UCSP 11 1st Midsem Exam Reviewer PDF

UCSP 11 1st Semester Midsem Exam Reviewer TOPICS 1. Ethnicity, Nationality, and Language 2. Religion, Belief System, and Socioeconomic Status 3. SOGIE 4. Political Affiliations & Belief...

UCSP 11 1st Semester Midsem Exam Reviewer TOPICS 1. Ethnicity, Nationality, and Language 2. Religion, Belief System, and Socioeconomic Status 3. SOGIE 4. Political Affiliations & Belief Systems ETHNICITY, NATIONALITY, AND LANGUAGE Nationality and Ethnicity are not interchangeable. These can form an individual’s behavior and habits, due to a set of cultural norms. NATIONALITY Identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country. Acquired by being born in a country, or through legal processes like naturalization or citizenship. Sharing similar history, traditions, and language. Inhibiting a particular territory delineated by a political order. ETHNICITY Now employed in a broader sense to signify the self-consciousness of a group of people united, or closely related, by shared experience. Comes from the root word ethnic which loosely means race. ○ An ethnic community does NOT strictly have racial connotations. A dynamic process where a group of people regroups itself as an adaptive strategy in response to specific demands of the situations. RACE A categorization of humans based on shared physical or social attributes. CULTURAL VARIATIONS Diversity and plurality in cultural traditions. Has downsides. ETHNOCENTRICISM  According to William G. Sumner, it refers to generalized prejudice. Using one’s own culture as a reference in judging other cultures. Judging other cultures from a narrow point of view, and comparing it only to your own culture. The belief that your own culture or ethnicity is the standard and superior to other cultures. Humans slip easily into ethnic prejudice because they have a natural tendency to form generalizations, concepts, and categories. ○ Leads to the formation of an in-group and an out-group. ○ According to the social categorization theories given by H. Tajfel and J.C. Turner, every social group attempts to achieve an identity in contradiction to the out-group. Identity refers to the process by which an individual is bound to their social group and by which they realize their social self. CULTURAL RELATIVISM Understanding one’s culture from their perspective, and not from an outsider’s view. IN THE PHILIPPINES Ethnolinguistic Minorities: a term used to describe smaller ethnolinguistic communities. FSL: Filipino Sign Language, the only language in the Philippines that is not spoken. RELIGION, BELIEF SYSTEM, & SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS THE NATURE OF RELIGION From the Latin word religo meaning “to bind/obligate” Refers to a person’s adherence to a set of beliefs or teachings about the deepest and most elusive of life’s mysteries. Religion may mean differently to different people.  SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES Emile Durkheim ○ Religion has a clear distinction of the profane and the sacred. Profane: refers to the domain of everyday life. Sacred: domain that is given respect and reverence. ○ Religion considers belief and faith as forms of acceptance of sacred things without clear evidence or proof. ○ Uses rituals and develops organized forms of practices to stimulate the faith of people. These practices include religious festivities, ceremonies, and religious services. ○ Faithful members gather to organize religious communities. ○ Vital agent of social control because it requires members to conform to its rules. Karl Marx ○ In 1844, he defined religion as the opium of the people. ○ Argued that religion was used to maintain the unequal social system that provides more benefits to the elites or the upper class while negatively affecting lower social classes. Max Weber ○ Religion can affect a society’s behavior and can thereby become a possible agent of social change. VARIETY OF RELIGIOUS PATTERNS Super Naturalism: society’s belief in non-material forces that can influence the physical world. Animism: belief in nature's spirit, also emphasizes ancestor worship. Totemism: believed that natural elements, plants, or animals can influence one’s life and the material world. Theism: people’s belief in the divinity. Polytheism: belief of a society to the pantheon of gods. Monotheism: belief in a single god. Religion can be correlated with; ○ Social class, political views, professional & economic standing, education levels, social mobility, and attitude toward controversial issues.  SOGIE Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression LGBTQ There is a reason the letters are arranged that way. L - LESBIAN 17th Century: the oldest use of the term to describe same-gender love. ○ Associated with the works of Sappho who wrote poems about same-gender passion. 1890s: Modern use emerged, used in an English-language medical dictionary, in psychology, and in sexuality. ○ Overtime, it grew in popularity and was adopted by women who secretly, then proudly, loved other women. G - GAY Karl Heinrich Ulrichs ○ German lawyer and writer, who may have identified as gay, was the first to try and label his own community. (19th Century) ○ Urning: refers to men who are attracted to men. ○ “We Urnings constitute a special class of human gender. We are our own gender, a third sex.” He wrote. Karoly Maria Kertbeny ○ Coined the terms homosexuality, bisexuality, and heterosexual. ○ 1869: the Prussian government contemplated adding language that forbade male same-gender sexual activity to its constitution. In response, Kertbeny wrote a passionate, anonymous open letter to the Prussian minster of justice calling the proposed law “shocking nonsense.” The letter emphasized that same-gender attraction was inborn and challenged prevailing notions that it was shameful and harmful. Early gay rights groups and practitioners of psychology eventually adopted the terms. Late 1960s ○ Activists reclaimed a decades-old slur “gay” ○ Throughout the 20th century, same gender attraction and sexual activity was largely outlawed, and this and other slurs that denigrated LGBTQ+ people were common.  ○ Though its origins are murky, “gay” was eventually embraced by men who defied the status quo with open expressions of same-gender love. T - TRANSGENDER This term took longer to gain acceptance. Though they have existed throughout history, the term only appeared in the 1960s. Historians have traced the earliest use of the term to a 1965 psychology textbook and it was popularized by transfeminine activists like Virginia Prince who argued that sex and gender are separate entities. The term transgender replaced mocking terms, and it was increasingly embraced as a part of the wider LGBT rights movements. It was widespread by the 2000s. Q - QUEER Q was added to the acronym more recently. In use since at least the 1910s. Increasingly used by the people within the gay rights movements beginning in the 1990s. Q also used to stand for questioning as a way to describe those exploring their gender or sexual identity. GENDERBREAD Concept invented by Sam Killermann. PERSECUTION AGAINST THE LGBTQ COMMUNITY Condemnation might be communicated through sensational public trials, exile, medical warnings, and language from the pulpit.  These paths of persecution entrenched homophobia for centuries but also alerted entire populations to the existence of differences. Throughout 150 years of homosexual social movements, leaders and organizers struggled to address the very different concerns and issues of each identity. THE STONEWALL RIOTS Occurred on June 28, 1969 in New York, near Stonewall Inn. Homosexuals were punished with heavy fines, imprisonment, harassment, etc. The gay community had gay bars as a safe space, but they were extorted by the owners who were mafias. ○ Said they’d tell their employers about their sexuality if they didn’t pay them. The Stonewall Inn riot marked a point of change for the LGBTQ community. LGBTQIA+ COMMUNITY IN THE PHILIPPINES PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD The first account of gender crossing practices has been in existence before the Spanish colonizers came to the country. These were exemplified by the babaylan, a community leader, priestess, and mystical healer during the pre-colonial period. Male Babaylans: Luzon → Bayog, Visayas → Asog ○ It was also recounted that some male babaylans were free to marry and have sexual relations with men. ○ But this practice was put to a halt when the Spaniards arrived in 1521. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD Introduction of western gender roles. Gender Crossers were looked down upon. From the indigenous matriarchy, the Spanish introduced the patriarchy and the machismo concept which made gender crossing a ridiculed practice. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD The American colonization period further reinforced of Western conceptualizations of gender and sexuality, cementing it in formal education. HOME FOR THE GOLDEN GAYS Filipino columnist and LGBTQIA+ rights activist Justo Justo founded a non-profit organization called Home for the Golden Gays in 1975.  Unfortunately, the death of Justo Justo in 2012 led to the closing of the home. LESBIAN COMMUNITY’S FIGHT FOR VISIBILITY By the 1980-1990s, the lesbian community had felt invisible and ignored in the past few decades. With lesbian concerns being subsumed under women’s and feminist studies which was previously heterosexual in nature, and under the gay movement which previously prominently conceptualized lesbian women as female versions of homosexual men. Eventually, the underground women’s organization MAKIBAKA released a position paper including sexual orientation issues in the movement. Later in the 1990s, the issue of gender and sexuality became a major concern in the women’s movement. THE EMERGENCE OF LGBTQIA+ ORGANIZATIONS IN THE 1990S CLIC → Can’t Live in the Closet LeAP → Lesbian Activism Project Pro Gay → Progressive Organization of Gays in the Philippines UP Babaylan SOGIE EQUALITY BILL  POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS & BELIEF SYSTEM POLITICAL AFFILIATION Where a person falls on the political spectrum, usually to the left or the right. BELIEF SYSTEMS A set of principles or tenets that together form the basis of a religion, philosophy, or moral code. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Filipinos were animists. ○ Belief in a dual existence in life -> a physical body and a soul. There was no clear-cut dichotomy between the sacred and the profane. Religiosity, or more precisely spirituality, permeated (took over) all aspects of life, including political life. Evident in our language. ○ The word sala is used to refer to a crime against persons/properties, as well as against gods or spirits. The traditional village leaders such as those of the headman or chieftain (datu) exercised both political authority and ceremonial religious power. COLONIAL PERIOD During the 3 centuries of Spanish rule, there was no separation between the Church and State. There was a Spanish Governor-General in charge of the political administration, but the Spanish friars often intervened in political matters. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES: MALOLOS CONSTITUTION Philippine Independence was formally proclaimed on June 12, 1898, when Aguinaldo waved the Philippine flag in Kawit, Cavite, and was declared dictator. The Philippine National Anthem was also played for the first time. This constitution highlighted the need for separation between the Church and State.  Filipino revolutionaries established a Philippine Independent Church but the leaders did not intervene with government affairs. Unfortunately the independent Philippine Republic was short-lived as the Americans declared a war against Spain in 1898 and acquired the Philippines. The Americans ruled the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, with a brief disruption from the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945. POST-COLONIAL PERIOD: FEM In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines, abolished the Philippine Congress, and ruled exercised dictatorial powers over the country. At first, the Roman Catholic Church, led by Jaime Cardinal Sin, developed a strategy of critical collaboration with the Marcos regime. The Church hierarchy recognized Marcos’ rule but criticized the policies of the regime, especially in terms of human rights violations. Because Marcos did not have full support from the Roman Catholic Church, it courted the support of the Iglesia ni Cristo. During the snap elections of 1986, Cardinal Sin and the Roman Catholic Church supported opposition candidate Corazon Aquino.