Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics - UCSP PDF

CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA 1 ANTHROPOLOGY ➤ THE FIELDWORK OF ANTHROPOLOGY ⇁one of the methods in ga...

CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA 1 ANTHROPOLOGY ➤ THE FIELDWORK OF ANTHROPOLOGY ⇁one of the methods in gathering primary data in studying people What is ANTHROPOLOGY? - the necessary process in doing fieldwork is participant ↳ the comprehensive understanding of humans and all aspects of observation. its being including its origin. - the discipline is a fusion of social sciences and natural ❖ ETHNOGRAPHY sciences. ↳ the recording and analyzing of culture or society usually based on - can offer fascinating insights about human behavior. participant observation that results into written accounts of people, PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY places, or institutions. ↳ the study of humans from a biological perspective - investigates and reconstructs the evolutionary origins of ❖ MULTICULTURALISM humans ↳ the acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within - requires the understanding of biology and culture to explain fixed boundaries. how humans adapt and continuously evolve. ❖ ETHNOCENTRISM ARCHAEOLOGY ↳ when we judge others’ culture based on our own culture ↳ studies human cultures through materials or artifacts of the past. - closed-mindedness - attempts to understand the relationship between the artifacts and the current and future of society. ❖ CULTURAL RELATIVISM ↳ there is no international or universal standard of culture ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS ↳ studies the relationship between language and culture ➣ ETIC PERSPECTIVE - it examines how language shapes the way people think and ↳ to understand a culture from the point of view of a non-member interact with each other of the culture - seeks to understand the use of language in the transmission ⇁outsider’s pov. of culture EMIC PERSPECTIVE CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ↳ an effective way to fully grasp the worldviews and ways of life of ↳ explores the patterns of societies and its beliefs, practices, and a culture behavior in the contemporary setting. ⇁ understanding a culture through immersion ; adaption - explores the diversity of human cultures throughout the world. 1 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA ➤ CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES 2 SOCIOLOGY 1. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM ↳ society is an organism whose parts must work together to bring What is SOCIETY? stability to the system ↳ traditionally defined as a group of people living together with shared customs, laws, and organizations in a specific location. 2. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM ↳ focuses on how human interactions exhibit continuous What is SOCIOLOGY? interpretation, assignment of meaning, and responding to signal in ↳ the study of human social interactions, groups, relationships, the social environment. social development, organization process, and institutions, 3. CONFLICT THEORY ➤ LAWS of 3 STATES in UNDERSTANDING SOCIETY ↳ examines how different groups in the society compete because of scarce resources. 1. THEOLOGICAL STAGE ↳ people attribute different occurrences in nature (such as seasons and calamities) and society (such as wars) to divine, supernatural powers and whims of gods. ; faith 2. METAPHYSICAL STAGE ↳ people attribute the changes and occurrences of nature and society to divinely-ordained natural order of things. ; fate 3. POSITIVIST STAGE ↳ people started to study nature and dynamics of society through observable data derived from experience. ❖ SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION ↳ an outlook when we see our individual lives affected and reflective of the larger social context. 2 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA ➤ EASTON’S POLITICAL SYSTEM 3 POLITICAL SCIENCE 1. The political system (governance) and the POLITICAL ACTORS are surrounded by a physical or social environment. What is POLITICS? 2. Changes in the physical/social environment prompts ⇁ Politeia DEMANDS addressed to the government. ↳ The Greek philosophical reflection on how the good should be 3. As the gatekeepers of the political system, the government worked out in society, in relationships between individuals, and in is responsible for FILTERING the numerous demands it how to build society that will inculcate flourishing and the Good life receives. for its citizens. 4. SUPPORT may come in the form of the citizens’ tax payments, obedience to laws, and participation in ⇁ Politics as Politeia (good) government-led activities. - flourishing is not possible without social stability and 5. Once the demands go through the political system, decisions structures that promote beauty, goodness, and virtue are made into policies for enforcement and feedback by the - humans need each other to flourish public. POLICIES + POLIS ⇁ state ↳ society, relationships, flourish 3 BRANCHES of the GOVERNMENT ➤ POLITICS can be VIEWED in 4 WAYS The Philippine Political model is representative democracy. 1. as the art of government EXECUTIVE BRANCH implements or President 2. as public affairs and private affairs (applies) enforces the laws Vice President 3. as compromise and consensus Cabinet ↳ meet halfway & ↳ general agreement 4. as power which refers to the exercise of will LEGISLATIVE BRANCH formulates, amends, Congress (makes) or repeals laws Senate ❖ POLITICAL SCIENCE House of Representatives ↳ the systematic study of governance and policies, political culture, power relations, and ideologies. JUDICIAL BRANCH adjudicate and Supreme Court, ↳ it makes use of concepts, frameworks, and theories to explain how (evaluates) interprets the laws other Courts a set of policies and processes lead to certain outcomes 3 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA ➤ APPROACHES TO POLITICAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIORALISM 2. CULTURE is RELATIVE ↳ analysis thru observable behaviors using scientific methods ↳ no aspects of culture appear to be the same. They vary across the RATIONAL CHOICE world. ↳ examining public policies and international relations ➣ COLONIAL MENTALITY CRITICAL THEORY - the internalized attitude of colonial inferiority due to ↳ challenge power structures colonization FEMINIST THEORY ➣ CULTURAL UNIVERSALISM ↳ factors that surround gender and power relations - societies share the same elements of cultures, but the details vary across the globe. ➣ CULTURE SHOCK 4 CULTURE - a confusing and disorienting situation in an ✦ Living with the Dead environment ↳ In Indonesia (Toraja people), people wrap the dead person with special clothes and keep them for several months before they lay 3. CULTURE is SHARED them to rest. ↳ members of a society partake with the customs of their ✦ Bride-kidnapping community. ↳ Kidnapping bride in Kyrgyzstan means the man has won the heart of the woman. The man can keep the woman for 4-5 days. 4. CULTURE is SYMBOLIC ↳ the hallmark of the society is the capacity to symbolize. People use symbols to represent their culture. What is CULTURE? ↳ It is the set of beliefs, values, practices, and objects that people 5. CULTURE is ADAPTIVE have in common and that define them as a group. ↳ to extend life, cultures help humans to adapt to changes in the ↳ a glue that holds people together for a collective identity. environment. ➤ CHARACTERISTICS of CULTURE 6. CULTURE is MALADAPTIVE 1. CULTURE is LEARNED ↳ advancement caused by culture has harmful effects to humans ↳ culture is learned through participating and interacting within a and the environment. ; hinders cultural environment. This is a learning process that everyone undergoes. 7. CULTURES CHANGE ➣ ENCULTURATION ↳ innovations are the ultimate source of change. - the whole process of learning a culture. 4 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA ➤ COMPONENTS of CULTURE NATURAL SELECTION Material objects ⇁ Introduced by Charles Darwin - material culture is a tangible aspect of culture that ↳ the organism better adapted to the environment tend to survive members create and use ; artifacts, structures and produce more offspring ; survival of the fittest Non-material objects BIPEDALISM - non-material culture is the intangible aspect of ↳ a mechanism of locomotion in which an organism move thru its culture discernible in cultural practices. ; beliefs two rear limbs or legs ➣ FORMAL NORMS ➤ BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION ↳ these are established, written codes enforced in the ↳ The survival of species involves biological adaptations. In society. adapting to environmental conditions biologically, humans must INFORMAL NORMS respond physiologically and anatomically ↳ These are the unwritten codes but widely accepted among ➣ PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS the members of a society. ↳ short-term changes in the body as a response to rapid environmental changes and stressors 5 BIOLOGY & CULTURE ➣ ANATOMICAL ADAPTATIONS ↳ long-term genetic changes in genotype because of selective ➤ HUMAN EVOLUTION pressures ↳ the long process that facilitated the emergence of anatomically ↳ humans adapt thru the alteration of basic body structure when modern humans. exposed to environmental conditions for a very long time. MICROEVOLUTION *malamig (stressor/environmental change) = gains weight for ↳ the change in the genetic make-up (gene frequency) of an b.heat organism. ⇁ e.g. Bacterial strains having antibiotic resistance CULTURAL ADAPTATION MACRO EVOLUTION / SPECIATION ↳ the capacity of human beings and societies to overcome changes ↳ the creation of new and distinct species during the evolutionary in the environment through the modification of their process culture/behaviour. ; ⇁ e.g. Eve, the first-born Lycan-vampire hybrid in the Underworld series (daughter of Selene and Michael) CULTURAL EVOLUTION ↳ the concept that human cultures change. ⇁ this includes beliefs, knowledges, skils, customs, attitudes, etc. 5 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA 7 SOCIALIZATION ➤ AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION HOW DOES SOCIALIZATION AFFECT SELF-DEVELOPMENT? FAMILY - the basic unit of the society - the primary group an individual is exposed to during the What is SOCIALIZATION? formative years. ↳ the process of shaping an individual's behaviour, belief system, and mindset to be in accordance with a group or society's norms, PEER GROUPS values, and beliefs thru continuous interaction with others. - refers to the people who share similarities in age, interests, and even social status who regularly interact with each ➤ INSTITUTIONS that affect SOCIAL ORDER and other. EQUILIBRIUM SCHOOL (academic institutions) ➣ ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS - provides different types of activities and training in ↳ they help society survive in its environment through economic facilitating learning production. - contributes es to an individual’s behavioural and cognitive ⇁ demand↓ = supply ↑, etc. development RELIGION ➣ POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS - powerful agent of society ↳ they facilitate the balance of power, programs, amd policies that - provides values formation and spiritual development to its respond to the needs and demands of the people. members ⇁ Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary - Doctrines and teachings are basis for moral framework tangible services - 4P’s intangible services - human rights GOVERNMENT - formulates and enforces laws for citizens to follow ➣ LEGAL INSTITUTIONS - delivers programs for the betterment of the society ↳ they aid in the enforcement of rules and norms on how people - empowers citizens to be responsible members of society. should behave in the society. - ensures programs and services are met ⇁PnP MASS MEDIA/SOCIAL MEDIA ➣ CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS - people are also influences by what they see multimedia and ↳ they ensure that traditions, values, and belief systems are passed social media platforms onto the next generation. ⇁ Buwan ng Wika 6 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA - have the power to to shape public opinion by framing and ▪︎ the “I” emphasizing viewpoints ↳ the functional version of oneself that is non-reflective and can only be known upon the ✦ THEORIES on SELF-DEVELOPMENT and SOCIALIZATION reflection of the “ME” ↳ the development of oneself is achieved thru constant socialization. There are several theories that will explain the process of COOLEY’s LOOKING GLASS SELF self-development. This section will investigate the works of Sigmund ↳ the self develops by adapting to the perceptions and judgements Freud, George Herbert Mead, and Charles Horton Cooley. of others ⇁ there are three steps in forming the looking glass; FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY 1. we try to imagine how others see us ⇁ human behavior are driven by motivations that are primarily 2. we try to imagine how others think and feel when they see unconscious and repressed and most likely developed in the early us stages of childhood. 3. we ask ourselves how we feel about their judgements ▪︎ the ID ↳ the part of the self that is primal, biological, and instinctive impulses our desires which eventually become repressed. 8 CONFORMITY and DEVIANCE ▪︎ the SUPEREGO ↳ the part of the self that wants to comply to social norms to be liked and respected by other members NORM of the society. ; conscience ↳ constant set of practices and principles that people ▪︎ the EGO live by. rules of the game generally accepted by the ↳ the decision-making part of the self members. - strikes a compromise between the demands of the ID without violating the SUPEREGO. ↳ standards that indicate whether individuals are acting according to or against the will or practices of the group MEAD’s THEORY OF SELF ▪︎ the “ME” What is CONFORMITY? ↳ the functional version of oneself that is ↳ the act or practice of being at one with a group’s goals and self-conscious or being aware of oneself because of adhering to the means of achieving those goals. introspection 7 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA WHY IS CONFORMITY IMPORTANT? ➤ EFFECTS of DEVIANCE in GROUPS The basic purpose and significance of conformity lies in group ⇁ The devil’s advocate can enrich the group’s decision making. By decision making. The group attempts to collectively decide on prompting questions and inserting new ideas. which courses of action to take or which practices to adopt. ⇁ A constructive group conflict occurs when the group engages in healthy tension in a discussion where they carefully weigh the pros ➤ INDIVIDUAL MOTIVATIONS FOR CONFORMITY and cons of different options before they decide. 1. Achieving personal objectives by staying with the group 2. Getting accepted by the group members ✦ THEORIES of DEVIANCE 3. Believing in the goals and practices of the group ↳ Social thinkers offer different theories in understanding deviant behavior. ➤ TYPES of CONFORMITY ⇁ The functionalist perspective, conflict theory, and labelling ACCEPTANCE and INTERNALIZATION theory. ↳ of group principles and values are not only practised inside the group but also upheld by members when they are outside the 1. FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE group. ↳ A functionalist perspective, having a member with deviant COMPLIANCE or ADVERSE behavior can strengthen the positive function of a group. The unity ↳ side of conformity is shown by the mere practice of compliance of the group becomes stronger amid tension as the group finds a until they achieve their objectives. When group members merely common problem to solve– the deviant member. comply with the group’s practices, the unity within the group remains weak and fragile. 2. CONFLICT THEORY ↳ explains that deviant behaviour arises from social, economic, or What is DEVIANCE? political inequalities in a group or in society. As people become ↳ the act of going against the established norms and practices of affected by or suffer from these inequalities, they begin to exhibit groups and society. It is not automatically linked to crime, acts of deviant behaviour. terrorism, or even psychosis. Most people exhibit deviance by having different opinions or ways of expressing themselves in 3. LABELLING THEORY society. ↳ posits that individuals exhibit deviant behaviour when they are ⇁ while stereotyped as a negative concept, can also bring out the labelled as deviants. They internalize these labels and adopt the good in groups. Like conformity, it is critical in group looks and practices associated with this behaviour. decision-making. 8 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA ➤ TYPES of DEVIANCE ↳ similar to conformity, deviance has good and bad typologies. The four general types of deviance are classified into four; 9 STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS of SOCIAL INNOVATION, RITUALISM, RETREATISM, and REBELLION. GROUPS INNOVATION ↳ happens when an individual believes in the group’s objectives but What is SOCIAL GROUPS? not with the means to get there. ↳ individuals who share the same motives, goals, norms, and values RITUALISM that guide the conduct of its members. ↳ occurs when a member does not agree with the goals of the group ↳ feels connections, belongingness and unity among each other. but accepts the means of getting there. RETREATISM PRIMARY GROUPS ↳ happens when individuals do not accept both the group’s goals ↳ people within intimate, face-to-face interactions, marked by and means of getting there. In this case, the individual retreats or shared values, culture, and concern for each other. shuts off completely from the group. ⇄ family, closest friends REBELLION ↳ occurs when an individual decides to completely change th3 SECONDARY GROUPS course of the group by introducing a new goals and means to get ↳ no personal matters involved but presumably held together by there common goals. means → larger groups RITUALISM CONFORMITY goals ✦ IRON LAW of OLIGARCHY ↳ there is an inner circle who dominates or leads the direction of the RETREATISM INNOVATION group REBELLION → maintains the power by passing the leadership position to the members of the inner group ✤ Social Behavior Shaped by CONFORMITY and DEVIANCE ⇁ Social behaviour is continuously shaped by other people and ➣ IN-GROUPS groups an individual is exposed to through the socialization process. ↳ identify and feel strong allegiance to But as people steadily undergo self-development, they now choose and exhibit conformity or deviance in various groups depending on ➣ OUT-GROUP the circumstances. This push-and-pull serves a greater purpose for ↳ refers to groups which an individual does not identify both individuals and groups. 9 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics ↕ VALDERUEDA ➣ REFERENCE GROUPS PATRILINEAL DESCENT →looks up to or emulate because we view them as our standard ➤ COGNATIC DESCENT ➣ NETWORKING ↳ the bonds are traced on both the father and mother ↳ getting to know more people for career and educational BILINEAL DESCENT opportunities and advancements AMBILINEAL DESCENT → basic skill you have to master ; essential for survival BILATERAL DESCENT ➣ ONLINE COMMUNITIES ➤ MARRIAGE ↳ community whose members interact primarily through the MONOGAMY - marriage between man and a woman internet. POLYGAMY - can marry more than one POLYGYNY - can marry more than one woman ENDOGAMY - marriage within a social / ethnic group EXOGAMY - marriage outside a specific social / ethnic group 10 KINSHIP ➤ RESIDENCY PATRILOCAL RESIDENCY - with or near husband’s family What is KINSHIP SYSTEM? MATRILOCAL RESIDENCY - with or near wife’s family ↳ a system of meaning and power relations to determine AMBILOCAL RESIDENCY - freedom of choice relationships, rights, responsibilities, and expectation NEOLOCAL RESIDENCY - independent residences ✦ CONSANGUINITY ↳ blood relationship between people from some common ancestor ✦ AFFINITY ↳ relationship between people as a consequence of marriage ➤ UNILINEAL DESCENT ↳ refers to tracing the ancestry of a person through only one person through only one parent MATRILINEAL DESCENT 10