DISS Lesson 2 - Disciplines of Social Sciences.pdf

diss lesson 2: disciplines of social sciences  diss lesson 2a: anthropology and geography I. objectives: Discuss the nature of the social science discipline and trace the historical foundation that shaped each social science field’s emergence Reflect the importance of...

diss lesson 2: disciplines of social sciences  diss lesson 2a: anthropology and geography I. objectives: Discuss the nature of the social science discipline and trace the historical foundation that shaped each social science field’s emergence Reflect the importance of the different disciplines of Social Sciences Construct a map of an ideal country using the ideas in geography and anthropology questions: What are the social science disciplines mentioned in the video? What is the nature of their discipline? Based on the video, how important is social science? PICTOWORD ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY A. DEFINITION B. BRANCHES C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT  ANTHROPOLOGY A. DEFINITION The study of ancient societies and their cultural traditions. It came from the Greek word anthropos meaning “humankind” and logos meaning “the study of”  ANTHROPOLOGY A. DEFINITION Anthropologists investigate the people’s language, their values, technologies, and even how they group themselves. Anthropologists also study the way the cultural traditions of different groups of people have changed over the years.  ANTHROPOLOGY B. BRANCHES 1. Physical Anthropology - studies the biological evolution of man.  ANTHROPOLOGY B. BRANCHES 2. Cultural Anthropology - investigates and seeks to understand the cultural features of the societies under study.  ANTHROPOLOGY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Anthropology’s emergence as an inquiry can go as far back as the time of Herodotus of Halicarnassus.  ANTHROPOLOGY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The rise of Western Imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries prompted interest in the study of the culture of the colonies. GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY A. DEFINITION B. BRANCHES C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT A. DEFINITION GEOGRAPHY studies the interaction between the natural environment and the people living in it. Geography comes from two Greek words geo meaning: ”Earth” and graphos meaning “charting or mapping.”  GEOGRAPHY A. DEFINITION This social science discipline studies where things are on Earth, explains why they are there, and their relationships to other people, places, and things.  GEOGRAPHY B. BRANCHES 1. Physical Geography - studies the natural features of the Earth, like climate, water, vegetation, and soil.  GEOGRAPHY B. BRANCHES 2. Human Geography - studies human population and the impact of its activities on the planet. Some of these activities include agriculture, urbanization, and land reclamation.  GEOGRAPHY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The ancient people have been dabbling with geography even before the term was invented.  GEOGRAPHY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The Babylonians were able to draw a map that clearly identifies their location in Mesopotamia.  GEOGRAPHY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT It is during the Hellenistic Period in the ancient Greco-Roman empire when groundbreaking works have been done in the field of geography.  GEOGRAPHY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The notable person in the field is Halford Mackinder who is considered as the “Father of Geopolitics and Geostrategy” QUESTIONS: How anthropology and geography are important in understanding our society? Can anthropology and geography work together? How?  diss lesson 2B: HISTORY AND LINGUISTICS HISTORY  HISTORY A. DEFINITION B. BRANCHES C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT A. DEFINITION HISTORY The study of the recorded past. It comes from the Greek noun historia, meaning “learning.” A. DEFINITION HISTORY History meant a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological ordering was a factor in the account (Gootschalk, 1956, 41) B. BRANCHES HISTORY 1. Primary Sources - a testimony of an eyewitness or an account of someone who has firsthand information on the subject. 2. Secondary Sources - uses primary materials as the source of information C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT HISTORY Even during the ancient times, people have always had a sense for history. This is evidenced by the need to record events that happen in their lives whether said events are special or ordinary. These can be seen in the hieroglyphs in Egypt or in the cuneiform engraved in mud brick tablets in Mesopotamia. C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT HISTORY The cuneiform is written on clay tablets while hieroglyphics are written on temple walls. Cuneiform script represent whole syllables while hieroglyphic script represent consonants only. Cuneiform script uses abstract shapes while hieroglyphic script uses pictorial representation of concrete objects.  HISTORY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT But insofar as employing the historical method, credit goes to Herodotus of Halicarnassus who is a product of Greece’s Hellenic age, which is the golden age of Greece. Thucydides wrote about the history of the Peloponnesian War in the fifth century BC. LINGUISTICS LINGUISTICS A. DEFINITION B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT A. DEFINITION LINGUISTICS Came from the Latin word lingua, meaning “language.” The discipline studies the nature of language through an examination of the formal properties of natural language, grammar, and the process of language acquisition.  LINGUISTICS B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Throughout most of history, linguistics has been considered a province of philosophy and rhetoric. It is led by the sophists of classical Greece who have given young, wealthy Greek men an education in the art of public speaking.  LINGUISTICS B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The conventional date of linguistics proper is 1786 when regular sound correspondences were found across the many languages of Europe, India’s Sanskrit, and Persia. QUESTIONS: How is history and linguistics important in understanding our society? Can history and linguistics work together? How?  diss lesson 2C: economics and political science ECONOMICS  ECONOMICS A. DEFINITION B. BRANCHES C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT A. DEFINITION ECONOMICS The study of efficient allocation of scarce resources in order to satisfy unlimited human needs and wants. The word Economics came from two Greek words, oikos meaning “home” and nomos meaning “management” B. BRANCHES ECONOMICS 1. Macroeconomics - analyzes how the economy functions as a whole or its basic subdivisions, such as the government or business sectors. Looking at the economy from a broader lens, experts investigate how levels and outputs are established by nation-states. B. BRANCHES ECONOMICS 2. Microeconomics - focuses on the behavior of individual agents, like households, industries, and firms. Like looking through a microscope, economists evaluate how prices of goods and services are usually pegged and what factors determine the value of land, labor, and capital.  ECONOMICS C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The period of Enlightenment inspired the birth of modern economics. It has strengthened institutions, which liberalized economic opportunities and which have been more guarded against despotism, making a faster pace of industrial and technological growth possible.  ECONOMICS C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT This idea found its way to economic thinkers like Adam Smith. His most famous work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) contributed to the theory of price formation, the relationship of marker outcomes and public interest, the role of state in the economy, and the sources of economic growth. POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL SCIENCE A. DEFINITION B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT  political science A. DEFINITION The study of politics, power, and government. The word politics comes from the Greek word politea, or a person who participates in polis/city.  political science A. DEFINITION Engagement in the polis means taking part in its decision-making, which normally takes place in agora, or the marketplace, where new laws are passed or disseminated under the scrutiny of the entire community.  political science B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Aristotle’s book entitled Politics is considered a pioneer in the field of political inquiry. It delves on the topic of government and the leaders behind it, i.e., kings and statesmen.  political science B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT His analysis on the causes of revolution and what prevents it have been a source of inspiration to other political thinkers like John Locke and John Stuart Mill.  political science B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Locke’s known work Two Treatises of Government (1689) discusses the concept of representative government and the people’s right to revolution.  political science B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT John Stuart Mill also wrote on the topic of representative government with his book Considerations on Representative Government (1861) QUESTIONS: How is political science and economics important in understanding our society? Can political science and economics work together? How?  diss lesson 2D: PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHY PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY A. DEFINITION B. BRANCHES C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT  PSYCHOLOGY A. DEFINITION It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This includes the physical state and mental state and how this all relates to the environment of the individual. B. BRANCHES PSYCHOLOGY 1. Clinical Psychology - assesses and finds treatment for people with psychological disorder  PSYCHOLOGY B. BRANCHES 2. Developmental Psychology - studies the intellectual, social, emotional, and moral development in life across lifespan.  PSYCHOLOGY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The German Psychologist Wilhelm Wundt is considered as the Father of Modern Psychology. He is credited for being the first in the movement to make psychology a science. He also conducted the first true experimental laboratory in psychology.  PSYCHOLOGY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT William James studied the concept of Functionalism, which analyzes the function or purpose of behavior and not simply a description.  PSYCHOLOGY C. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Sigmund Freud is known for his psychoanalytic personality theory, which divides the personality into id, ego, superego. He also wrote the theory on the psychosexual stages of development. SOCIOLOGY  SOCIOLOGY A. DEFINITION B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT A. DEFINITION SOCIOLOGY the systematic study of human society. It comes from the Latin word socius meaning “friend” or “Companion” and the Greek word logos meaning “study” A. DEFINITION SOCIOLOGY Sociology studies how people relate to each other and how they work as a whole in the larger society.  SOCIOLOGY B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Sociology was born as a result of powerful and complex economic and social forces. The Industrial Revolution created massive changes not just in the field of technology and in the way goods are manufactured, but also in the work and living pattern of the people.  SOCIOLOGY B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The new issues that confronted people at that time required a new way of thinking. It was the French social thinker Auguste Comte who coined the word sociology in 1838 to encapsulate the ideal of improving society and understanding how it operates. DEMOGRAPHY DEMOGRAPHY A. DEFINITION B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT  DEMOGRAPHY A. DEFINITION The study of the human population. It comes from two ancient Greek words demos meaning “the people” and graphos meaning “charting or mapping.” The discipline also studies how people move from place to place.  DEMOGRAPHY B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The issue of population has been of interest to scholars even during the ancient period. Kautilya, a contemporary of Plato, commented in his Arthashastra that a large population is a source of military, political, and economic strength of a nation.  DEMOGRAPHY B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The same idea is espoused by Ibn Khaldin, a 14th century Arab historian who contended that a dense population growth is generally favorable to the maintenance and increase of imperial power.  DEMOGRAPHY B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT One of the earliest demographers is Edmond Halley. He was the first scientist to study a person’s likelihood of death as he or she passess through different age groups using death statistics from across the different age groups.  DEMOGRAPHY B. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Another familiar name in this field and who has already been mentioned in the subtopic Economics is Thomas Maltus. The discipline economics highlighted in his book An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) its main area of inquiry is scarcity of resources. Demography, on the other hand, highlights its main area of inquiry which is population growth rate, and which Malthus believes to be growing in a geometric progression. QUESTIONS: How is psychology, sociology, and demography important in understanding our society? Can psychology, sociology, and demography work together? How?