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6:03 X® Q.ll30%2 AD X ALL NUT ALL TUT OX FLAVORS -FUN = SCRIBD Search REVIEWER IN UCSP POLITICS - the art/science of government GRADE 12-SOCRATES + According to Ricardo Lazo, politics is: a) Consensus & compromise general CULTURE - a complex whole w/c includes agreement about something knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs and (consensus); to give one's opinion in any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as order to come up a common w a member of the society. objective (compronmise) b) Society serves as the foundation of man's c) Power & distibution of resources continuing interaction w/ his surroundings. achieved through government MORALS – concerning/relating to what projects is right or wrong in human behavior d) Academics - professional enough to KNOWLEDGE -any information received be a leader & perceived to be true e) Art of govemment -style/strategy of BELIEFS -perception of accepted reality governing ARTS created w/ imagination & skill & f) Public affair -involves the people that expresses important ideas/feelings 4 According to Haque, there are four (4) CUSTOMS -action'way of behaving that is important important points inherent to usual & traditional among people in politics a particular group a) Collective activity b) LAWVS – the whole system/'set of rules made Initialdiversity c) Reconciliation differences of by the government of a town state, country, etc. d) Authoritative policy SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING CULTURE ANTHROPOLOGY - the branch of knowledge Adaptation & integration -adapt & integrate w/ the ofman -his works, 1. w/c deals scientificstudy the culture of others in your society his body, his behavior & values in time & space. It 2. Pattems of acceptable social behavior includes man's soc physical & cultural ial, basis/guide as we socialize/deal'interact to development that describes & explains the others phenomenon of life 3. Conveys & facilitates meaning we give POLITCAL SCIENCE systematic study of meaning to different things differently 4. Production of man-made things state & government; emphasizes the use of power 5. Human satisfaction interest,influence & diplomacy w/c is important in creating well-ordered society SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING SOCIETY IMPORTANCE OF POL. SCI. Representation ofour identity a) Knowledge-based - provides a 1. student the 2. Characterize the totality of a territory knowledge & understanding of 3. Symbol of politicalindependence government w/ all components like: its 4. Avenue for economic interdependence Public law- organization of government, limitations upon government authority & Download AD Download to read ad-free  6:03 X Q l 30% o scribd.com/document/452 + 37 = SCRIBD Search Q Political theory body of doctrines artifacts, symbols, knowledge & everything that a relating to the origin from, behavior & person learns & shares as a member of society. It is: purposes of the state A product human interaction of 1. Public administration methods & 2. A social heritage that is complex & socially techniques used in the actual transmitted- inherited from ancestors management of state affairs by the three 3. Provides socially acceptable pattems for branches of the government (executive, meeting biological & social needs legislative,judiciary). 4. A distinguishing factor individual Political Philosophy - the knowledge/ differences/cultural diversity ideas/principles underlying in politics 5. A established pattern of behavior Political Dynamics- politicalchanges 6. Cumulative –accumulation of parts that are (strategies/approaches) dynamic b) Competence-based inculcates the 7. Meaningful to human beings objectives & underlying principles of the state that should be abided by the officials & TYPES OF CULTURE citizens 4 its According to Banaag (2012) for c) Skills-based prepares the students MATERIAL CULTURE - consists of 1. future career path be in profession, tools it tangible things (technological government, service, politics,teaching, etc. structures, architectural fashion food) SOCIOLOGY scientific study of patterned accessories, - shared human behavior 2. NON-MATERLAL CULTURE - consists of intangible things (ideas, language & symbols, religion, behavior, gesture & CULTURE & SOCIETYAS habits) ANTHROPOLOGICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF CULTURE CONCEPTS KNOWLEDGE- any information received 1. SOCIETY - group of people sharing a common & perceived to be true culture defined territorialboundary w in a 2. BELIEFS -perception of accepted reality Reality the existence of things 4 Every human society organized in such a is way that there are rules of conduct, customs, whether material or non-material tradtions, folkways & mores, & SOCIAL NORMS established 3. expec tions that ensure appropr iate expectations of society as to how a person ta is behavior among members (Palispis) supposed to act depending on the Every society is unique in terms culture. requirements of the time, place or situation of 4 In the social interaction process, each CULTURE includes language, medical cure, member possesses certain expectation about religion, food, folk art,celebrations, jokes, manners, the respon ses & reactions of another clothes & dressing, & working schedules. member (Palispis, 2007) AD Download to read ad-free ADVERTISING Download  6:03 PX Q l 30% DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS HUMAN ORIGINS 1. FOLKWAYS patterns of repetitive EVOLUTION behavior wic becomes habitual & A natural process of biological change conventional part of living occurring in a population across successive 2. MORES – set of ethical standards & moral generations (Banaag, 2012). obligations as dictates of reason that > Helps identify & analyze man's distinguishes human acts as right/wrong or psychological development w/c is important good/bad in his subsistence. 3. VALUES – anything held to be relatively > 15-20 different species of early humans are worthy, important, desirable or vulnerable currently recognized by most scientists 4. TECHNOLOGY practical application of knowledge in converting raw materials into finished products 4 Early man's development serves as an ASPECTSOF CULTURE avenue in analyzing the progress of our society Dynamic, flexible & adaptive 2 milion 1. 4 For years, man in the form of 2. Shared & contested -cause of argument or early hominid was a herd/tribal animal, conflict of interest (contested) primarily a herd herbivore. 3. Learned through socialization/enculturation 4 During the next 2million years, the human 4. Patterned social interactions - changes was a tribal hunter/warrior. through time 4 All of the human's social drives developed 5. Integrated & at times unstable long before he developed intellectually 6. Transmitted through socialization therefore, they are instinctive. 7. Requires language & other forms of + Such instincts that are ancient & embedded communication in humans & that are necessary for the survival of the human & pre-human: ETHNOCENTRISM & CULTURAL Mother-love RELATIVISM o Compassion o Cooperation ETHNOCENTRISM a perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ & each culture Curiosity o Competitiveness defines reality differently: judging another culture solely by the values & standards of one's own culture SPECIES OF HUMANS CULTURAL RELATIVISM - the attempt to 1. HOMO HABILLIS judge behavior according to culture context it Species w/ a brain of a Broca's area CULTURAL VARIATION -differences in social assoc iated w/ spe ech in modern behaviors that different cultures exhibit humans 1" to make stone tools AD Download to read ad-free Download 6:03 X Q l 30% Have the ability to make & use tools Wise Man" in a unique quality Appeared 200, 000 years ago 1 true human Where present human race belongs "Handy Man" 7. HOMO SAPIENS Lived about 2.4 - 14 million years NEANDERTHALENSIS ago scavenging for food Subspecies w/ short yet stocky in 2. HOM0 RUDOLFENSIS body build adapted to winter Longer face, larger molar & climates especially in icy cold places premolar teeth, & having larger like Europe & Asia braincase compared to habilis "Neanderthal Man'" particularly larger frontal lobes, Closest relative of modern humans areas of the brain that pocesses to practice burial of their dead & 1 information gathering food, & sewing clothes Lived about 1.9 – 1.8 million years from animal skin using bone needles ago Lived about 200, 000- 28, 000 years 3, HOMO ERECTUS ago "Upright Man" w/ body proportions 8. HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS similar to that of modern humans "Cro-Magnon" Lived 1.89 143. 000 years ago Characterized to be anatomically Adapted to hot climates & mostly modern humans spread Africa & Asia Lived in the last lce Age of Europe in 1" hunters w/ improvised tools such from 40, 000 10, 000 years ago - as axes & knives 1" to produce art in cave paintings & 1" to produce fire crafting decorated tools & 4. HOMO HEIDELBERGENESIS accessories Species with large brow ridge & 4 Culture enables the members of society to short wide bodies develop ways ofcoping w/ the exigencies of Lived about 700, 000 200, 000 nature as well as ways of harnessing their years ago in Europe & Africa environment (Panopio,et. 1994). al., 1" of early human species to live in colder climates MAN'S CULTURAL EVOLUTION 1" to hunt large animals on routine basis using spears PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE 1. 1" to construct human shelters AGE) 5. HOM0 FLORESIENSIS Traditionally coincided w/ the 1" "Hobbit" due to their small stature evidence of tool construction & used wa height more or less 3 feet by homosome 2.5 million years ago of Lived 95, 000 – 17, 000 years ago of simple pebble tools Use in the island of Flores, Indonesia along Learned to live in caves Discovered the use of fre w/ other dwarfed animal species HOMO SAPIENS 6. AD Download to read ad-free Download 6:03 X Q l 30% AD X ALL NUT ALL TUT OX FLAVERS -FUN Developed sImall sculptures; HUNTING & FOOD GATHERING 1. monumen tal painting, incised SOCIETIES designs && reliefs on walls of caves Earliest form of human society "Food-collecting cultures" People survived by forag ing for 2. NEOLITHICAGE (NEW STONE AGE) vegetable foods & small game, Occurred sometime about 10, 000 fishing, hunting larger wild animals, BCE & collecting shellfish Stone tools were shaped by Subsisted from day to day on polishing'grinding whatever was available Settlement in permanent villages Used tools made of stones, woods & bones Dependence on domesticated plants & animals Appearance of such crafts as pottery 2. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES & weaving Learned to use human muscle power "Food-producing cultures" & hand-held tools to cultivate fields Early societies started Classified as: to emerge as a result of man's interaction w/ his environment. a) SUBSISTENCEFARMING Every society is organized in such way Involves only producing enough a food to feed the group that there will be rules conduct, customs, of tradition, folkways & mores, & expectations Settlements are small that ensure appropriate behavior among Neighborhood is solid members (Palispis, 2007). Political organization is confined in 4 This organizational component provides the the village basis of identifying what is accepted or not Authority is based on positions w/ in the social order. inherited by males through the + Sociokogically & anthropologically, society kinship system possesses different characteristics that show b) SURPLUS FARMING the interdepen dence of people w/ one excessive/abundant another. Practiced in thickly populated & permanent settlements There was occupational CHARACTERISTICSOF HUMAN SOCIETY specialization w/ prestige differences a societal system. 1. It is Social stratification was well 2. A society is relatively large. established - social classes: close 3. A society recnuits most of members from its system -marry w/ in their rank W/ in. The community tended to be 4. A society sustains itselfacross generations. structured by kinship relations that A members share a culture. society's - 5. are male-dominated patriarchal 6. A society occupies a terntory. society TYPES OF SOCIETIES 3. PASTORAL SOCIETIES AD Downld e Download 6:04 E X Q il 30% AD ALL TUT OX xX ALL DIUT FLAVDRS FUN = SCRIBD Search Relied on herding & the Characterized by more than just the domestication of animals for food & use of mechanical means of clothing to satisfy the greater needs production of the group Constitutes an entirely new form of Most pastoralists were nomads (no society that requires an immense, permanent address) who followed mobile diversity specialized, high their herds in a never-ending quest skilled & well-coordinated labor for pasture & water force was organized along male-centered Creates a highly organized systems It kinship groups of exchan between suppliers of ge was usually untied under strong raw materials industrial It political figures. However, manufacturers -barter trade centralized political leadership did Divided into class lines not occur -no national government Industrialism brought about (inherited from the Spaniards). tremendous shift of populations Kinship plays a smaller role in public 4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES affairs Characterized by the use of plow in Highly secularized – from religion to farming state Creation of the imigation system The predominant form of social & provided farming enough surplus for politicalorganization is bureaucracy the community Ever-grow ing populations came 6. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES together in broad river-valley system Depends on specialized knowledge source of living to bring about continuing progress in - Those who controlled access to technology arable land (land in-use) & its use Characterized by the spread of became rich & powerful since they computer industries could demand the payment of taxes Knowledge & information are the & political support hallmarks of thissociety By taxing the bulk of agriculture Resulted in the homogenization of suplus, the political leaders could social relations among individuals & make bure aucrac ies (systenm wc the interaction between humans & contros organzation) implement the natural environment their plans & armies to protect their privileges Social classes became entrenched, & SOCIALIZATION the state evolved A continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity & learns the 5. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES noms, values, behavior & social skills appropriate to his & her social position Download AD Download to read ad-free 6:04 E X Q l 30% AD ALL NUT ALL DUT OX XX FLAVDRS FUN The process is very essential, teaches us IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION it how to behave & act w/ in our society - it is Human development a continuous process An instrument on how an individual People discard old ways of behaving & learn will adapt to his existing new patterns of behavior (Panopio, 1994). environment in order to survive be described in 2points of view: Can Enables the individual to grow & a) OBJECTIVE SOCLALIZATION function socially Refers to the society acing upon The change in man's social reality the child modifies his culture, it becomes b) SUBJECTIVE SOCIALIZATION "internalized," continues to influence Process by w/c society transmits his conduct culture from one generation its to It is very vital in man's daily life the next & adapts the individual (culture, personalin & sex role to the accepted & approved ways differentiation) of organized life AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION FUNCTIONSOF SOCIALIZATION 1. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Refer to the various social groupssocial institutions that play a significant role in Through socialization, we develop introducing & integrating the individual as sense identity & an accepted member of society belongingness Family 1. 2. SKILLS DEVELOPMENT & School 2. TRAINING 3. Church Skills such as communic ation, 4. Peer Group interpersonal & occupational are 5. Workplace developed Mass Media 6. 3, VALUE FORMATION They guide every individual in Individuals are influenced/engulfed understanding what happening in the is by the prevailing vlues of social society groups & society 4. SOCIAL INTEGRATION & + Social norms were formed in order to ADJUSTMENT control individual behavior. Allows us to fit-in an organized way 4 They are uSually in a form of of by being accustomed life rules/prescriptions followed by people who including cultural setting obey certain standards/roles in the society. 5. SOCLAL CONTROL & STABILITY + They include the society's standards of Integration to soCiety binds morality, good manners, legality & integrity. individuals the control to mechanisms set forth by society' FORMS OF SOCIALNORMS norms w/ regard to acceptable social FOLKWAYS 1. relationships & social behavior Download AD DownloauOTeaudu-ree 6:04 X Q l 30% AD Download to read ad-free The customary patterns that specify what Emotional Closeness & Securnity in the 1. is socially correct & proper in everyday Family life 2. Authority Value Repetitive or the typical habits & 3. Economic & Social Bettement patterns expected behavior followed 4. Patience, Suffering & Endurance of w/ in a group of community 2. MORES 4 Socialization as a continuous process serves Define what morally right & wrong as avenue for developing self-concept w/c is is Folkways W ethical & moral essential in role identification. significance w/c are strongly held & The self responds to categories called social emphasized statuses (Clark & Robboy, 1998). 3. LAWvS 4 Social statuses – the position an individual Norms that are enforced formally by occupies in society & implies an array of rights & duties special political organization Component of culture that regulates & 4 Social role involves the pattern of expected behavior in social relationship w/ controls the people behavior & a 's conduct one or more people occupying other statuses CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL 4 PETER WORSLEY STATUSES Values are general conceptions of "the 1. ASCRIBEDSTATUSES good" ideas about the kind of ends that to the individual from birth Assigned people should pursue throughout their lives & throughout the many different Involves personal choice like age & little sex activitiesin w/c they are engaged. Values such as fundamental rights, Carries w/ certain expectations of it behavior patriotism, respect for human dignity, Inherited rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality, democracy, etc. guide our 2. ACHIEVED STATUSES behavior in many ways. Acquired by choice, merit or individual effort 4 ROBIN WILLAM attempted to identify Made possible through special abilities the major value orñentation of many or talents, performance or opportunities societies Examples are choice in occupation, 1. Achievement & Success marriage, joining a religious 2. Activity & Work organization 3. Moral Orientation Attained through effort, patience 4. Humanitarianism hardwork 5. Efficiency & Practicality ESSENTLAL IN ROLE PLAYING 4 JAIMIE BULATAO, SJ, discovered the following values held highly by the Filipinos Download AD Downlc e 6:04 X i. 30%2 A definition of the role & an identification induced behavior - the ideas & actions 1. of self of wlc composed - is intrinsically is 2. Behavior in given situations appropriate rewarding He adopts the induced to the role behavior because it 3. A backgound of related acts by others congruentconsi stent w his value (counter roles) w/c serves as cues to guide system" specific performances Always involves public & private 4. An evaluation by the individual & by others conformity of the performance of the role A person publicly changes his behavior to in fit CONFORMITY & DEVIANCE The deepest level of conformity – the beliefs of the group become part of the 4 ERVING GOFFMAN individual's own belief system His book, The Presentation of Self in 3. IDENTIFICATION or group Everyday Life, tried to show how certain membership) social processes modify the presentation Occurs when an individual accepts of self & the impact of role expectations influence because he wants to on the behavior of an individual establish/maintain a satisfying self Everyone is consciously playing a role defining relationship to another * PANIOPO person'group When people present themselves to Individuals confom to the expectation others in everyday interaction, they of a social role organize their overt behavior in such a Similar to compliances as there does not way as to guide & control the have to be a change in private opinion impressions others form of them to elicit 4. INGRATIATIONAL role-taking response When a person conforms to impress or gain a favor/acceptance but is motivated & KELMAN distinguished between the by the need for social different types of conformity: 4 NON-COMFORMITY deviation from 1. COMPLIANCE (or group acceptance) acceptable social noms wlc known a is Occurs "when an individual accepts social deviance influence because he hopes to achieve a 4 SOCIAL DEVIANCE - any behavior that favorable reaction from others. He differs/diverges from established social adopts the induced behavior because he norms expects to gain specific rewards or 4 What one group may consider acceptable, approval & avoids specific punishment another may consider deviant or disapproval by conformity FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE 2. INTERNALIZATION (genuine acceptance of group norms) RONALD W. SMITH & FREDERICK W Occus "when an individual accepts PRESTON outlined some functions w/c deviance influence because the content of the performs to support the social system AD Download to read ad-free Download 6:05 PX.l 30% =SSCRIBD Search The customary patterns that specify what Emotional Closeness & Security in the 1. socially correct & proper in everyday Family is life 2. Authonty Value Repetitive or the typical habits & 3. Economic & Social Bettement patterns of expected behavior followed 4. Patience, Suffering & Endurance w/ in a group of community MORES 4 Socialization as a continuous process serves 2. Define what ismorally right & wrong as avenue for developing self-concept wlc is Folkways w ethical & moral essential in role identification. significance w/c are strongly held & 4 The self responds to categories called social emphasized statuses (Clark & Robboy, 1998). 3. LAWS 4 Social statuses – the position an individual Norms that are enforced formally by occupies in society & implies an array of a special political organization rights & duties 4 Component of culture that regulates & Social role involves the pattern of expected behavior in social relationship w/ controls the people's behavior & a conduct one or more people occupying other statuses CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL 4 PETER WORSLEY STATUSES Values are general conceptions of "the 1. ASCRIBEDSTATUSES good" ideas about the kind of ends that Assigned to the individual from birth people should pursue throughout their Involves personal choice like age lives & throughout many & little the different sex activitiesin w/c they are engaged. Carries w/ certain expectations of it Values such as fundamental rights, behavior patriotism, respect for human dignity, Inherited rationality sacrifice individuality. equality, democracy, etc. guide our 2. ACHIEVED STATUSES behavior in many ways Acquired by choice, merit or individual effort ROBIN WILLIAM attempted to identify Made possible through special abilities the major value orñentation of many or talents, performance or opportunities societies Examples are choice in occupation, 1. Achievement & Success marriage, joining a religious 2. Activity & Work organization 3. Moral Orientation 7 Attained through effort, pat ience 4. Humanitarianism hardwork 6. Efficiency & Practicality ESSENTIAL IN ROLE PLAYING 4 JAIME BULATA0, SJ, discovered the following values held highly by the Filipinos AD Download to read ad-free Download 6:05 PX Q il 30% A definition of the role & an identification induced behavior - the ideas & actions 1. of self of wlc composed - is intrinsically is 2. Behavior in given situations appopriate to rewarding. He adopts the induced the role behavior because it 3. A background of related acts by others congruentconsistent his value W (counter roles) w/c serves as cues to guide system" specific performances Always involves public & pivate An evaluation by the individual & by others conformity 4. of the performance of the role person publicly changes his behavior A to fitin CONFORMITY & DEVIANCE The deepest level of conformity - the beliefs of the group become part of 4 ERVING GOFFMAN individual's own belief system His book, The Presentation of Self in 3. IDENTIFICATION or group Everyday Life, tried to show how certain membership) social processes modify the presentation Occurs when an individual accepts of self & the impact of role expectations influence because he wants to on the behavior of an individual establish/maintain a satisfying self Everyone is consciously playing a role defining relationship to another 4 PANIOPO person'group" When people present themselves to Individuals confom to the expectation others in everyday interaction, they of a social role organize their overt behavior in such Similar compliances as there does not a to way as to guide & control the have to be a change in private opinion impressions others form of them to elicit 4. INGRATIATIONAL role-taking response When a person conforms to impress or gain a favor'acceptance but is motivated 4 KELMAN distinguished between the by the need for social different types of confomity: 4 NON-COMFORMITY deviation from 1. COMPLIANCE (or group acceptance) acceptable social noms wic known a is Occurs when an individual accepts social deviance influence because he hopes to achieve 4 SOCIAL DEVIANCE - any behavior that a favorable reaction from others. He differs/diverges from established social adopts the induced behavior because he norms to gain specific rewards or expects 4 What one group may consider acceptable, approval & avoids specific punishment another may consider deviant or disapproval by conformity" FUNCTIONSOF DEVIANCE 2. INTERNALIZATION (genuine acceptance of group norms) RONALD w. SMITH & FREDERICK w Occurs "when an individual accepts PRESTON outlined some functions w/c deviance influence because the content of the performs to support the social system AD Download to read ad-free Download  6:05 X Q il 30% Dev ia nce serves as an outlet for diverse a) CONFORMITY 1. forms ofexpressions. Involves accepting both the cultural goal of 2. Deviance serves to define the limits of success & the use of legitimate means for acceptable behavior that goal achieving 3. Deviance may also promote in-group b) INNOVATION solidarity Involves accepting the goal of success but 4. Deviance can serve as a barometer of social rejecting the use of socially accepted means strain of achieving turning instead to it, unconventional, illegitimate means SOCIOLOGICALTHEORIES OF DEVIANCE c) RITUALISM 1. FUNCTIONALISTTHEORY Occurs when people deemphasize/reject the Four major functions of deviance according importance of success once they will never to Emile Durkheim: achieve & instead concentrate on it a) Deviance affirms cultural values & following'enforing these rules than ever norms was intended b) Responding to deviance clarifies moral d) RETREA TISM boundary Withdrawal from society, caring neither c) Responding to deviance promotes social about success nor about working unity e) REBELLION d) Deviance encourages social change Occus when people reject & attempt to change both the goals & the means approved 2. STRAIN THEORY by society Robert Merton in unequal society, the