UCSP Review PDF

Social science - Deals with human behaviour & social cultural aspects Natural science - In the world ,elements & Composition Sociology - Systematic study of human relationships / human society & interaction. Auguste comte -Father of Sociology - introduce the term” POSITIVISM”...

Social science - Deals with human behaviour & social cultural aspects Natural science - In the world ,elements & Composition Sociology - Systematic study of human relationships / human society & interaction. Auguste comte -Father of Sociology - introduce the term” POSITIVISM” - Allowed the sociologist study society scientifically - through experiments evidences and statistics Karl marx -Father of Communism - he made book “ COMMUNIST MANIFESTO” (2 classes of karl marx) -Proletariat -Bourgeoisie. 3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT 1.Executive 2. Legislative 3. judicial Emile Durkheim - The division of labor - In society transformation of society. - 2 types of consciousness 1. Mechanical consciousness - 2. Collective consciousness – - He also publish “ Suicide” - Egoistic suicide – commited by individuals who are social outcast and see themselves as being alone or an outsider. - Altruistic suicide –“ always intentional” self- sacrifice of ones own life for the sake of grater good. - Anomic suicide- where society is undergoing major changes or the individual is experiencing a highly stressful situation. - Fatalistic suicide – placed under extreme rules or high expectations are set upon them,removes a person sense of self or individuality. MAX WEBER -ROLE OF RATIONALISATION - understanding the workings of the world. - division of labor - Sociology is the study of society - Society is where social interaction occurs AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY 1.SOCIAL ORGANIZATION – Are the group political,non political , lqbtq. 2.SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY – Actions or behaviour (how interact to people.) 3.HUMAN ECOLOGY- Relationships human to nature. 4.POPULATION STUDIES – Economics and Politics. 5.APPLIED SOCIOLOGY – (Philippine Statistics Authority) 6.SOCIAl CHANGE- Society change also 7.SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY & RESEARCH.- Ethnography (Nakikisalamuha sa paligid.) SOCIOLOGY LATIN- socious means Companion (Relation) GREEK – logy means Study Objective (Fact / study) Subjective (Opinion / emotion) ANTHROPOLOGY (INTANGIBLE) - Deals w/human beings including their biological evolutio, social,& cultural features ARCHAEOLOGY(TANGIBLE) - Prehistoric cultures remains and artifacts CHARLES DARWIN “ On the origin of species” SPENCER,MORGAN,TAYLOR- Evolution did not limit itself on biological aspects but extends on cultural life. BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI – “PARTICIPANTS OBSERVATIONS “ -Introduce long term living -Sole purpose of local knowledge, values & practice from natures point of view. FRANZ BOAS -FATHER OF AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGY -Rejected biological basis of racism -“HISTORICAL POPULARISM” -“CULTURAL RELATIVISM “ CULTURE Latin- Cultura- cultivation EDWARD B TYLOR -PRIMITIVE CULTURE BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY 1.CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Deals w/ description & analysis of the form and syles of social life. 2.LINGUISTIC -Study of Communication analysis history/Contemporary variation. 3.BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY -Including evolution & Contemporary variations 4. ARCHAELOGY - Study of past human cultures through their material remains. 5.APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY -Analyze social ,politics & economic problems & develop solutions. Latin – Anthropos- Man Greek- logos- Study =ANTHROPOLOGY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 1.BELIEF – Conception for ideas what is true basis  2.LANGUAGE- set or spoken & written symbols (Aka storehouse of culture) 3.TECHNOLOGY – Ease the task 4.NORMS- Rules / standard to guide behaviour. 5.VALUES – appropriate/ inappropriate guide for human behaviour use symbol ,verbal & Non verbal. Types of Norms - PRUCRIPTIVES(Things not to do) - PRESCRIPTIVE (things to do forms of norms) FORMS OF NORMS - FOLKWAYS (Aka customs ,people follows The sake of tradition or convenience. ) - MORES (Control moral & ethical behaviour; based on right or wrong) - TABOOS ( norms that society holas so strongly that violating it result extremely disgust.) - LAWS ( codified etnics,enforced ,by an official law.) Culture- Beliefs ,practices & artifacts - Characteristics feature of everyday - Existence and a way of life - Set of attitudes ,values goals and practices Society- Social structures and Organisations CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURE 1. MATERIAL CULTURE -visible and tangible Ex.furniture and builduings 2.NON MATERIAL -Non tangible w/out Physical representation - cognitive (ideas, concepts , philosopher design etc.) -Normative ( expectations, standards & rules for human behaviour.) CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1.DYNAMIC ,FLEXIBLE,& ADOPTIVE DYNAMIC- changing needs of time FLEXIBLE- face challenges that life would bring ADOPTIVE- to survive 2.SHARED & MAY BE CHALLENGED - Able to act appropriate ways. 3.LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALISATION & ENCULTURATION - To absorb ,acquire, families peers,institutions ENCULTURATION - Person adopt the behaviour patterns of culture he lives AKA SOCIOLIZATION. 4.PATTERN SOCIAL INTERACTIONS -Define ,control human behaviors. -one will think,feel ,behave set by ones culture 5.INTEGRATED -aka Holism -culture, being interconnected or interlinked 6.TRANSMITTED THROUGH SOCIALISATION/ENCULTURATION -pass on new member of society. 7.REQUIRES LANGUAGE & OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION  -need symbols & language to communicate w/others in society. ETHNOCENTRISM - Exaits its own difinities - Concept on outsiders - Judging mother cultures XENOCENTRISM - Perception or feeling - Another country or culture is somehow superior than one’s own. POLICE- City state SCIRE- to know Disciplines that concerned primarily in the state ,government & politics. AREAS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 1.POLITICAL THEORY- identifying w/ the basis ,structure, conduct & operation of the state. 2.PUBLIC LAW- law & ordinance control the framework of public governance. 3.PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION- academic disciplines that studies civil services and governance. 4.POLITICAL DYNAMIC – relationships w/ the relationship of different societal forces. 5.GOVERNMENT & BUSINESS- regulatory & gov’t functions to cooperate. Concerning National economy. 6. LEGISLATURE & LEGISLATION- Expalin the process ,Composition and Organisations of LEGISLATURE. 7.INTERNATIONAL RELATION- national state foreign policy in their mutual ties. 8.INTERNATIONAL LAW- agreements and treaties entails responsibility on one state into other. 9.COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT- studies and the general structure of gov’t of an countries. TYPES OF SOCIETY/ SOCIO CULTURAL EVOLUTION 1.HUNTING & GATHERING- earliest form of society (tribal) (Art, fire, tools). 2.POSTURAL SOCIETY – domestication & breeding of animals -“pastor” latin-(sheppered) -(traders ,healer,spiritual leaders ,etc.) 3.HORTICULTURAL -cultivation of fruits and vegies -land depleted & water supplies decrease. 4.AGRICULTURAL – focus on mode of production -use of technology to calculate crops - productivity increase -Greater degree of social stratification. 5.INDUSTRIAL- result of industrial revolution (industrialization) - 18th century - britain 6.POST INDUSTRIAL – based on services & technology not production - dependent on tangible goods. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION -revolutionary process leading to appearance of modern day humans. HUMAN EVOLUTION -Leading to appearance of modern day humans. HOMO -used to determine the species HOMONIDS - The direct ancestors of homospecies AUSTRALOPHITECUS - The first define homonids fully bipedal.  (Divide into 2 groups) 1.GRACILE AUSTRALOPHITECINESS- small de of muscles 2.ROBUST AUSTRALOPHITECINESS- (AKA PARANTROP) - The most notable features are large -characterized by several features of the skull. HOMOSPECIES - Brain is larger compared to australopithecus. (Divide into 2 groups) 1. HOMO-HABILIS- has a larger brain - Aka handyman (the first maker stone tools). 2. HOMO-RUDOLFENSIS- difference lieson their cheeck and face. -broader face ,larger braincase,larger molar and premolar. HOMO ERECTUS - First homonia species - “Told world” control fire, survival. HOMO SAPIENS - Modern human being - Have doomed skull chin ,small eyebrows, middle east, Europe to asia.