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Refers to culture. Refers to society. Refers to political identities. I. Manifestations of Human variation through cultural diversity, social differences and political identities. CULTURAL DIVERSITY -...

Refers to culture. Refers to society. Refers to political identities. I. Manifestations of Human variation through cultural diversity, social differences and political identities. CULTURAL DIVERSITY - Cultural refers to “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and share as a member of society.” Examples: Ilokano- matipid Bulacan- rice Central Luzon- rice granary Mindanao- tuna Cebu- Lechon Tattoo- katapangan SOCIAL DIFFERENCES/ STRATIFICATION - Which describes the relative social position of persons in a given social group, categories, geographical region or other social units. (Status sa Lipunan) Example: India- case system Philippines- timawa POLITICAL IDENTITIES - Government- is the system by which a state or community is controlled so as to put an order. Examples: United State- Republic Democracy Different Types of Government Around the World 1. Parliamentary republics 2. Presidential republics- Executive presidency linked to a parliament 3. Semi- presidential republics 1. Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive 5. Integrated 2. Shared, Contested and Challenged 6. Transmitted through socialization or enculturation 3. Learned through socialization and enculturation 7. Requires language and other forms of communication 4. Patterned social interactions Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive ✣ It means that cultures interact and change. ✣ It changes based on the current situation of our society. ✣ Culture continuously restores itself so it will remain relevant. Shared, Contested and Challenged ✣ As we share culture with others, we can act in appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act. ✣ Despite the shared culture, that doesn't mean that culture is HOMOGENOUS. ✣ If culture is learned and shared, it is also contested in different ways and situation. ✣ Because of the diversity, culture is subjected to debate and analysis. ✣ It may be challenged by the presence of modernization, industrialization and globalization. Learned through Socialization and Enculturation ✣ It is not biological; we do not inherit it but LEARNED. ✣ We learn, absorb and acquire culture from families, peers, institutions and the media. ✣ SOCIALIZATION is an ongoing process of learning language, behaviors, customs, values and others to acquire identity. ✣ ENCULTURATION is the process by which an individual adopts the behavioral patterns of culture in which the person is immersed. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION: 1. FAMILY - The family is the first and most important agent of socialization, teaching children’s basic values, norms, and behaviors from a young age. 2. COMMUNITY - This includes the neighborhood, schools, and peer groups that help shape a person's beliefs, attitudes, and social skills through interaction with others. 3. MASS MEDIA - Television, social media, and other forms of media influence people's perceptions of the world, shaping their ideas about culture, politics, and society. 4. RELIGION - Religious institutions provide moral guidance and a set of beliefs that impact an individual's values, behaviors, and identity. 5. EDUCATION- A social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms. 6. WORK/WORKPLACE-The mechanism through which new employees acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and behaviors to become effective organizational members. Patterned social interactions ✣ Culture as normative system has the capacity to define and control human behaviors. ✣ Social interactions can help us filter the parts of our culture that we learned so that we can define what suits us and what does not. ✣ Social interaction is “THE MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF TWO OR MORE PEOPLE ON EACH OTHER'S BEHAVIOR”. THERE ARE 5 PATTERNS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION: 1. EXCHANGE 4. CONFLICT 2. COOPERATION 5. COERCION 3. COMPETITION INTEGRATED ✣ This is known as HOLISM, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected and interlinked. Transmitted through socialization or enculturation ✣ As we share our culture with others, we were able to pass it on new members of society or the younger generation in different ways. ✣ It can be transmitted from one person to another and even one society to another. Requires language and other forms of communication ✣ In the process of learning and transmitting culture, we need symbols and language to communicate with others in society. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: 1. Symbols 4. Values 2. Language 5. Beliefs 3. Technology 6. Norms TYPES: Proscriptive norm defines and tells us things not to do Prescriptive norm defines and tells us things to do FORMS: 1. Folkways - Customs and traditions (kapag sumuway ka ay OK lamang) 3. Laws 2. Mores – Law enforcing body (kapag sumuway ka ay makukulong ka) Modes of Acquiring Culture 1. Imitation 3. Conditioning 2. Indoctrination or Suggestion Adaptation of Culture 1. Parallelism 5. Acculturation 2. Diffusion 6. Assimilation 3. Convergence 7. Accommodation 4. Fission Causes of Cultural Change Discovery It is the process of finding a new place or an object, artefact or anything that previously existed.  Invention Implies a creative mental process of devising, creating and producing something new, novel or original The utilization and combination of previously known elements to produce that an original or novel product. Diffusion It is the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to another belonging to the same society or to another through direct contact with each other and exposure to new forms. It involves the following social processes: a. Acculturation – cultural borrowing and cultural imitation Example: The Filipinos are said to be the best English- speaking people of Asia. b. Assimilation – the blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through long periods of interaction Example: Americanization of Filipino immigrants to the US c. Amalgamation – the biological or hereditary fusion of members of different societies Example: Marriage between a Filipino and an American d. Enculturation – the deliberate infusion of a new culture to another Example: The teaching of American history and culture to the Filipinos during the early American Regime 4. Colonization It refers to the political, social, and political policy of establishing a colony which would be subject to the rule or governance of the colonizing state. For example, the Hispanization of Filipino culture when the Spaniards came and conquered the Philippines. 5. Rebellion and revolutionary movements aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership. The challenge the existing folkways and mores, and propose a new scheme of norms, values and organization Taboos- These are norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust. EX. Eating halal foods Pork in Muslim Dinuguan in INC 1. Istambay (Loitering): -"Istambay" refers to people hanging out in public places without doing much, often pointing to problems like unemployment or lack of job opportunities in society. 2. Same-Sex Marriage: - Same-sex marriage is when two people of the same gender get married, showing society's growing acceptance of LGBTQ+ rights and challenging old ideas about marriage. 3. Selfieing: - Taking selfies is about capturing and sharing your own photos, showing how people like to express themselves and connect with others on social media. 4. Political Dynasty: - A political dynasty is when power is kept within a family, making it harder for others to run for office and affecting fairness in elections and government. 5. Transnational Families: - Transnational families are families where some members live in different countries, often because of work, affecting their relationships and how they stay connected. 6. Youth Volunteerism: - Youth volunteerism is when young people help their communities by giving their time, showing that many young people care about making a difference in society. 7. Video Games: - Playing video games has become a popular way to have fun and socialize, but it can also raise concerns about addiction or how it affects behavior and learning. VALUES AND BELIEFS AS BEHAVIOR MOTIVATORS Values ❖ Are a person’s or a collectivity’s principles or standards of behavior and are considered as judgement of what is important in life. ❖ Are important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. ❖ Serve as broad guidelines in behavior in all situations. ❖ Are the criteria people use in assessing their daily lives, arranging their priorities, and choosing between alternative courses of action. Beliefs ❖ It is something one accepts as true or real. ❖ Form of firmly held opinion or conviction, regardless of lack of verifiable evidence. ❖ May be based on tradition, faith, experience, scientific or some combination of these. Social Dynamics: Social, Political and Cultural Change - New technological platforms facilitating communication, self-expression and interactions represents cultural change. Possession and expressions of power represents political change. - It is the systematic study of society including patterns of social relationships, social interactions, and culture. - The term was coined by Auguste Comte in 1830 to refer to a specific inquiry that covers human social activities. - From Latin words "socius" meaning associate or companion and Greek word "logos" which means study. - It is the specific study of social behavior and human groups (Schaefer, 2007). - It is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior (American Sociological Association, 2009 in Ballantine and Roberts, 2011). SOCIETY - Came from the French word "societas" which means companionship. - It is a highly structured system of human organization that also follows common laws, traditions, values, and customs. COMPARISON OF THEORIES: SOCIOLOGIST PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIETY August Comte Society as a social organism possesses a harmony of structure and function. Emile Durkheim Society as a reality in its own right. Collective consciousness is key. Importance to society, which society cannot survive without. Talcott Parsons Society is a total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of the action in terms of means-end relationship. George Herbert Mead Society is an exchange of gestures that involves the use of symbols. Morris Ginsberg Society as a condition of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behavior that marks individuals off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior. George Douglas Cole Society as the complex of organized associations and institutions with a community. Robert Maciver and Charles Page Society as a system of usages and producers of authority and mutual aid of many groupings and divisions, of control of human behavior and liberties. - Are the frameworks that shape and guide human interaction, from small communities to global networks. - Understanding the forms and functions of these systems is crucial for navigating and influencing the social landscape. Formal Associations - Social organizations are formal groups formed around shared interests, values, or goals. - They have defined structures, membership criteria, and decision-making process. Community-based - Many social organizations are rooted in local communities, providing support, resources, and opportunities for members to connect and collaborate. Society Impact - Social organizations play a crucial role in addressing social, cultural, and political issues, often serving as vehicles for collective action and social change. FORMAL VS. INFORMAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS KEY DIFFERENCES 1) Leadership and authority 4) Membership requirements 2) Degree of formality and structure 5) Goals and objectives  3) Decision-making process FORMAL VS. INFORMAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS Formal Social Organization - These are the characterized by a clear hierarchy, documented rules and procedures, and defined roles and responsibilities. - Examples includes corporations, government agencies, and professional associations. Informal Social Organizations - These lack formal structures and emerge organically from shared interests or experiences. - Examples include social clubs, community groups, and online forums. - They are more flexible and adaptable. The social sciences are a diverse field of study that encompass the scientific investigation of human society and social behavior. These disciplines aim to understand the complexities of human interactions, institutions, and cultures. ANTHROPOLOGY - The comprehensive study of humans, their origins, cultures, societies, and behaviors across time and geography. - Examines the diversity of human experience. SOCIOLOGY - The scientific study of human social life, social groups, and social interactions. - Focuses on the structure, development, and functioning of human society. POLITICAL SCIENCE - The study of politics, government, public policy, and political behavior. - Explores the theory and practice of political systems and decision-making. THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGY: - is the holistic study of humans and their cultural, social, biological, and linguistic aspects. - It explores the diversity of human societies, from small-scale tribal groups to complex modern civilizations. - Anthropology examines the evolution of the human species, as well as the development and variation of human cultures over time and space. THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY: 1. Early Beginnings - Anthropology emerged in the 19th century as scholars began studying human societies, cultures, and origins. - Early pioneers like Tylor and Boas laid the foundations for this multifaceted discipline. 2. Fieldwork Revolution - In the early 20th century, anthropologists like Malinowski and Mead pioneered immersive fieldwork, living among communities to gain deep, first-hand insights into cultural practices and social dynamics 3. Diversification and Specialization - Over the 20th century, anthropology branched into sub-disciplines like cultural, social, linguistic, and archaeological anthropology, each with its own theories, methods, and areas of focus. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ITS FOCUS: - Cultural anthropology is the study of human culture and social interactions, focusing on the diversity of human societies and their unique customs, beliefs, and behaviors. - Anthropologists in this field immerse themselves in local communities to gain a deep understanding of cultural practices, rituals, and the social structures that shape people's lived experiences - Social anthropology is the study of human society, culture, traditions, customs, and behaviors. Its primary focus is on understanding the diversity and complexity of social interactions and cultural practices across different societies and contexts. - Social anthropologists examine how social structures, institutions, and power dynamics shape and influence human behavior, beliefs, and relationships. They investigate the symbolic meanings, rituals, and social norms that guide and govern social life. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND ITS FOCUS: - Linguistic anthropology explores the relationship between language and culture, examining how language shapes and is shaped by social interactions, beliefs, and practices. - It focuses on documenting endangered languages, analyzing language change over time, and understanding the role of language in identity and power dynamics.  ARCHAEOLOGY AND ITS ROLE IN ANTHROPOLOGY: - Archaeology, a crucial subfield of anthropology, uncovers the material remains of past human civilizations. By studying artifacts, tools, and architectural structures, archaeologists gain insights into the cultural, social, and technological advancements of bygone eras. - Through rigorous excavation and analysis, archaeology provides valuable data that anthropologists leverage to reconstruct the lifeways, belief systems, and sociopolitical structures of ancient societies. This interdisciplinary collaboration enhances our understanding of human cultural evolution and diversity. THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY: - Sociology is the study of human social behavior and social institutions. - It examines how individuals, groups, and organizations interact and shape society. - Sociologists investigate diverse topics like social class, gender, race, culture, and social movements. THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY: 1. Emergence in the 19th Century - Sociology emerged as a distinct academic discipline in the 19th century, with pioneering thinkers like Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber laying its foundations. 2. Studying Social Phenomena - Early sociologists sought to systematically study the complex social phenomena that were transforming societies, such as urbanization, industrialization, and the rise of class divisions.\ 3. Theoretical Developments - Over time, sociology has developed a rich tapestry of theoretical perspectives, from structural functionalism to conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and critical theory, each offering unique insights. MICRO-SOCIOLOGY AND ITS FOCUS: - Micro-sociology examines the intricate social interactions and relationships between individuals and small groups. It delves into the nuances of face-to-face communication, non-verbal cues, and the dynamics of interpersonal behavior within specific contexts. - By studying micro-level phenomena, micro-sociologists aim to understand how individual actions, thoughts, and perceptions shape and are shaped by the social environment. This approach provides valuable insights into the intimate workings of human society. MACRO-SOCIOLOGY AND ITS FOCUS: - Macro-sociology examines large-scale social structures, institutions, and processes that shape and influence human behavior on a grand scale. - It focuses on understanding the dynamics of societies, cultures, and social change from a broader, more systemic perspective. THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE: - Political science is the study of government, public policy, and political behavior. - It examines the theory and practice of politics, power, and the distribution of resources within and between communities and nations. THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE: 1. Ancient Origins - The origins of political science can be traced back to the philosophical works of ancient Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle, who explored the nature of government, justice, and the role of the citizen. 2. Medieval Perspective - During the Middle Ages, Islamic and European scholars like Al-Farabi and Thomas Aquinas examined the relationship between religion, ethics, and political authority, laying the foundation for modern political thought. 3. Enlightenment Era - In the 17th and 18th centuries, Enlightenment philosophers such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau introduced new theories on the social contract, the state, and the rights of individuals, which greatly influenced the development of political science. POLITICAL THEORY AND ITS FOCUS: - Political theory explores the fundamental concepts, principles, and philosophies that underpin political systems and governance. - It examines the nature of the state, the role of the individual, the distribution of power, and the ethical foundations of political decision-making. - Key areas of focus in political theory include political ideologies, social contract theory, justice and equality, the nature of democracy, and the relationship between the individual and the state. COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND ITS FOCUS: - Comparative politics is a subfield of political science that examines the political systems, institutions, and processes of different countries and regions. - It aims to identify patterns, similarities, and differences across political landscapes to gain a deeper understanding of how governments function. - Comparative politics researchers analyze factors such as political ideologies, party systems, electoral processes, policymaking, and the role of civil society. They employ a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods to uncover insights that can inform policy decisions and promote democratic governance. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND ITS FOCUS: - International relations examine the dynamic interactions and multifaceted relationships between nation-states, international organizations, and other global actors. - It explores the complexities of diplomacy, policy-making, and cross-border cooperation in addressing international issues and challenges. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND ITS FOCUS: - Public administration focuses on the management and implementation of government policies and programs. - It examines the structure, organization, and processes of the public sector, ensuring efficient and effective delivery of public services. THE GOALS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: - The primary goals of the social sciences are to understand human behavior, analyze social structures and institutions, explore cultural diversity and change, and inform policy and decision- making. - These disciplines seek to uncover the underlying patterns and dynamics that shape our social world. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS: Examining the complex factors that shape individual thoughts, emotions, and actions. Analyzing how people communicate, cooperate, and conflict within social contexts. Exploring the psychological, cultural, and environmental influences on human behavior. ANALYZING SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONS: ❖ Examine the complex networks and relationships that shape society ❖ Investigate the power dynamics and hierarchies within social institutions ❖ Understand how norms, values, and cultural practices influence social structures EXPLORING CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND CHANGE: 1. Understanding the rich tapestry of human cultures across the globe, each with its unique traditions, beliefs, and ways of life. 2. Examining how cultural practices, values, and norms evolve over time in response to social, economic, and political transformations. 3. Analyzing the interplay between globalization and the preservation of cultural identities, and the challenges and opportunities this presents. FORMING POLICY AND DECISIONMAKING: The social sciences play a crucial role in guiding evidence-based policymaking by providing in-depth insights into human behavior, social dynamics, and the complex issues facing societies. Anthropological, sociological, and political science research can inform and evaluate the impact of public policies, helping governments and organizations make more informed decisions. These disciplines offer frameworks for understanding the social, cultural, and political factors that influence the effectiveness and implementation of policies, programs, and interventions. PERSPECTIVES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: 1. Positivist Approach - This perspective seeks to apply scientific methods and principles to the study of social phenomena. - It emphasizes objectivity, empiricism, and the identification of causal relationships. 2. Interpretive Approach - This perspective focuses on understanding the subjective meanings and interpretations that individuals and groups attach to their social experiences. - It emphasizes the importance of context and the role of culture in shaping human behavior. 3. Critical Approach  - This perspective aims to expose and challenge power structures, social inequalities, and oppressive practices. - It often draws on Marxist and feminist theories to promote social change and emancipation. 4. Interdisciplinary Integration - The social sciences are increasingly embracing interdisciplinary collaboration, recognizing that complex social issues require a multifaceted understanding that combines insights from various disciplines. POSITIVIST, INTERPRETIVE, AND CRITICAL APPROACHES: Positivist Approach - Seeks to identify universal laws and patterns through objective, empirical research. Focuses on quantitative methods and values scientific rigor. Interpretive Approach - Emphasizes understanding the subjective meanings and experiences of individuals and groups. Utilizes qualitative methods to explore social and cultural contexts. Critical Approach - Aims to challenge existing power structures and promote social change. Emphasizes the role of power, inequality, and emancipation in social research. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: Qualitative Approaches- In-depth interviews, focus groups, ethnographic observation, and case studies to gain deep, contextual understanding of human experiences and behaviors. Quantitative Approaches- Surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis of large datasets to identify patterns, measure relationships, and test hypotheses using numerical data. Complementary Methods- Combining qualitative and quantitative methods can provide a more comprehensive understanding, leveraging the strengths of each to generate richer insights. INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION AND INTEGRATION: Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue - Researchers from different fields engage in open exchange of ideas, methods, and perspectives to gain a more comprehensive understanding of complex social phenomena. Holistic Approaches - Integrating multiple disciplinary lenses allows for a more nuanced, interdependent analysis of the social world, moving beyond siloed perspectives. Synergistic Insights - Interdisciplinary collaboration fosters innovative thinking and generates novel insights that would not be possible within a single disciplinary framework. Strengthening Connections - Building academic and professional networks across disciplines enhances the exchange of knowledge, resources, and best practices. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH: - Conducting ethical social science research is paramount, ensuring the wellbeing and rights of study participants. - Researchers must carefully consider issues like informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, and minimizing potential harms. - Institutional review boards provide guidance on upholding ethical standards, from data collection to publication. Ongoing reflection on the moral implications of one's work is essential for responsible social science. PREPARED BY: MARY ELIZA DE LEON