of the decision. The Staffing Procedures 4. Induction and orientation - introducing the hired applicant to the policies and values of The staffing process consists of the following series the organization as a whole. After an of steps: applicant is finally selected from among the various ones and then subsequently is 1. Human resource planning - the planned hired, the next steps undertaken are output of any organization will require a induction and orientation. In induction, the systematic deployment of human resources new employee is provided with the at various levels. necessary information about the company. His duties, responsibilities, and benefits are Human resource planning may involve three relayed to him. Personnel and health forms activities, as follows: are filled up, and passes are issued. The 1. Forecasting - which is an company history, its products and services, assessment of future human and the organization structure are explained resource needs in relation to the to the new employee. In orientation, the new current capabilities of the employee is introduced to the immediate organization. working environment and co-workers. The 2. Programming - which means following are discussed: location, rules, translating the forecasted human equipment, procedures, and training plans. resource needs to personnel Performance expectations are also objectives and goals. discussed. The new employee also 3. Evaluation and control - which undergoes the "socialization process" by refers to monitoring human resource pairing him with an experienced employee action plans and evaluating their and having a one-on-one discussion with success. the manager. 2. Recruitment - When the different positions 5. Training and development -It refers to the have been identified to be necessary and "learning that is provided in order to improve the decision to fill them up has been made, performance on the present job". Training is required to be given to new employees as well as existing employees. Trainees learn c. Case studies - this method presents new habits, new skills, and useful actual situations in organizations information that helps to improve their and enables one to examine performance. successful and unsuccessful operations. It emphasizes "the Training Program for Nonmanagers manager's world, improves This type of training is directed to communication skills, offers rewards nonmanagers for specific increases in skill for solving a mystery, possesses the and knowledge to perform a particular job. quality of illustration, and establishes The four methods under this type are: concrete reference points for connecting theory with practice." a. On-the-job training - where the trainer is placed in an actual work 6. Performance appraisal - is the situation under the direction of his measurement of employee performance. An immediate supervisor, who acts as employee’s performance may be measured trainer. This situation strongly using any of the following: motivates the trainee to learn. a. Rating scale method - where each b. Vestibule school - where the trainee trait or characteristic to be rated is is placed in a situation almost represented by a line or scale on exactly the same as the workplace which the rater indicates the degree where machines, materials, and time to which the individual possesses constraints are present. As the the trait or characteristic. trainer works full time, the trainee is b. Essay method - where the evaluator assured of sufficient attention from composes statements that best him. describe the person evaluated. c. Apprenticeship program - where a c. Management by objectives method - combina- tion of on-the-job training where specific goals are set and experiences with classroom collaboratively for the organization instruction in particular subjects are as a whole, for various subunits, and provided to trainees. for each individual member. d. Special courses - are those taken Individuals are, then, evaluated on which provide more emphasis on the basis of how well they have education rather than training. achieved the results specified by the Examples are those which concern goals. specific uses of computer like d. Assessment center method - where computer-aided design and building one is evaluated by persons other procedures. than the immediate superior. This Training Program for Managers method is used for evaluating managers. The training needs of managers may be classified into four areas: e. Checklist method - where the decision-making skills, interpersonal skills, evaluator checks statements on a job knowledge, and organizational list that are deemed to characterize knowledge. The decision-making skills of an employee's behavior or the manager may be enhanced through any performance. of the following methods of training f. Work standards method - where a. In-basket - where the trainee is standards are provided with a set of notes, 7. Employment decisions (monetary messages, telephone calls, letters, rewards, transfers, promotions and and reports, all pertaining to a demotions) - After evaluating the certain company situation. He is performance of employees (managerial or expected to handle the situation otherwise), the management will now be within a given period of 1 or 2 hours. ready to make employment decisions. b. Management games - is a training These may consist of the following; method where "trainees are faced a. Monetary rewards - these are given with a simulated situation and are to employees whose performance is required to make an ongoing series at par or above standard of decisions about that situation." requirements.  b. Promotion - this refers to a movement by a person into a position of higher pay and greater responsibilities and which is given as a reward for competence and ambition. c. Transfer - this is the movement of a person to a different job at the same or similar level of responsibility in the organization. Transfers are made to provide growth opportunities for the persons involved or to get rid of a poor performing employee. d. Demotion - this is a movement from one position to another which has less pay or responsibility attached to it. Demotion is used as a form 8. Separation - is either a voluntary or involuntary termination of an employee.  LAWS AND ETHICS Theories of Ethics Ethics is defined as the study of standards that Ethical theories provide frameworks to determine acceptable behavior and moral understand and evaluate moral decisions. Key judgment. It explores what is considered "right" theories outlined include: and "wrong" by looking at how individuals and societies establish principles to guide actions. Situational Ethics - proposes that the Ethical principles can diffeacross cultures and rightness or wrongness of an action depends on contexts but aim to foster a just and respectful the specific context or circumstances. It suggests society. that fixed rules may not apply to every scenario, as each situation may require unique moral Ethics and Moral Judgement considerations. Ethics is often equated with what feels right or what aligns with personal or religious beliefs. Consequential Ethics - Also known as However, ethics extends beyond individual teleological ethics, this theory suggests that the perspectives, encompassing societal standards that morality of an action depends on its outcomes. If an are considered universally acceptable. action leads to beneficial consequences, it is considered ethical. However, if it results in harm, it Importance of Ethical Standards may be deemed unethical. Ethics is integral to all areas of life, from personal decisions to professional conduct. In Utilitarian Ethics - A subset of professional contexts, such as business, consequentialism, utilitarian ethics states that healthcare, or engineering, ethics helps ensure that actions are ethical if they provide the greatest individuals act in ways that promote fairness, benefit to the majority. It emphasizes collective responsibility, and respect for others. well-being, where ethical choices are those that Building Trust and Respect: Ethical maximize positive outcomes for the largest number behavior fosters trust in personal and of people. professional relationships. When we act honestly and fairly, people are more likely to Importance of Ethics feel comfortable and respected, creating Ethics serve a crucial role in guiding stronger, more lasting connections. behavior across all domains. It helps individuals Guiding Decision-Making: Ethical navigate moral dilemmas, make informed principles help us choose what’s right over decisions, and establish trust with others. what’s easy. They encourage us to consider Developing ethical standards involves both the impact of our actions on others, leading understanding what is socially accepted and to decisions that are fair and beneficial for actively building one's ethical principles. everyone involved. Creating a Positive Environment: In a Ethics in Engineering workplace, school, or family setting, ethical Engineering ethics examines the moral issues behavior contributes to a respectful and and responsibilities engineers encounter in their cooperative atmosphere. People are more work. It involves the study of ethical ideals, likely to feel safe and valued, which character, policies, and relationships within the improves communication, productivity, and profession. Engineering decisions often have overall well-being. significant social and environmental consequences, Personal Accountability and Growth: and ethical guidelines help engineers make Practicing ethics allows us to take responsible choices. responsibility for our actions and learn from mistakes. This accountability helps us grow Public Safety and Welfare - Engineers must and develop integrity, a quality that builds prioritize the health, safety, and welfare of the self-respect and a positive reputation. public. This includes ensuring designs, processes, Contributing to Society’s Well-being: and products are safe and reliable. When we act ethically, we help create a better society. Ethics promote fairness, Professional Integrity and Honesty Engineers justice, and equality, discouraging harmful are expected to act honestly, providing truthful and behaviors like dishonesty, discrimination, accurate information about their work. They must and exploitation. Ethical behavior at the perform services within their areas of expertise, individual level contributes to the broader avoiding misrepresentation. goal of a peaceful and just society. Setting an Example for Others: Our Avoidance of Deception and Conflicts of ethical choices can influence others. When Interest - Engineers should avoid actions that people see us act with integrity, they may be could mislead clients or the public, such as encouraged to do the same, creating a deceptive practices or allowing conflicts of interest ripple effect that reinforces ethical behavior to influence decisions. within a community.  accessibility with respecting the creators' legal Codes of Ethics in Engineering rights. Professional organizations outline ethical codes -Inequality in access to healthcare: This to guide engineers in their responsibilities. The issue raises ethical