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Questions and Answers

What role do social institutions play in society according to structural functionalism?

They create chaos and instability.

They are tools for personal enrichment.

They socialize individuals into society's norms and values. (correct)

They limit individual freedom.

What is the main focus of political science?

The systematic study of government and political structures. (correct)

The analysis of historical events only.

The study of personal relationships.

The promotion of social activities.

In structural functionalism, what is the desired outcome of individual roles in society?

To facilitate societal balance and peace. (correct)

To establish dominance over others.

To promote economic disparity.

To create conflict and division.

What does 'physical force' refer to in the context of political power?

Control over military and police forces. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does structural functionalism emphasize for a stable society?

Reinforcement of societal structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential component of effective governance according to political science?

Balancing power relations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of physical anthropology?

Understanding human evolution and variation Signup and view all the answers

How does cultural relativism differ from ethnocentrism?

Cultural relativism values diverse cultural perspectives Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'holism' refer to in anthropology?

Understanding a system as interconnected rather than in parts Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of linguistic anthropology?

Understanding the structure and evolution of language Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in the Law of Three Stages involves reasoning and logic?

Positive or Scientific Stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of multiculturalism?

Coexistence and recognition of multiple cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used by anthropologists to conduct ethnography?

Long-term participant observation Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sociological imagination' refer to?

The ability to see personal struggles as part of larger social forces Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'xenocentrism' imply about an individual's perspective?

Viewing other cultures as superior to one's own Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a social institution?

Entertainment Signup and view all the answers

Conflict theory primarily focuses on which aspect of society?

The competition for limited resources Signup and view all the answers

What does social stratification refer to?

The classification of individuals based on their social status Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes social phenomena?

They encompass actions influenced by social contexts Signup and view all the answers

In which approach does the observer immerse themselves fully into the culture being studied?

Emic perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is typically studied in archaeology anthropology?

Material remains from past societies Signup and view all the answers

What role does education play as a social institution?

Providing knowledge and skills for society Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hawthorne Effect represent in research?

Changes in behavior due to observation awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the significance of symbols in social interaction?

Symbolic Interaction Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals use sociological imagination in their daily lives?

By viewing their experiences linked to larger social trends Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines society?

A large group sharing organized ways of making decisions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the concept of ethnocentrism?

Understanding cultural practices based solely on personal experiences Signup and view all the answers

The concept of security within social institutions is primarily associated with which structure?

Government Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of social institutions?

They serve specific functions in society Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT influence social phenomena?

Personal feelings Signup and view all the answers

In what way does family as a social institution contribute to society?

By nurturing morals and social etiquette Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of inequality in education?

Perpetuates social stratification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily addressed by critical theory?

The need for social reform and critique of power dynamics Signup and view all the answers

How do social interactions contribute to the development of personality according to symbolic interaction?

People change their personality based on social symbols and interactions Signup and view all the answers

What term is derived from the Greek word ‘polis’?

Politics Signup and view all the answers

What is one way the state demonstrates its power over individuals?

Imposing taxes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes social norms in relation to government policies?

They can influence people's behavior and government policies. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence if an individual does not comply with the law?

Sanctions may occur. Signup and view all the answers

How can wealth influence political power?

Through vote buying and VIP treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What area of governance deals primarily with state affairs?

Public Affairs Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the role of law in politics?

Laws provide structure and compel compliance among the populace. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of eudaimonia primarily refer to in Aristotle's philosophy?

Achieving the highest good through virtue Signup and view all the answers

What belief did Thomas Hobbes hold about human nature?

Humans are driven by self-interest and need strong authority for control Signup and view all the answers

What effect does collective agreement among people have according to the content?

It creates invisible power that influences political decisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the government according to the views described?

To create stability and maintain social order Signup and view all the answers

Which political thinker focused on the maintenance of power irrespective of the political system?

Niccolo Machiavelli Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between Hobbes's view and Locke's view on the state of nature?

Hobbes views it as chaotic, Locke sees it as potentially peaceful Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does Rousseau state that individuals should accept the legitimacy of government?

Through the explicit consent of the governed Signup and view all the answers

What power dynamic is described in the concept of 'Polis'?

A collective striving for individual virtue through community Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of compromise and consensus in society?

It is necessary for maintaining stability and peace Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Aristotle's view on moral virtue?

It involves knowing the balance between good and bad through reason Signup and view all the answers

What did John Locke argue about the social contract?

It is established to protect individual natural rights Signup and view all the answers

In Plato's view of society, what role did virtue play in governance?

Only those with moral superiority should lead Signup and view all the answers

What is reflected in the 'Leviathan' concept as defined by Hobbes?

A metaphorical representation of the government Signup and view all the answers

How does Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view align with John Locke regarding human nature?

Both agree that man is born good and socially inclined Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anthropology

The systematic study of humanity, focusing on our evolution, distinctiveness as a species, and the diversity of social existence across the world.

Four Fields Of Anthropology

Physical Anthropology: Studies human evolution and variation, both past and present.
Archaeological Anthropology: Studies past societies and their cultures, particularly material remains like tools, food remnants, and living spaces.
Cultural Anthropology: Explores cultures and societies of humans, particularly their recent past. Traditional Cultural Anthropologists study living cultures through ethnography.
Linguistic Anthropology: Investigates language, its structure, evolution, and the social and cultural contexts it exists within.

Ethnography

The recording and analyzing of culture or society, usually based on long-term participant observation, leading to a written report of people, places, or institutions.

Cultural Relativism

The idea that values, knowledge, and behavior of societies should be understood within their own cultural context.
Emphasizes avoiding international or universal standards for culture.

Holism

A philosophical approach that focuses on the entire system as a whole, rather than its individual parts.
Emphasizes the interconnectedness of system components, which can only be truly understood in the context of the complete system.

Hawthorne Effect

Individuals may behave differently when aware of being observed.

Emic vs Etic Perspectives

Emic (Inside): Immersing yourself in the culture.
Etic (Outside): Observing as a third person, not fully immersing in the culture (e.g., religion or government).

Xenocentrism

A weak perspective of one's own culture, viewing another culture as superior.

Ethnocentrism

An inherent bias or perspective individuals or groups hold when evaluating other cultures.
The opposite of Cultural Relativism.

Multiculturalism

The coexistence of various cultures in the same geographic, physical, or social space, encompassing differences such as religion, language, race, ethnicity, and gender.
It recognizes and promotes the right to diversity.

Example of Multiculturalism: The Philippines

Over 182 ethnic groups, 120-187 languages and over 5 religions.

Sociology

The study of human social interaction, groups, relationships, social development, organization, and institutions.

Sociology: Areas of Focus

Social phenomena such as population, social groups, gender, religion, crime and deviance, and social stratification.

A hierarchy of social status.

Society

A large group of people living together in an organized way, making collective decisions and sharing work.
Can be a country or several similar countries.

How Do Societies Evolve? (Wright Mills)

Sociological Imagination: The awareness of the relationship between the individual and society.
Helps individuals understand their connection to the structure of society.

Observable behaviors, actions, patterns, and structures arising within societies through individual, group, institutional, and broader social forces.
These phenomena are influenced by cultural, economic, political, and social contexts.

Why does inequality in education exist?

The Law of Three Stages

Theological Stage:
- Fetishism: Supernatural/Natural events/superstitions embodied in objects.
- Polytheism: Gods, natural events, and humans categorized with a priest system.
- Monotheism: A religious perspective with one God, and a priest system.
Metaphysical Stage:
- Man explains natural occurrences through reasoning/logic.
Positive or Scientific Stage:
- Scientific method employed to understand phenomena.

Government: Security, stability, laws, rights.
Economy: Production, distribution, consumption, trade.
Education: Knowledge, skills, preparation for society.
Media: Information dissemination, entertainment, shaping public opinion.
Religion: Faith, morals, beliefs, community.
Family: Social etiquette, morals, shelter, support, socialization.

Conflict Theory

Different groups in society compete for limited resources.
Associated with Karl Marx's theories.

Symbolic Interaction

Society is enhanced through interactions involving symbols.
People react and change personalities based on those around them.

Critical Theory

A critique of social structures, power dynamics, and cultural factors that perpetuate inequality and oppression.
Emphasizes the importance of social change and empowerment.

Stigma and Mental Health

Stigma can negatively impact mental health by discouraging individuals from seeking help, leading to isolation, and increasing feelings of shame and self-blame.

Structural Functionalism

A sociological perspective emphasizing the interconnectedness of social institutions and their roles in maintaining societal stability.
Institutions like family, education, religion, and economy work together to ensure social order and harmony.
Individuals are socialized into a shared set of norms and values, contributing to a stable society.

Political Science

The study of government, politics, power relations, and ideologies.
It examines political structures, activities, and the distribution of power in society.

What is Politics?

Politics involves the process of making, preserving, and amending rules for governing society.
Derives from the Greek word "polis," meaning "city-state."
It encompasses the art of governance, public affairs, and the balance of public and private interests.

Nature of Power

Power is the ability to influence and control others, and it manifests in various forms, including:
Physical Force
- The control over military and police forces to enforce compliance.
Wealth
- Resources and assets allowing for the purchase of influence, often expressed through activities like vote-buying or special privileges.
State Action
- The ability of the state to use laws and bureaucracy to compel individuals to act in specific ways, including paying taxes or fulfilling legal obligations.
Social Norms
- The influence of societal expectations and unwritten rules shaping behavior and potentially influencing government policies.

Politics and Government

The government exists to create a stable society and control people to prevent chaos.
Legitimate governments should be able to maintain peace and security.
People voluntarily surrender their rights to the government through a social contract.
Examples include the Leviathan (Hobbes), Absolute Sovereignty (Hobbes), and Consent of the Governed (Locke).

Political Thinkers

Aristotle believed that the best way to organize and govern a society is to establish a polis where people can achieve the highest good (eudaimonia), which can be achieved through wisdom and courage. He emphasized that a person needs to live in a polis to reach eudaimonia.
Machiavelli believed that rulers need power and control to maintain stability and focused on the state's importance.
Hobbes believed people are inherently evil and require strong authority to control them.
Locke believed people are naturally rational and have natural rights. He favored limited government, separation of powers, and consent of the governed.
Rousseau shared Locke's belief in natural rights and favored limited government, but also argued for a social contract that prioritized the general will.

Socialization and Identity

Socialization is the process of learning to become a competent member of society.
Enculturation is the process of learning and adapting to the norms and values of a specific culture.
Socializing refers to participating in social activities and mixing with others.
Self-Identity refers to a person's qualities, beliefs, and expressions.
Social Identity is who a person is within a society.
The Stages of the Self
- Preparatory Stage: Children learn from imitating significant others.
- Play Stage: Children mentally assume the perspective of others.
- Game Stage: Children become aware of their position within the social structure.

Ideas & Ideology

Beliefs and ideologies have invisible, coercive power over people's behaviors, thoughts, and actions.
The beliefs of people can lead them to do things that may not be right or good, depending on the situation.
The concept of eudaimonia, the highest good, was mentioned by Plato and expanded upon by Aristotle.

Power

Power can be exercised through will (influencing political decisions) or force (military or police).
People with shared interests can exert power by expressing collective intensity and asserting legitimacy.

People's actions become social norms and influence government decisions.
Women's right to vote and the SOGIE bill are examples of how social norms can influence laws and policies.

Businesses

The private sector is regulated by the government through laws and rules.
Businesses are accountable to the government for certain practices to maintain a stable society.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of anthropology, including its four main fields: physical, archaeological, cultural, and linguistic anthropology. Understand key concepts such as ethnography and cultural relativism, which are crucial for studying humanity. Test your knowledge on how these branches contribute to a comprehensive view of the human experience.