UCSP Semis PDF

**THE SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE THREE FACES OF THE SOCIAL** **Sociology** can help us to understand ourselves better since it examines how the social world influences the way we think, feel, and act.  It can also help with decision-making, both our own and that of larger organizations **Sociologists*...

**THE SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE THREE FACES OF THE SOCIAL** **Sociology** can help us to understand ourselves better since it examines how the social world influences the way we think, feel, and act.  It can also help with decision-making, both our own and that of larger organizations **Sociologists** can gather systematic information from which to decide, provide insights into what is going on in a situation, and present alternatives. **Cultural**- practices and traditions **Society**- It involves social, cultural, and political realities. **Political sociology** studies the relation between state and society, authority and power, and the methods used to formulate social policy. **Power** is frequently defined as the ability to influence the behavior of others with or without resistance. **TYPES OF POWER** ***Coercive Power-*** Coercion involves forcing someone to do something against their will. ***Expert Power-*** Having expert power comes from having expertise in a particular area. ***Referent power-*** is a form of personal power that arises from a leader\'s ability to inspire respect and admiration. ***legitimate power* i**s power derived from a position or a set of formal relationships. Leaders in a hierarchy and elected officials have legitimate power **Social**- interactions and action **THREE FACES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE** **-ANTHROPOLOGY** **-SOCIOLOGY** **-POLITICAL SCIENCE** **Sociology**- comes from the Latin word **"SOCIUS"** meaning friend, member, or ally and **"LOGOS"** meaning study. The term ***sociology** *was first used by Frenchman **Auguste Comte** in the **1830s** when he proposed a synthetic science uniting all knowledge about human activity. In the academic world, sociology is considered one of the social sciences. ***Social science** is also known in academia as a **"discipline**".* **Science** is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. **Social science** is an academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often rely primarily on empirical approaches. **Empirical approach** refers to the scientific method of inquiry and observation through experiments.  **ANTHROPOLOGY-** Cultural Practices The word '**anthropology**' came from the Greek words: '**Anthropos' and 'logos'.**  '**Anthropos**' means 'man' which we can extend to mean 'all of humanity'. Certainly, we all know what '**logos**' means; 'the study of'. So the word 'anthropology' means the study of all of humanity. **Anthropologists** are able to explore and make sense of the complex processes and dynamics that characterize the great variety of ways of living practiced and observed around the world. **THE 4 FIELDS ANTHROPOLOGIST USE FOR HOLISTIC APPROACH** **Archaeology**- Study of past material culture (ex. fossil fuels, artifacts, etc.) **Biology** study of living organism. Study of human biology + evolution (study "races", biological variation) **Linguistic** Study of language - broader cultural, historical and **biological** context (includes ape  language studies, unique to humans) **Cultural**- Human diversity (ex. sets of learned behaviors, culture in all forms) **POLITICAL SCIENCE-** Power relation **Political Sociology **- It studies the relation between state and society, authority and power, and the methods used to formulate social policy. **Power** - It is defined as the ability to influence behavior of others with or without resistance. **Authority** - It refers to the use of power that is seen as legitimate or socially approved/recognized. Culture, Society, and Politics are **Conceptual Tools.** **Conceptual** means are related to ideas and concepts formed in the mind. **Concepts**- Created & used to have a firm grip on the phenomenon allow us to form other concepts/relate other concepts/replace old with new. **Grasp** - a firm hold or grip. **Phenomenon** - a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. **Charles Sanders Peirce** -Describes concept as \"the rational purport of a word or a conception\" which means to turn a phenomenon into a concept means to make it more rational. ***Rational** - means having reason or understanding.* ***Purport** - means the intention or purpose.* **Max  Weber **-"Concept is one of the great tools of all scientific knowledge". Conceptual tools, they allow us to form other concepts, or relate concepts to each other, or even deconstruct old ones and replace them with something new. **As a Heuristic [ ] tool (simplifying tool),** concepts allow the discovery of new aspects of a phenomenon; it can be conceived more as a \"means\" rather than as an \"end\" ***Conceived --** belief about something, opinion, purpose* **HEURISTIC** is involving or serves as an aid to learning, discovery, or problem-solving by experimental and especially trial-and-error methods  **Anthropologist** are able to explore and make sense of the complex processes and dynamics that characterize the great variety of "ways of living" practiced and observed around the world. **STUDENTS AS SOCIAL BEINGS** **Omnipotent** having unlimited power; able to do anything. **Sociality**- Defined by the very categories that we possess, the categories assigned to us by society at large. These **labels** function as tags with which society read our worth and value; they are socially constructed. **Gender**- the social labels attached to members of society, this appears to be the most fundamental (foundation or basis), intrusive(invasive), and limiting (govern or control). **Social behavior phenomena**- are broad and complicated sociological concepts. These involve every event between at least two individuals and include all knowledge and experiences of a person acquires in the entirety of his or her lifetime. -normal and acceptable things that we know through observing others are not the same to some people, some place and unacceptable to others. **ISTAMBAY-** "stand by" meaning to hang around. **FOOD TABOOS-** is a prohibition against consuming certain foods. **Values**- Principles/standards of behavior. Judgment of what\'s important in life. It is a beliefs or ideas shared within a culture about what is good or bad. **Beliefs**- Something one accepts as true or real; Takes the form of firmly held opinion or conviction, regardless of the lack of verifiable evidence. May be based on tradition, faith, experience, scientific research, or combination. -A political behavior of a person or a group may be influenced by their political views, ideologies, and levels of political participation. An example of an act of political behavior is the act of voting**.** In sociology, **political behavior and phenomena** include events through which authority, governance, and public opinion are put into practice. **LAGAY-** means \"bribe system\" **PADRINO-** one who gains favor, promotion, or political appointment through family affiliation or friendship. **POLITICAL DYNASTY-** A succession of rulers from the same family or line that maintains power for several generations. **Cultural Behavior and Phenomena**- Also known as the bandwagon effect, a cultural behavior is an event where certain individuals behave a certain way merely because other persons do as well. A **Cultural phenomenon** happens when something or someone gains widespread popularity. However, it is noteworthy that it is not the subject that is the cultural phenomenon but rather the process of becoming famous. **SELFIEING-** self-portray photograph. According to **H.B 4807 "Anti-Selfie"** states that it penalizes persons for taking pictures of others without their consent. **Makati and Pasig City** are considered "Selfie capital of the world." **VIDEO GAMING-** using electronic device that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. **Cultural change**- New technological platforms facilitating communication, self-expression, and interactions. **LESSON 2** **Society** is a group of people living together in a definite territory. **The study of society can be accomplished in 3 different ways:** 1. **By mapping the social forces on social actors in society,** 2. **By rehearsing the structures and components of cultural practices and traditions, ** 3. **By exposing the asymmetrical power distributions in communities.** 1. Altruistic (strong bonds) Social integration is high. Deeply involved in a group with a strong set of morals and beliefs. Suicide is committed for the benefit of others and the community. High levels of social solidarity. Example: A suicide bomber 2. Egoistic (Weak bonds) Excessive individualism with low social integration. People generally are not supported by a membership in a cohesive group. Example: Etty (a loner), with no husband, children, and few friends commits suicide. 3. Anomic (confused bonds) It is caused by the lack of social regulation and it occurs during high levels of stress and frustration. Life becomes too much to handle it begins to seem meaningless. **Universal cultural**- Cultural artifacts appear the same everywhere they are. **Anthropologists**- Look at cross-cultural differences in social institutions, cultural beliefs, and communication styles. \"Equal but different ways\" of how people live in the world. **Culture universal** Patterns of similarity with an array of differences are "equal but different". This approach is faithful to the principle of "equal but different" enshrined (preserve ) in the motto of the discipline. *CULTURAL UNIVERSAL ARE PATTERNS OR TRAITS THAT ARE GLOBALLY COMMON TO ALL SOCIETIES.* **Social diversity**- It refers to the various ways that we are set apart from one another. Types of diversity include racial, cultural, sex and gender, sexual orientation, age, disability status, religion, **Cultural idiosyncrasies** relating to a **culture** or civilization. Putting salt in your hot chocolate, needing the light on to sleep, or tapping your head while you think are all idiosyncrasies. **Sociology **- It refers to it social inequality (or social stratification) **Social stratification** refers to a society\'s categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power. **Social inequality**- It occurs when resources in each society are distributed unevenly along the lines of socially defined categories of persons. It is normally the result of social diversity. **Modalities of Social Inequality** **1.Sociologists-** They attributed the persistence (determination) and omnipresence of social inequality to the beneficial functions it provides for the overall operation of society. **2.Political scientists-** explains that social inequality is a product of the asymmetrical distribution of power in society. **3.Anthropologists-** They take account of equal but different ways of how people live in the world. **Merit system-** This is an example of one of the benefits of social inequality that is said in sociology. It is the system of providing incentives and rewards depending on the qualifications of the social actors involved. It assumes that people will perform better if given rewards. **Distribution of Power** It is seen as contingent (possible) to and necessary for the governance of social relations. **Power Relations** The greatest manifestation of this is the existence of the state. **State** It may be seen as a legitimate mediator of societal tensions, as well as of social integration. a community formed by people and exercising permanent power within a specified territory. **Difference dimension** It is seen as representing the culture\'s inherent value. **Culture sui generis **(**SUI GENERIS** is constituting a class alone: unique, peculiar.)  It is an essential appreciation of the different dimensions. **Equal dimension** It is interpreted based on the logic that the same appraisal (evaluation) can be used to judge even influential and renowned (fame) cultures. **An unofficial story of Anthropology** **Anthropology-** This has been pejoratively (abusive) called \"a child of colonization\" because discoverers of new territories were always accompanied by missionary documenters. **Ethnographers-** They are also known as missionary documenters. Their primary function was to record, to the minutest details, all their observations and reflections about the conquered territories, their people, practices, language, rituals, and idiosyncrasies. **Scribes (recorded)** **of Cultures** They became instruments of the colonizers in achieving their ultimate goal, the subjugation of native cultures. **Two essential things about the discipline and its capacity to represent the social in the informal story of anthropology.** 1. Its "methodology" of documenting different cultures **(ethnographic method),**  2. Its fascination with the ways of life in different societies. **Ethnography**- can either be a research design or method where people are observed in their natural environment. **Cultural diversity**- It means a range of different societies or people of different origins, religion and traditions all living and interacting together. **Social diversity**- It refers to the gaps between people as measured by the presence or absence of certain socially desirable traits. This becomes the basis of human\'s assessment with regards to rewards and social standing. This is culturally dictated such as skin color language and ethnicity. **Cultural diversity**- It can not only be a situation between and across nations but also a stark demographic phenomenon in countries by pan-nationalities. **Political science**- It is the systematic study of government and politics. It makes generalizations and analyses about political systems and behavior and uses these results to predict future behavior.  It engages in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics work.  It problematizes the unjust and unfair effects of such relations manifested in matters related to governance.  **Power relations** This are forms of interaction mediated by the use and deployment of authority and political influence. **Social as a tool of change** **Social change** - It is used to indicate the changes that take place in human interactions and interrelations. - It can change the system of social relationships. - It is characterized as the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure. **Society**- A web of social relationships. **Sociology**- It is both the consequence and the cause of change given its historical development because of wide-ranging changes in Europe during the Renaissance and Industrial Revolution periods. **Sociological imagination** It is a consciousness of becoming aware of the structure of society. **Social activism**- Consists of efforts to promote, and inhibit issues with the desire to make improvements in society. It is a form of writing letters to newspapers or politicians, a political campaign into taking part in economic **boycotts,** and preferential patronizing of businesses.x A **boycott** is an **act of nonviolent, voluntary, and intentional abstention** from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons. **The Story of Political Science: A Crib Version** **Political science** *is the discipline that problematize the nature of power and studies how possession and exercise of power can shape individual actions and collective decisions for that matter.* **Social contract**- requires the people to surrender in return of exercise the same for the protection of everybody. **1st political task** Confronted political theorists was the establishment of a political community that would protect the collective good social contract. **2nd political task** Failure of social contract where it focuses on how to keep each party its side of the contract. **3rd political task** More evident during the period of modernity that aimed at bringing back the individual to the political domain, focusing on what has been labeled as identity politics that celebrated the saying "the personal is also political". **Defining Culture and Society from the perspectives of anthropology and sociology Part 2** **Belief** is the faith of an individual. ***Values*** abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile. ***Practices*** are the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method to improve one's life. ***Attitudes*** are described as a tendency to react positively or negatively to a person or circumstances. ***Norms*** are rules and expectations by which a member of society guides the behavior of its members. ***Artifacts*** are man-made object, as a tool or the remains of one, of an earlier time or cultural stage. ***Symbols*** give meaning to culture. ***Knowledge*** is the storehouse where we accumulate representations, information, facts, assumptions, etc. ***Personality*** is the totality of an individual. How you carry yourself. ***Language*** is a system of organized symbols which allows communication with others. Baybayin. Baybayin comes from the word "baybay", which literally means "spell. **Culture**- It is a system of shared beliefs, values, and behavior that the members of society use to cope up with their world and with one another. -is a people\'s way of life. **Edward Burnett Taylor** \"the complex whole, which encompasses beliefs, practices, values and attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols and etc.\" The ['**what'**] refers to the content of culture. The ['**how'**] refers to the processes that guarantee the transmission (Broadcasting) and dissemination (spreading) of content. The ['**why'**] refers to the reasons for compliance and the mechanisms that facilitate performance. **Enculturation-** Is the gradual acquisition (asset) of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc. **Enculturation** starts with actual exposure to another culture and the duration and extent of exposure account for the quality of resulting of enculturation  **Culture shock** is a good example of enculturation. Individuals who have stayed for quite a good portion of their lives in a foreign culture may be shocked by their birth culture once exposed to it again. **Third culture shock**- a phenomenon in which individuals who have stayed a long portion of their lives in a foreign culture may be shocked by their birth culture once exposed again. **Edward Burnett Tylor** first to coin the term \"culture ". **Bronislaw Malinowski** \"the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his work ". **Robert Redfield** \"the organized body of conventional understanding manifest in art ". **V. De Robert** \"the body of thought and knowledge, both theoretical and practical ". **Bronislaw Malinowski** "The handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his work ". **Robert Redfield** \"the organized body of conventional understanding manifest in art ". **V. De Robert** \"the body of thought and knowledge, both theoretical and practical ". **Practical knowledge** is knowledge that is acquired by day-to-day hands-on experiences. In other words, practical knowledge is gained through doing things; it is very much based on real-life endeavors and tasks. **Theoretical knowledge** teaches the reasoning, techniques, and theory of knowledge.  **Characteristic of culture**- Means the "way of life" of a people or their "design for living". **Kluckhohn and Kelly**- Culture is a historically derived system of explicit and implicit designs for living. **Explicit culture**- refers to similarities in words and actions that can be directly observed. **Implicit culture**- exists in abstract forms which are not quite obvious. **Three Essences of Culture as a System** (**super-organic, integrated, pervasive)** **Super-organic culture** is seen as something superior to nature because nature serves as the ingredients of any cultural productions. **Integrated (joined or combined)** Culture possesses an order and system. Its various parts are integrated with each other. **Pervasive (common)** Integrity (honest) makes it pervasive, that is, it touches every aspect of life. A culture, like an individual, is a more or less consistent pattern of thought and action. According to Ruth Benedict 1.Culture is social because it is a product of behavior. Culture learning are the products of behavior. 2\. Culture varies from society to society -customs, traditions, morals, values, and belief -It is a human product. 3\. Culture is shared -culture is not something that an individual alone can possess. 4\. Culture is learned -culture is not inborn\ -shaking hands, saying thanks. 5\. Culture is transmitted among members of society. -learned by person from person\ -handed down from elders -Language is the main vehicle of culture 6\. Culture is continuous and cumulative. Culture exists as a continues process. 7\. Culture is gratifying and idealistic. Culture provides the proper opportunities for the satisfaction of our needs. **Function of Culture** **Culture defines situations.** Each culture has many subtle (Difficult to understand) cues (indications) which define each situation - One does not know what to do in a situation until he has defined the situation. **Culture defines attitudes, values, and goals.** Each person learns from his/her culture what is good, true, and beautiful - Attitude, values, and goals are defined by the culture. **ETHNOCENTRISM** The word **Ethno** comes from the **Greeks** and it refers to [people, nation, or cultural grouping.] **Centric** comes from **Latin** and refers to the [center]. **ETHNOCENTRISM**- It refers to the tendency of each society to place its own culture patterns at the center of things. It is the practice of comparing other cultural practices with those of one\'s own and automatically finding those other cultural practices to be inferior. **Ethnocentrism** is a term coined by **William Graham Sumner** **Functions of ethnocentrism** 1. **Encourage the solidarity (unity) of a group.** 2. **It hinders (restrict) the understanding or the cooperation between groups.** 3. **Conflict of course often leads to social change.** **CULTURAL RELATIVISM** It is the idea that all norms, beliefs, and values are dependent on their cultural context and should be treated as such. Views people from the perspective of their own culture, it places priority on understanding other cultures. **CULTURE AS HERITAGE** **Culture has tangible and intangible components** **BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION** **Biological and Cultural Evolution-** key concepts in the study of the origins of modern humans. **Biological evolution** It refers to the changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another. **Evolution** -diverse and occurs in different levels of biological population. **Evolution** **-**can occur at the level of species or organisms and even at the molecular level. **Cultural evolution** is also known as sociocultural evolution. **Cultural evolution** refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture. **Sociocultural evolution** happens because of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population. **Difference between Biological and Cultural Evolution** **Biological evolution changes:** ** **in the physical body**\ **in shape and size of their bone\ in shape and size of their brain\ posture\ movement\ development of bipedalism **(**moves using its two rear (or lower) limbs or legs.) **Cultural evolution **It can pass horizontally from one person to anyone, and transmitted to many people instantly. People can elaborate on it, change it, and extend the idea as quickly as they learn it. It occurs rapidly or broadly. **Biological evolution changes:** the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection. The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time. **Cultural Evolution** is the process of change in a culture (or any element of a culture) over time. The term "evolution" is used to draw a parallel between cultural changes and changes that occur in genetic evolution. **Biological evolution** -based on the theory of evolution that was introduced by the famous English naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin. **Charles Darwin** -introduced the concept of evolution to explain the origins of modern humans in his work *On The Origins Of Species Using Natural Selection.* **Natural selection** The outcome of processes that affect the frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time. **Natural selection has three principles** - Variation - Heritability - Differential reproductive success 2.Organisms produce progeny (descendant, breed, kids, seed) with different sets of traits that can be inherited. **Evolutionary Ladder**- It illustrates the apelike ancestors of modern humans at the base and the modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens). **ARTIFACTS and FOSSILS -** It is an important source of information in the reconstruction of human evolution. **FOSSILS**- It is referred to the human, plant, and animal remains that have been preserved through time. **ARTIFACTS**- objects that were made and used by humans. **HOMINID**- It is the general term used by scientists to categorize the group of early humans and other humanlike creatures that could walk erect during prehistoric times. **4 CATEGORIES OF HOMINIDS BASED ON THE AGE OF THE ARTIFACTS AND FOSSILS THAT WERE FOUND** **-Sahelanthropus\ -Ardipithecus\ -Australopithecus\ -Homo** **AUSTRALOPITHECUS & HOMO**- had the greatest number of species based on the fossils and artifacts that were excavated by archaeologists. **AUSTRALOPITHECUS**- first stage of human evolution. **HOMO**- [last stage of human evolution]\ - part of the human stage of evolution.\ -had biological and cultural characteristics of a modern human. **PREHUMAN STAGE OF EVOLUTION** Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus, and Ardipithecus - had both apelike and humanlike characteristics. **AFRICAN CONTINEN**T- fossils of the Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus, and Ardipithecus were excavated. **SAHELONTHROPUS TCHADENSIS-** first hominid came the Orrorin tugenensis and Ardipithecus family came after the first hominids. **TWO SPECIES OF THE ARDIPITHECUS FAMILY** **Ardipithecus kadabba and Ardipithecus Ramidus** **Ardipithecus means \"ape on the ground "while ramidus means \"root\".** **CHARACTERISTICS :\ **1. Height of about 4 ft.\ 2. Weight of about 120 lbs.\ 3. Skull size like an ape\ 4. Small brain\ 5. Biped (walked on two legs/feet)\ 6. Lived in jungles and forests **Australopithecus** means \"southern ape\"\ -lived in the African jungle from 5 million to 1 million years ago.**\ CHARACTERISTICS\ **1. Brain size of 500 cubic meters\ 2. Upright\ 3. Biped (uses two legs for walking)\ 4. Tool user, not tool makers\ 5. Used sticks and stones for digging\ 6. Lived in small social groups\ 7. Distance of movement was estimated to be 15 km\ 8. Food scavengers\ 9. Ate insects, eggs, plants, fruits, and sometimes meat\` **2 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS** GRACILE and ROBUST **Gracile Australopithecines** had small teeth and jaw.\ - included in this group are:\ Australopithecus anamnesis\ Australopithecus afarensis\ Australopithecus africanus **Robust Australopithecus** group had large teeth and jaws.**\ -**included in this group are\ Australopithecus aethiopicus\ Australopithecus robustus\ Australopithecus boisei **Lucy** -3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis fossil.\ - one of modern human\'s earliest ancestors.\ - remains as the most famous hominid fossil discovered.\ - discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia in November 1974.\ - found by paleoanthropologists led by Dr. Donald Johanson. **Homo** It is classified as humans and not humanlike creatures because they had bigger brains and were bipedal.\ - first lived in Africa about 2.4 million years ago.\ - include the\ Homo habilis (handy man)\ Homo erectus (upright man)\ Homo sapiens (wise man) **Homo Habilis**- The direct ancestors of the modern human.\ CHARACTERISTICS 1. Height of about 3 to 4 ft. 2. Brain size half the size of modern human(700cm). 3. Made tools called Oldowan. 4. Used tools for hunting and food gathering. **Enculturation and Socialization (Becoming a member of society)** **Socialization** It refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture. A womb-to-womb journey. **Enculturation** A process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture. **Jeffrey J. Arnett ** **Three goals of socialization ** -**teaches impulse control** and helps individuals develop a conscience.\ -**teaches individuals** how to prepare for and perform certain social roles. (Occupational roles, gender roles, and the roles of institutions such as marriage and parenthood.)\ -**cultivates shared sources of meaning and value** (Through socialization, people learn to identify what is important and valued within a particular culture.) **George Herbert Mead** He is one of the founders of social psychology. The development of the social mind or \"self"is a sociological concept. **George Herbert Mead**: (1863--1931) was an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general. ***A pragmatist** is a person who is guided more by practical Considerations (*experience or actual use *than by ideals.* ***George Herbert Mead*** *\"Self\"* ***Sociological Theories of the Self*** ***The self** is the person, from his or her perspective. * ***Self-awareness** is the capacity for introspection (self-observation) and the ability to reconcile (accommodate) oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals.* *Being self-aware means understanding your emotional responses to different situations. Say you feel a pang of jealousy when a friend shares their success* ***Feral Children**- Children raised by animals and living in extreme social isolation* ***Feral Child**- a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, and has no, or little, experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and crucially, of the human language.* ***Common traits*** *many have been confined by people, frequently their parents, and child abandonment was due to the parents\' rejection of a child\'s severe intellectual or physical impairment.* ***Causes*** *feral children may have experienced severe child abuse or trauma before being abandoned or running away, sometimes subjects of folklore and legends, typically portrayed as having been brought up by animals.* ***Kamala and Amala*** *Were two \"feral girls\" from Bengal, India, who were alleged to have been raised by a wolf family. The girls enjoyed the taste of raw meat and would eat out of a bowl on the ground. They seemed to be insensitive to cold and heat and appeared to show no human emotions of any kind, apart from fear. At night they would howl like wolves, calling out to their "family". They did not speak. Amala died in 1921 and Kamala showed signs of mourning at her death. After this, Kamala became more approachable. She was eventually partially house-trained and became used to the company of other human beings. After years of hard work, she was able to walk upright a little, although never proficiently and would often revert to all fours when she needed to go somewhere quickly, and learned to speak a few words.* ***Oxana*** *She crawled into the kennel of her parents' semi-stray dogs where she stayed. This led to her developing many dog-like behaviors such as barking and sniffing things, which stunted her abilities in language, and normal human social and emotional skills. She underwent years of specialized therapy and education to address her behavioral, social, and educational issues. She was taught to speak fluently, and many of her behavioral problems went away.* *\"I\"- How we act and see things.* *\"I\": the immediate response of the self to others; the incalculable, unpredictable, and creative aspect of the self.* *\"**Me**\"- Putting yourself in another\'s shoes.* *\"Me\": the individual\'s adoption and perception of the generalized other; the conformist(a person who [conforms](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=569028194&authuser=1&sxsrf=AM9HkKmJnuLqrhyQY-NjISQx56VcFlWZ9w:1695874682636&q=conforms&si=ALGXSlY2XXqfLjvIaFfTE-GUlBx59WCW1ydeC9KuigDcI-tzQH7H9hkKEzd2v1nLVGJ-vVC_tmcgZ45qKi3cI-vM3E1UXuyv1w%3D%3D&expnd=1) to accepted behavior or established practices). aspect of the Self.* ***A conformist** is a person who conforms to accepted behavior or established practices.* ***A Conformist** is a person who follows traditional standards of conduct.* *This process is characterized by Mead as the \"I\" and the \"**me**. \" The \"**me**\" is the social self and the \"I\" is the response to the \"**me**. \" In other words, the \"I\" is the response of an individual to the attitudes of others, while the \"**me**\" is the organized set of attitudes of others that an individual assumes.* ***Mead\'s Four Stages of Self-Development*** - *Preparatory stage* - *Play stage* - *Game stage* - *Generalized others* - The child takes different roles he observes in \"adult\" society and plays them out to gain understanding of different social rules. - The child learns to become both subject and object and begins to become able to build a self. - "I"🡪 unlearned/spontaneous acts 🡪 acts first! - "Me"🡪self-created/learned acts of conformity 🡪 think first! - Physical - Psychological - Social attributes (assign) - Individual attitudes - Habits,  - Beliefs - Ideas - What we perceive as normal, or what we think should be normal, regardless of whether it actually is. - Refers to beliefs that are expressed as directives or value judgments. 1. Values exist at different levels of generality of abstraction (reflection). 2. Values tend to be hierarchically (ordered) arranged. 3. Values are explicit (obvious) and implicit (understood) in varying degrees. 4. Values often conflict with one another. 1. Emotional closeness and security in a family. 2. Approval from authority and society. 3. Economic & social betterment. 4. Patience, endurance, & suffering. - It anticipated behavior to follow. - Act of following certain norms, goals, and roles. - Social influence involving a change in belief or behavior to fit in with a group. - Yielding (earn or provide) to group pressures. - is simply more than nonconformity or behavior that departs significantly from social expectations. - It is a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction. - An act of violating norms, goals, and roles. 1. The study of why people violate laws or norms. 2. The study of how society reacts to these violations. 1. Formal Deviance action includes violated and acted laws. *Examples of formal deviance include robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault.* 2. Informal Deviance refers to the violation is not codified(systematic) in laws. - Social relationships and patterns of interactions become '**institutions'** the moment they start being governed by formal and informal agreements or by strong traditional forms. - Formal and Informal agreements- written laws, contracts - Agreements may dictate the concrete forms of arrangements within the ambit of specific interests and goals. - Ambit- scope/limit/boundary -  The word **'organizations'** does not refer to types of association, rather, it pertains to **patterns of arrangements** shaped and conditioned by the overarching concerns. - **Social Aggregates-** a simple collection of people together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another - people who are in the same place at the same time, but who otherwise do not necessarily have anything in common, and who may not interact with each other - **Social Categories-** People who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another. collection of people who do not interact but who share similar characteristics. For example, women, men, the elderly, and high school students all constitute social categories. - **Group-** a collection of people **who do not interact but share similar characteristics**. For example, women, men, the elderly, and high school students all constitute social categories. - **Social group**- A collection of people who **regularly interact** with one another based on **shared expectations** concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity. - A small social group whose members **share close, personal, enduring relationships**. - Marked by members\' concern for one another and shared activities and culture. - Families, childhood friends, and highly influential social groups. - Typically **small-scale**, include intimate relationships, and are usually long-lasting. - The members feel a **strong personal identity** with the group. - These groups are **typically found at work and school**. - They are mostly **impersonal** and usually **short-term**. - A committee organized to plan a holiday at work. - Project Group - This is a group to which **we compare ourselves**. - Serves as a **standard** against which behaviors and attitudes are measured and helps us to identify social norms. -  It may also be called an \"**identity association group\"** since its creation is fueled by a person\'s desire to provide a character connection. - May be classified as **in-group or out-group**. - E.g. College freshmen - Social groups to which an individual **feels he/she belongs**. One feels **loyalty and respect** for these groups. - E.g. Fraternity - Social groups that an individual **does not identify with**. One feels **antagonism and contempt** for these groups. - E.g. Sports team opponent - Sets of **informal and formal special ties** that link people to each other. - May not be a physical group or a group that actual people populate. - It is formed by social linkage invoked and availed by an individual for personal, economic, religious, or political reasons - A process by which the members of a group **ignore ways** of thinking and plans of action that **go against the group consensus**. - **Psychological influence** exerted over us by our respective groups on moral, legal, scientific, and religious matters.