Questions and Answers
List the five main branches of anthropology.
Cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and applied anthropology.
What does cultural anthropology focus on?
It focuses on the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life.
Define the concept of cultural relativism.
Cultural relativism is the principle of understanding cultures on their own terms, without judging them as inferior or superior.
What are folkways in the context of norms?
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What are the characteristics that define culture?
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What are the two types of consciousness identified by Emile Durkheim?
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What term did Auguste Comte introduce that allows sociologists to study society scientifically?
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Can you name the four types of suicide described by Durkheim?
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What are the three branches of government?
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What is the primary focus of applied sociology?
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How is anthropology different from sociology?
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What key areas fall under the study of social organization?
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Which theorist is known for the idea of class struggle between the Proletariat and Bourgeoisie?
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What are the two main categories of culture?
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Describe the characteristics of culture that demonstrate its adaptability.
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How is culture transmitted to new members of society?
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What term describes the belief that one's own culture is superior to others?
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What is the focus of political theory in the field of political science?
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Identify the earliest form of society described in the content.
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What are the two main types of culture mentioned that relate to human behavior?
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Which branch of political science studies laws and ordinances controlling public governance?
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Study Notes
Social Science vs. Natural Science
- Social science studies human behavior and socio-cultural aspects.
- Natural science focuses on elements and composition in the world.
Sociology Overview
- Systematic study of human relationships and society.
- Founded by Auguste Comte, who introduced "POSITIVISM".
- Allows for scientific study of society through experiments and statistics.
Key Figures in Sociology
- Karl Marx:
- Father of Communism and author of "COMMUNIST MANIFESTO".
- Differentiated between Proletariat (working class) and Bourgeoisie (capitalist class).
- Emile Durkheim:
- Explored the division of labor and societal transformation.
- Identified two types of consciousness: Mechanical and Collective.
- Authored "Suicide", defining different types of suicides:
- Egoistic (social isolation),
- Altruistic (self-sacrifice),
- Anomic (major societal changes),
- Fatalistic (extreme control/expectations).
- Max Weber:
- Emphasized the role of rationalization in understanding societal workings.
Areas of Sociology
- Social Organization: Political, non-political, and LGBTQ groups.
- Social Psychology: How individuals interact with others.
- Human Ecology: Human-nature relationships.
- Population Studies: Economic and political demographics.
- Applied Sociology: Practical applications like Philippine Statistics Authority.
- Social Change: Evolution of societal structures.
- Sociological Theory & Research: Ethnography and field studies.
Cultural Aspects
- Definitions:
- Latin “socious” means companion; Greek “logy” means study.
- Sociology studies objective facts and subjective opinions.
- Anthropological Focus:
- Anthropology includes biological evolution and cultural features, distinguishing between tangible (archaeology) and intangible aspects.
Cultural Characteristics
- Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive: Culture evolves with time.
- Shared and challengeable: Social practices may be contested.
- Learned through socialization and enculturation: Families and institutions shape beliefs and behaviors.
- Integrated: Culture is interconnected (Holism).
- Transmitted through socialization: New members learn cultural norms.
- Requires language and communication: Symbols and language are essential.
Ethnocentrism vs. Xenocentrism
- Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures through one’s own cultural lens.
- Xenocentrism: Believing another culture is superior to one’s own.
Political Science Focus
- Studies state, government, and politics.
- Key areas include:
- Political Theory: Structure and conduct of the state.
- Public Law: Framework governing public policies.
- Public Administration: Civil services and governance studies.
- Political Dynamics: Interactions among societal forces.
- International Relations: Foreign policies and global interactions.
- Comparative Government: Analyzing governmental structures across countries.
Types of Societal Evolution
- Hunting & Gathering: Earliest society characterized by tribal organization and rudimentary tools.
Influential Anthropologists
- Bronislaw Malinowski: Pioneered participant observation to understand local cultures.
- Franz Boas: Father of American Anthropology advocating against biological determinism and promoting cultural relativism.
Branches of Anthropology
- Cultural Anthropology: Examines social life and practices.
- Linguistic Anthropology: Analyzes communication and language evolution.
- Biological Anthropology: Studies biological aspects and evolution.
- Archaeology: Investigates past cultures through artifacts.
- Applied Anthropology: Finds solutions to social, political, and economic issues.
Elements of Culture
- Beliefs: Framework for what is considered true.
- Language: The tool for cultural transmission.
- Technology: Enhances human tasks.
- Norms: Standards guiding behavior—includes prescriptive and proscriptive types.
- Values: Principles guiding societal behavior.
Forms of Norms
- Folkways: Customs based on tradition.
- Mores: Norms governing moral and ethical behavior.
- Taboos: Strongly held norms that evoke strong reactions if violated.
- Laws: Codified ethics enforced by authority.
Culture vs. Society
- Culture: Encompasses beliefs, practices, and artifacts shaping everyday life.
- Society: Comprises social structures and organizations.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of sociology, including the contributions of key figures like Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Understand how sociology differentiates from natural sciences and its systematic study of human behavior. Delve into significant concepts such as positivism, types of consciousness, and methods of studying society.
