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UCSP 1 ANTHROPOLOGY Nature of Anthropology, It is the study of people and their culture. Soc...

UCSP 1 ANTHROPOLOGY Nature of Anthropology, It is the study of people and their culture. Sociology and Political It uses a research method known as Science ethnography which anthropologists are required The nature of society can be seen in different to live with their subject for a long period of components: time. - actions and interactions of human beings FRANZ BOAS-Father of Modern Anthropology (social) Goals of Anthropology-discover what makes - practices and traditions cultivated and people from one another in order to understand maintained (cultural) and preserve diversity. - power relations at play among actors Look at one’s own culture more objectively like (political) an outsider aims to make “the strange familiar ▷ Culture–Anthropology and the familiar strange” ▷ Society–Sociology SOCIOLOGY ▷ Politics– Political Science Scientific study of society. CULTURE The study of human social life, groups, and It has been called “the way of life for an entire society. (Giddens, 1989). society”. As such, it includes manners, language, AUGUSTE COMTE-Father of Sociology religion, rituals, art. Goals of Sociology - Provide a deeper group assessment of individual and behavior. Seeks to explain the bases of social order and social change. Improvements in social policy and welfare SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION - the quality of mind that enables the possessor to link personal SOCIETY problems with social issues. This helps us Refers to people within the same location, who understand everyday events. While social forces have the same cultural identity. Society as a influence individual lives, there are many ways complex system whose parts work together to in which our individual lives can affect society as promote solidarity and stability (Macionis, 2017). well. POLITICS POLITICAL SCIENCE The set of activities that are associated with Systematic study of government and politics. making decisions in group, or other forms of Focuses on the fundamental values of equality, power relations among individuals. It is the act freedom, and justice and its processes. of governing a country, state, etc. and the decision-making process. Goals of Political Science - understand the nature and characteristics of authority and power distribution. Keep social order and harmony. Protect the rights of an individual. 2 UCSP 5. Culture is transmitted among members of Concepts, Aspects, and society. Changes in/of Culture and Cultural ways are learned by people from others. Society Many of these ways are handed down from elders, parents, teachers, and others (most likely individuals of older generation), while other Characteristics Of Culture cultural behaviors are handed up to elders. Transmission of culture is made possible by language. Language is the main vehicle of 1. Culture is social because it is the product of culture. Transmission of culture may take place behavior. also through imitation as well as through Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product instruction. of society. It develops through social interaction. 6. Culture is continuous and cumulative. No man can acquire culture without association with others. Culture exists as a continuous process. In its historical growth, it tends to become cumulative. 2. Culture varies from society to society. Ralph Linton called culture “the social heritage” Every society has a culture of its own that differs of man. No culture ever remains constant or from other societies. The culture of every society permanent. It is subject to slow but constant is unique by itself. Cultures are not uniform. variation. Likewise, culture is responsive to the Cultural elements like customs, traditions, changing conditions of the physical world; morals, values, and beliefs are not constant. hence, it is dynamic. 3. Culture is shared. 7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic. Culture is not something that an individual alone Culture provides proper opportunities for the can possess. Culture, in sociological sense, is satisfaction of our needs and desires. Our needs, shared. For example, people of a society share both biological and social, are fulfilled in cultural all customs, traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, ways. Culture consists of the intellectual, artistic, morals, etc. and social ideals, and institutions where members of the society profess and strive to 4. Culture is learned. confirm. Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Unlearned behavior then, is not culture. Shaking hands, saying thanks, etc. are cultural behaviors. Not all Politics behaviors are learned, but most of these can be. Combing hair, standing in line, telling jokes, USE OR THREAT OF USE OF LEGAL FORCE criticizing the president, and going to movies all constitute behaviors that need to be learned. It allows the legal authority to use force “authoritative allocation of values”, “rule” and authority” to compel anybody to obey its orders.  UCSP 3 Society Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism COOPERATION & CONFLICT IN SOCIETY Collaboration and struggle are general Ethnocentrism components in human existence. Society depends on cooperation but since of interior contrasts, there is struggle likewise among its A belief that one’s own culture is better than individuals. This is the reason, MacIver and Page others. saw that "society is cooperation crossed by Compare, evaluate, and even judge other conflict". We know from our own experience that people’s ways based on the values and an individual would be impaired, displayed standards set in one’s own culture. down, and feels baffled in case he is required to It is the practice of judging another culture do everything alone, without the guide of by the standards of one’s own culture. others. "Participation is the most rudimentary interaction of public. In anthropology, it is also called ethnic bias or cultural bias. ASPECTS OF CULTURE 1. Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive 2. Learned and Transmitted through Cultural Relativism Socialization and Enculturation 3. Shared, contested and challenged (social A belief that cultures are equally complex. There differentiation) is no such thing as superior or inferior culture. It 4. Patterned social interaction is a way of viewing the beliefs, values, and 5. Integrated practices of a culture from its own viewpoint. 6. Requires language (forms of communication) Refers to the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through SOURCES OF CHANGE IN/OF the lens of one’s own culture. CULTURE POLITICS SOCIETY -Physical -Internal -Innovation We use our appreciation, acknowledgement, Environment -External -Diffusion understanding and credit. -Technology -Discoveries The main goal of cultural relativism is cultural -Population -Technology movement equality. -War and - What is the importance of cultural relativism? - conquest Space for verification and validation of beliefs, traditions and practices. Evaluation of morality and ethical soundness of cultural practices. Ability to see the holistic point of view of the culture Kilman (2017) 4 UCSP Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and Practices Human Cultural Evolution Early Civilization and Rise of It is a saying that “human has no contentment”. The State As the environment changes, we continuously grow and find ways to maximize our effort as we live. Mesopotamian civilization- “Land between two PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (PALEOLITHIC ) rivers” which is often referred to as the cradle of civilization. It’s happened 2.5 million years ago, also known as "Old Stone Age". First human civilizations were taking the earliest steps from hunter-gatherer society into settled The Earth was extremely cold, and ocean levels community. were much lower than they are now. (Ice Age) Cuneiform-first writing systems People were nomads and able to use simple tools and weapons made of unpolished stone. Egyptian civilization-emerged more than 5,000 years ago along the River Nile in the north-east Human beings in this time were grouped of Africa. together in small societies and respect is given to age, and individual prowess and ability are recognized. Modern State and Civilization NEOLITHIC PERIOD (“NEW STONE AGE”) Human began to develop a sedentary type of European continent, several states and society of which they built-up villages and civilizations grew tremendously over centuries. towns. In England, around 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They paid tithes to their A wide-scale transition of many human cultures feudal landlords. from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to of agriculture and settlement kind of society which Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs eventually led to population increase. (First Ferdinand and Isabella took Spain back from the Agricultural Revolution) Muslim. It became the era of Spain as a global power. AGE OF METALS In 1914, when various nation-states started to They discovered metals, and they gradually claim their power and superiority over all the abandoned stone as the basic element for their nations in the world, the World War I begun instrument and tools. until 1918. A more developed social, cultural, political, and In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The economic system was improved. Tribes, empires, end of World War II led to the formation of and states were recognized. United Nations in 1945.  UCSP 5 Symbol Types of Symbols An object, word, or action that stands for CULTURAL SYMBOLS something else, without natural relationship, that Manifestation that signifies ideology of a is culturally defined. particular culture that has meaning within that Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that culture. help people understand the world. SOCIAL SYMBOLS Provide clues to understanding experiences. Relating to human societies and its modes of They relay recognizable meanings that are organization shared by societies. (i.e., social classes, social problems, social issues, etc.) Symbolism POLITICAL SYMBOLS Used to represent a political standpoint; seen in When something represents abstract ideas or various media and forms such as banners, flag, concepts; it assigns names, denominations, and motto, etc. defines relations between various elements (actors, actions, goals, means, objects, values, Usually used to embody an ideology, an etc.) articulated within a narrative. advocacy, or a group of people with same principles. Functions of Symbols and ECONOMIC SYMBOLS Symbolism Used in production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services like currency, market, labor, demands and other Used to transfer culture, ideologies, or beliefs economic activities. from group to another group of people. Represents economic standpoint. Preserve traditions or beliefs of a certain group of people. (Stock Exchange, Money, and Currency, Gold and Petroleum, Life Insurance, Banking, etc.) Contain the “face” and “hidden” values, the hidden value, in a functional perspective, holds greater meaning and importance than face Symbols and Practices value. Create movements, spread ideas, and share CULTURAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES advocacies that surpasses time and distance. Examples of Religious Symbols Around the World 6 UCSP Examples of Cultural Symbols in the Philippines AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Different groups of people that influence your orientations and perspectives to life. Play a crucial role in developing yourself as a SOCIAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES person and a member of society. It is a visible, external denotation of one’s social 1. Family - A huge part of your personality is position, an indicator of one’s social or economic molded by your family because this is where status. you spent your childhood. Political Symbols and Practices - artifacts or 2. Schools - Interact or socialize with other objectifications of different political meanings people - your classmates, teachers, especially related to power. administrators, and others which are outside your family within a society. Political practices-common things that are done within a state or country. It is related to the 3. Peer group - Circle of friends, usually have practices done in the administration, distribution similar ages, social status, and shared and attainment of power, bureaucratic interests. Your peer group influences you on composition, etc. the way you can accept yourself. It is with your peer group that you find yourself belonging. Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Economic 4. Social media Symbols and Practices 5. Community 6. Church Portray certain aspects of living, certain cultures 7. Government and traditions of people. SOCIALIZATION FOCUSES ON THE FOLLOWING : Use to transfer culture, ideologies or beliefs from one group to another group of people, from one 1. Acquisition of Knowledge generation to another. 2. Language 3. Values Preserve traditions and cultures of societies. 4. Habits Basis for improvement in the society. 5. Skill in the Society TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION Socialization 1. Primary Socialization - Occurs early in a The process of learning one’s society and its child’s lifestyle and is primarily due to have culture. It is moreover the same as interacting, an impact directly from the family and close mingling, and being with other people or groups friends. within/ outside of your society. It is a central 2. Secondary Socialization - Occurs when a process in social life. person learns about appropriate behavior to Continuing process and necessity to develop as be displayed within a smaller group which is a person. still part of a larger society. Example joining a - How do you feel in a situation when it seems club or organization in college, getting employed in a new workplace. that you don’t belong, and you are being isolated?  UCSP 7 3. Anticipatory Socialization - Adolescence is Enculturation - The process by which people initiated between the ages of childhood and learn the requirements of their surrounding adulthood. During this stage, they start to culture and acquire values and behaviors participate in Anticipatory Socialization. They appropriate or necessary in that culture. Cultural also learn about their group culture and knowledge is passed on to the next bearer which what they should expect in the future. will perpetuate and ensure the continuance of their traditions and practices (Santarita and 4. Professional or Developmental Socialization - Madrid, 2016). Occurs during the early years of an individual's life. It develops his skills and attitudes for the future and prepares him for Social Organization the various roles and responsibilities that he GROUP- composed of two or more people will assume as an adult. interacting with each other and guided by a set 5. Re-Socialization - When an individual moves of norms. It is also defined as a specified number to a new group, he has to learn the new of individuals where each recognizes members values and beliefs of the new group. This as distinct from non-members. process of re-socialization helps him to get used to the new ways of life. SOCIAL GROUP-composed of two or more people who interact or socialize with one another, share CONTEXT OF SOCIALIZATION similar interests, beliefs, and values. Biological Context - Sociobiologist suggest that some human capacities may be "wired CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL GROUPS into" our biological makeup. Some PRIMARY GROUPS-marked by concern for one hormones (i.e. vasopressin and oxytocin) another, shared activities and culture, and long encourage human to interact and socialize periods of time spent together. They are with other people. influential in developing an individual’s personal identity. Psychological Context - Composed of (1) emotional states and unconsciousness. (2) Maintain and develop the relationships cognitive theories of development (3) social (emotional investment or attachment in one and historical events (4) social position as another and a situation, who know one another) part of the context Intimately and interact as total individuals PARTS OF SOCIALIZATION The goal of Primary Groups is actually the 1. Context - Denotes culture, language, social relationships themselves rather than achieving structures, and the individual’s rank within some other purpose. them. It includes the history and roles played SECONDARY GROUPS- involve weak emotional ties by the people and institutions in the past. and little personal knowledge of one another. 2. Content and Process - The work or activity in Don’t have the goal of maintaining and socialization. Content refers to the details of developing the relationships. (usually have what passed from a member to a new specific goals, are formally organized, and are member. While process means the impersonal) interactions and ways these new norms, based on usual or habitual interests or affairs. It values, and customs are thought to a novice. includes groups in which one exchanges explicit 3. Results and Outcomes - Refers to what commodities. (labor for wages, services happens to an individual after being exposed to a particular content and process. 8 UCSP for payments, etc. Examples of these would be employment, vendor- to-client relationships, a doctor, a mechanic, an accountant) IN-GROUP- belong to the same group as others who share the same common bond and interests who are more likely to understand each other refers to an in- group. A social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. OUT-GROUP- do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, which exist in the perceptions of the in-group members and takes on social reality because of behavior by in-group members who use the out-group as a negative point of reference. Social group with which an individual does not identify. REFERENCE GROUPS - a collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. -It is often a category we identify with, rather than a specific group we belong to. -to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas, behavior, and appearance. To evaluate the relative worth, desirability, or appropriateness of these things. TYPES OF REFERENCE GROUPS NORMATIVE REFERENCE GROUP influences your norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction. (teacher, siblings, friends) Comparative reference group is a group of individuals whom you compare yourself against and may strive to be like. (celebrities, heroes) NETWORK - collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of connections.