Understanding Culture, Society, & Politics Notes PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Anthropology The systematic study of humanity The goal of understanding our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time Four Fields of Anthropology Physical Anthropology Also called biological anthropology The study of human evolution and variation, both past and present Archaeology Anthropology The study of past societies and their cultures, especially the material remains of the past, such as tools, food remains, and places where people lived Cultural Anthropology The study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past Traditional cultural anthropologists study living cultures and present their observations in an ethnography Linguistic Anthropology The study of language, especially how language is structured, evolution of language, and the social and cultural contexts for language UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ethnography Cultural Relativism The recording and analyzing of culture or Refers to the idea that values, knowledge, society usually based on long-term and behavior of people must be understood participant observation that results in a on their own cultural context written account of people, places, or Argues that there should be no international institutions or universal standards of culture Holism Hawthorne Effect Derived from the greek word ‘holos’ meaning ‘whole’ or ‘all’ Individuals perform or behave differently A philosophical approach suggesting that when they are aware that they are being the system as a whole should be the primary observed focus of study, rather than its individual components Emic (in) Etic (Out) It asserts that all the components of any given system are interconnected and can Immersing yourself in Observe as a third only be fully understood in the context of the culture person that complete system Not really immersing in Multiculturalism their religion or government The coexistence of several cultures in the same geographical, physical, or social space, encompassing all the differences Xenocentrism that exist (religious, linguistic, racial, ethnic, and gender) Having a weak perspective of your own It is the principle that recognizes diversity culture and promotes the right to it Viewing another culture to have a better culture over your own Example : Philippines With over 182 ethnic groups, 120-187 languages, and more than 5 religions Ethnocentrism A prominent concept in anthropology that examines the inherent biases and perspectives of individuals or groups when evaluating and interpreting other cultures Opposite of Cultural Relativism UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sociology The Law of Three Stages: Latin for socius meaning “companion” Theological Stage Greek for logos meaning “study of” Study of human social interaction, groups, Fetishism relationships, social development, ○ Supernatural organization, and institutions ○ Natural events/superstition beings It analyzes social phenomena such as are put into material items population, social groups, gender, religion, ○ superstitions crime and deviance, and social Polytheism stratification ○ Categorization of gods, natural events, and man ○ Introduction of priest system Social Stratification Monotheism - Hierarchy of social status ○ Religious perspective ○ Introduction of having only one God Society Metaphysical Stage A large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about From religious perspectives on how things how to do things and sharing the work that work, in this stage man begins to explain needs to be done how things work through reasoning or logic All the people in a country, or in several similar countries can be referred to as a Positive or Scientific Stage society The scientific method is now used to How Do Societies Evolve? explain why certain things are happening There is a separation between the secular They stay in a certain place gathering and the church to balance the welfare and supplies that they need then later on community moving ○ Hunter Gatherer Society Social Thinkers - View on Society ○ Agrarian Society Herbert Spencer ○ Industrial Society ○ Information Society Social Darwinism - organic analogy ○ Reading Society Spencer view society as a living organism that undergoes a natural and inevitable evolutionary process Promotes individualism rather than government control Has institutions which are linked together and which have functions in keeping society UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Emile Durkheim Proletariat Organic analogy - Kept powerless by ideological control ○ functionalism - Working class For society to exist there must be social - Controlled by the ideologies of the cohesion bourgeoisie ○ Social facts ○ Collective conscience Ideologies affecting the proletariat: Social institutions Privatized nuclear family legitimates passing down wealth to children Education teaches the myth of Mechanical Solidarity meritocracy - Pre-modern The media keeps out ideas harmful to - Solidarity from collective consciousness elites The police victimize the working class, Examples ignoring elite crime Traditional societies Tribal societies Max Weber Agricultural societies Each person knows how to do the task Sociological theory Organic Solidarity Authority & Legitimation - Modern - Different forms of society cohere and the - Solidarity from inter-dependence different ways in which consensus is achieve Examples Specialization 3 types of authority Each person has a specialized task 1. Charismatic Higher dependency on each other People are able to relate with the leader Karl Marx 2. Traditional Hereditary / royal families The marxist view of society 3. Rational Historical materialism Following the legal process Means of production Class struggle Bourgeoisie - Controlled institutions and maintained wealth and power through ideological control UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C. Wright Mills Social Institutions Sociological Imagination Government Economy ○ The term used to describe the - Security nature of sociology and its - Stability Education relevance to daily life - Laws - Knowledge ○ Vivid awareness of the relationship - Rights - Skill development between individual and the wider - Preparation for society Media society ○ Helps individuals understand he/she is connected to the structure of Religion Family society - Faith - Social etiquette - God - Morals Social Phenomenons - Morals - Shelter Observable behaviors, actions, patterns, and structures that arise within societies Conflict Theory due to interactions among individuals, A term associated with the theories of Karl groups, institutions, and broader social Marx, in which different groups in society forces compete over limited resources These phenomena are influenced by cultural, economic, political, and social Symbolic Interaction contexts and can be studied to understand how societies function, change, and Society is enhanced through the develop interactions with each other with the Social phenomena can range from everyday symbols around us interactions to large- scale social trends How people react and change their and events personalities based on those around them Examples: Critical Theory - Why does inequality in education exist? - How does stigma affect mental health? People in the society analyze certain aspects of society Structural Functionalism Analyzing this helps enhance society A system wherein there is structure or reinforcement to create a stable society Each institution has a role to keep a balance and shape one’s individuality to create peace and make a stable society Individuals are socialized into society’s norms and values by social institutions UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Political Science Nature of Power The systematic study of government and Physical Force politics, political structure and activities, power relations, and ideologies Having control on the means of force such as police or military What is Politics? Wealth Andrew Heywood The activity which people make, preserve, Assets and wealth can buy results and other and amend the rules under which they live source of power It came from the greek word “polis” meaning ○ Vote buying, VIP treatment, etc. “city-states” Politics has four dimensions State Action Dimensions of Politics The use of law and bureaucracy to compel people to do certain things Art of Governance ○ Paying taxes The law requires you to do this certain task Involves all aspects of running a country The law has the power over you if not then there are sanctions that happen when we Public Affairs do not follow the laws Public Social Norms ○ In charge of the affairs of the state Private This can influence people's behavior and ○ Families, schools, religion, can also influence government policies. businesses Movements done by people become a social ○ The private system is regulated by norm and in turn influences the government the rules and laws made by the ○ Women allowed to vote, the SOGIE government bill Compromise & Consensus Ideas/Ideology Refers to negotiation and agreements on Beliefs and ideologies have invisible and values, norms, conduct, use of resources coercive power over how people in certain In order to keep a stable society people groups behave, think, and act need to compromise and keep the peace The beliefs of people lead them to do things that may not be right or good for them Power depending on the situation Refers to the exercise of will (Influencing political decisions) or force (military or police) in order to attain a desired outcome UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Numbers View on Politics and Government A vocal mass of people creates power by Nicomachean Ethics expressing collective intensity of interest and by asserting legitimacy This is where the concept of eudaimonia The number of people agreeing to one idea came from has the power to change the stance of Plato mentioned that eudaimonia is the others highest good Man should have virtue and the good man Political Thinkers Aristotle Intellectual Virtue - Focused on wisdom, reason, and logic View on Society and Man Concerned about the best way to organize, Moral Virtue govern, and achieve the goals of the state Man is a political animal (polis) - Know the difference between good and Despised oligarchy and is critical to bad democracy - The middle of the good and bad is called Emphasized the importance of polis the golden mean Only when a person is in the polis can - Courage achieve the highest good (eudaimonia) The Politics Polis Examine how societies should be organized - Highest form community - Only people in this kind of community can One Leader reach eudaimonia Monarchy Tyranny Eudaimonia - Ideal Corrupt - You have wisdom and courage - If a person achieves eudaimonia then he Ruled by Few or she is living a virtues lifestyle - This means you use reason and logic Aristocracy Oligarchy meaning you have wisdom and courage - For the Self interest common good UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ruled by Many View on Politics & Government Polity Democracy Government will be established to be able to create a stable society - For the Poor and The government exists to be able to control common good uneducated the people so that the society will not go back to its state of nature of lawlessness Niccolo Machiavelli Absolute sovereignty ○ Monarchy Focused on how rulers could maintain Legitimacy of the government power and control in whatever political ○ Peace & security system Social contract Emphasized the importance of the state ○ The people will voluntarily give up Wrote the book, “The Prince” their rights to the government ○ The Leviathan View on Society & Man Even if the government becomes evil the people can not do anything about it Man is driven by self-interest because of the social contract To him man is evil Politics For him strong authority is needed to ○ Use of power and maintaining order control the people ○ Law & power View on Politics & Government The Leviathan The state is more important than the people - A sea monster - A metaphorical representation of the Thomas Hobbes government An english philosopher who believes that John Locke humans are naturally driven by self-interest, preservation, survival, and pleasure An english enlightenment thinker who is Man is naturally evil known for social contract theory, liberalism, Wrote the book, “the leviathan “ and separation of powers Opposite of Thomas Hobbes View on Society & Man State of nature ○ A place where there is no government ○ A stateless & lawlessness society ○ War against all ○ No government equals chaos Social Contract ○ To leave the state of nature UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ View on Society & Man Born to be rational, with natural rights, and self-governed “Tabula rasa” ○ We get our wisdom through feelings and sensory experiences ○ We gain knowledge through sensory State of nature ○ Peaceful but can lead to conflict Social contract ○ To protect natural rights Society ○ Voluntary and mutually beneficial Man is a social human being Man is born with innate natural rights Man is good View on Politics & Government Government ○ “Two treatises government” Rejecting of divine right of kings ○ Exist to serve the people ○ Limited government with separation of powers ○ Legitimacy of the government Consent of the governed ○ Right to revolution People can change the government Jean-Jacques Rousseau Has the same view with John Locke in everything UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Becoming a Member in Society John Locke Political thinker Tabula rasa ○ Born in a “blank state” We get our wisdom through feelings and sensory experiences We gain knowledge through sensory Albert Bandura Psychologist Social learning theory ○ Argues that individual behavior is learned and developed through the process of socialization and enculturation Socialization The process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society Enables the person to gradually become a self-aware and knowledgeable human being, and learn the ways, values, rules, and culture of his/her society Socializing The action or practice of participating in social activities or mixing socially with others ○ Family, friends, coworkers Enculturation The gradual process of an individual or group learning and adapting to the norms and values of a culture (or subculture) in which they are immersed ○ Learning a new language or clothing style UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Self Identity The Stages of the Self Identity The Preparatory Stage The qualities, behavior, values, beliefs, Children imitate significant others to learn personality, looks and/or expressions that meaning behind symbols, gestures, and make a person language It is flexible and can therefore change according to situations and circumstances The Play Stage Children begin “role taking” Primary Identity Secondary Identity They mentally assume the perspective of - The roles and - Roles and another and respond from that view-point status learned status that are as a child achieved The Game Stage - Something that - Something you you are born work hard for Children are now aware of their position in with relationship to the other numerous social positions in society Example: Example: Daughter, Sister Doctor, Top 1 Social Identity A person’s notion of who he/she is in a society It includes the roles and status that a person plays in society George Herbert Mead Philosopher Psychologist Sociologist Social Behaviorism Theory ○ The mind and idea of self emerges from the social act of communication and that people develop ideas about themselves through interactions with others. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Conformity & Deviance Primary Deviance Secondary Deviance Conformity - Type of act that - Types of act A type of social influence involving a change does not end that results in belief or behavior to fit in with a group with the from being individual being labeled by Deviance labeled as such society as - Due to age and deviant Violation of the social norms intensity of When you don’t follow social norms deviance Does not mean that it is bad committed A criminal behavior is deviant, but not all deviant behavior can be considered a crime Social Control Cesare Lombroso Caused by a lack of social bonds within a Father of criminology society Anthropological criminology Embraces the notion of the “born criminal” Rational Choice or criminal type, based on the belief that criminals had certain physical Individual’s decision to follow or to go characteristics (sloping forehead, large against social norms is dependent to ears) that distinguished them from perceived cost and benefit of such action noncriminals Conflict Theories on Deviance The group with access to power defines Differential Association what is a norm and deviant Conformity and deviance is learned by an Structural Functionalist individual from those he or she associates Macro Level with ○ Deviance a product of the Labeling Theory breakdown of social norms which causes social disorganization Actions are not considered deviant until (anomie) they are labeled as such by the members of ○ Same with social control the community Micro Level ○ Deviance is a product of the role strain that an individual experiences due to lack of resources to cope with the demands of social norms UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Strain Theory Formal Positive Cultural Goals A reward given by an institution to encourage conformity Consist of values that are important for the ○ Recognition of honors in a learning society facility ○ Medal of honor for outstanding Institutionalized Means conduct in government service ○ Promotion in the workplace for Processes that have been established excellent performance through social structures such as government, school, church, and family Formal Negative A punishment by an institution to enforce Cultural Institutionalized conformity Goals Means ○ Imprisonment for a crime committed Conformity ✔ ✔ ○ Payment of fines for offenses Innovation ✔ ✗ committed ○ Being fired from the workplace for Ritualism ✗ ✔ unsatisfactory service Retreatism ✗ ✗ Informal Positive Rebellion ✗(✔) ✗(✔) A reward given by an individual/group that encourages conformity Social Control ○ Standing ovation from the viewers/attendees Attempts by society to regulate people’s ○ An affirmative nod from a superior thoughts and behavior ○ Cheers from teammates for scoring a shot Sanctions Informal Negative Powerful tool in leading individual to conform to social norms A punishment by individual/group to coerce conformity Formal Informal ○ Gossip about a bad behavior ○ Ridicule from peers - Rewards or - Spontaneously ○ Being grounded by a parent forms of given by an punishment individual or a formally group of people awarded by an as a response to a behavior that institution was either accepted or Example: disapproved School, government UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dynamics of Culture Marxist United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Emphasizes the role of economic class and Organization economic life in society Culture should be regarded as the set of It is not the consciousness of men that distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, determines their existence but their social and emotional features of society or a existence that determines their social group, and that it encompasses, in consciousness addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, Post Modern traditions and beliefs Culture is like a narrative story that can Culture encompasses religion, food, what have multiple meanings and can exist we wear, how we wear it, our language, independently of the people who created marriage, music, what we believe is right or them wrong, how we sit at the table, how we ○ Cultural relativism greet visitors, how we behave with loved ○ Ethnocentrism ones, and a million other things Types of Culture Different Approaches to Studying Culture Material Culture Evolutionary Physical artifacts that reflects the lives of Society passes through different stages for members of particular society the development of the culture ○ Distinctive clothing ○ Primitive to civilized ○ Architecture ○ Simple to complex ○ Inventions ○ Food Functionalist ○ Artwork ○ Music Culture as a whole that provides an overarching system of the people do Non-Material Culture Social roles that cultural items play Each part of society has a function to keep Non physical products of society that are the society working and stable created overtime and shared ○ Knowledge Structuralist ○ Beliefs ○ Customs Synchronic characters of culture ○ Values The similarities of cultures across time and ○ Morals space ○ Symbols Feminist Emphasize the role of male-bias in the study of culture UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Components of Culture Taboo Norms Strong negative norm Violating it results in strong disgust Culturally defined standards or rule of Generates a strong level of hate conduct Strict prohibition of behavior that society ○ Eating with hands holds so strongly that violating it results in ○ Saying po and opo extreme disgust or expulsion from the ○ Removing of shoes before entering group or society a home ○ Incest ○ Cannibalism Types of Social Norms Law Folkway Norm that is formally inscribed at the state Norm that stems from organized casual or federal level interactions Norms that is formally inscribed at the state No harm done if it is not done level and is enforced Informal norms that is mildly punished when ○ Crimes violated Social preferences Cultural Values ○ Greetings ○ Pagmamano or pagbebeso A series of principles and values passed on ○ Etiquette generation after generation by our ancestors More Based on values the entire cultural community decides their way of life Norm that structures the difference Those ideas decide how a person of that between right and wrong culture will behave and how they will lead There is a violation but doesn’t have a heavy their lives consequence Codes of behavior that are established by a Language specific healthy social group and are binding, like a law, to ensure a socially Symbolic communication that have specific positive outcome and arbitrary meanings in different Social requirements societies ○ Cheating ○ Crossing the road without Fad pedestrian lane An intense and widely shared enthusiasm ○ Getting married at a young age for something, especially one that is short-lived and without basis in the object’s qualities A craze UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, & POLITICS 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 extra doc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Subculture Culture can Affect Biology Values, artifacts, and behavior of distinct Altering somethings in your physical body group to identify to a larger group because of culture is an example of this Counter Culture Culture is Adaptive A culture whose values and norms differ Address their needs as dictated by their substantially from those of mainstream environment and biology society ○ Igloo and tupiq In opposition to mainstream culture mores Creation of food taboos Xenophobia ○ Hindu and Muslim Characteristics of Culture Culture is Maladaptive